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| death_place = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = Greenwood Cemetery, Weatherford, Texas
| resting_place = Greenwood Cemetery, Weatherford, Texas
| awards = [[American Theater Hall of Fame]]<br>[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
| years_active = 1938–1985
| years_active = 1938–1985
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
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== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Martin was born in [[Weatherford, Texas]]. Her autobiography described her childhood as secure and happy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Martin |year= |title=My Heart Belongs |type=autobiography}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}} She had close relationships with both of her parents as well as her siblings. As a young actress Martin had an instinctive ear for recreating musical sounds.
Martin was born in [[Weatherford, Texas]]. Her autobiography described her childhood as secure and happy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Martin |year=1976 |title=My Heart Belongs |type=autobiography|publisher=Morrow|ISBN=9780688030094}}</ref> She had close relationships with both of her parents as well as her siblings. As a young actress Martin had an instinctive ear for recreating musical sounds.{{Citation needed |date=January 2024}}


Martin's father, Preston Martin, was a lawyer, and her mother, Juanita Presley, was a violin teacher.<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/> Although the doctors told Juanita that she would risk her life if she attempted to have another baby, she was determined to have a boy. Instead, she had Mary, who later obliged by becoming quite a [[tomboy]].
Martin's father, Preston Martin, was a lawyer, and her mother, Juanita Presley, was a violin teacher.<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/> Although the doctors told Juanita that she would risk her life if she attempted to have another baby, she was determined to have a boy. Instead, she had Mary, who became a [[tomboy]].{{Citation needed |date=January 2024}}


Martin's family had a barn and orchard that kept her entertained. She played with her elder sister Geraldine (whom she called "Sister"), climbing trees and riding ponies. Martin adored her father. "He was tall, good-looking, silver-haired, with the kindest brown eyes. Mother was the disciplinarian, but it was Daddy who could turn me into an angel with just one look."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=19}} Martin, who said "I'd never understand the law"<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=19}} began singing at a bandstand, outside the courtroom where her father worked every Saturday night. She sang in a trio with her sister and Marion Swofford, all three in [[bellhop]] costumes. "Even in those days, without microphones, my high piping voice carried all over the square. I have always thought that I inherited my carrying voice from my father."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=19}}
Martin's family had a barn and orchard that kept her entertained. She played with her elder sister Geraldine (whom she called "Sister"), climbing trees and riding ponies. Martin adored her father. "He was tall, good-looking, silver-haired, with the kindest brown eyes. Mother was the disciplinarian, but it was Daddy who could turn me into an angel with just one look."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=19}} Martin, who said "I'd never understand the law"<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=19}} began singing every Saturday night at a bandstand that was near the courtroom where her father worked. She sang in a trio with her sister and Marion Swofford, all three in [[bellhop]] costumes. "Even in those days, without microphones, my high piping voice carried all over the square. I have always thought that I inherited my carrying voice from my father."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=19}}


She remembered having a [[photographic memory]] as a child. School tests were not a problem, and learning songs was easy. She got her first taste of singing solo at a fire hall, where she soaked up the crowd's appreciation. "Sometimes I think that I cheated my own family and my closest friends by giving to audiences so much of the love I might have kept for them. But that's the way I was made; I truly don't think I could help it."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=20}} Martin's craft was developed by seeing movies and becoming a mimic. She would win prizes for looking, acting and dancing like [[Ruby Keeler]] and singing exactly like [[Bing Crosby]]. "Never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. It was all joy. Mother used to say she never had seen such a happy child — that I awakened each morning with a smile. I don't remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, for fear I'd miss something."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=20}}
She remembered having a [[photographic memory]] as a child. School tests were not a problem, and learning songs was easy. She had her first experience of singing solo at a fire hall, where she felt the crowd's appreciation. "Sometimes I think that I cheated my own family and my closest friends by giving to audiences so much of the love I might have kept for them. But that's the way I was made; I truly don't think I could help it."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=20}} Martin's craft was developed by seeing movies and becoming a mimic. She would win prizes for looking, acting and dancing like [[Ruby Keeler]] and singing exactly like [[Bing Crosby]]. "Never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. It was all joy. Mother used to say she never had seen such a happy child — that I awakened each morning with a smile. I don't remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, for fear I'd miss something."<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|page=20}}


==Marriage==
==Marriage==
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==Apprenticeship==
==Apprenticeship==
Wanting to learn more moves, Martin went to California to attend the dance school at the Franchon and Marco School of the Theatre and then opened her own dance studio in [[Mineral Wells, Texas|Mineral Wells]], Texas. She was given a ballroom studio with the premise that she would sing in the lobby every Saturday. There, she learned how to sing into a microphone and how to phrase blues songs. One day at work, she accidentally walked into the wrong room, where auditions were being held. They asked her in what key she would like to sing "How Red the Rose, How Blue the Sky". Having absolutely no idea what her key was, she sang regardless and got the job.
Wanting to learn more moves, Martin went to California to attend the dance school at the Franchon and Marco School of the Theatre and then opened her own dance studio in [[Mineral Wells, Texas|Mineral Wells]], Texas. She was given a ballroom studio with the premise that she would sing in the lobby every Saturday. There, she learned how to sing into a microphone and how to phrase blues songs. One day at work, she accidentally walked into the wrong room, where auditions were being held. They asked her in what key she would like to sing "How Red the Rose, How Blue the Sky". Having absolutely no idea what her key was, she sang regardless and got the job.{{Citation needed |date=January 2024}}


Returning to California, Martin was hired to sing "How Red the Rose" at the [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco)|Fox Theater]] in [[San Francisco]] followed by a gig at the [[Paramount Theatre (Los Angeles)|Paramount Theater in Los Angeles]]. There was one catch: she had to sing in the wings. She scored her first professional gig unaware that she would soon be center stage.
Returning to California, Martin was hired to sing "How Red the Rose" at the [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco)|Fox Theater]] in [[San Francisco]] followed by a gig at the [[Paramount Theatre (Los Angeles)|Paramount Theater in Los Angeles]]. There was one catch: she had to sing in the wings. She scored her first professional gig unaware that she would soon be center stage.{{Citation needed |date=January 2024}}


Soon after, Martin learned that her studio in Texas had been burned down by a man who thought dancing was a sin.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|page=24}} She began to express her unhappiness. Her father gave her advice, saying she was too young to be married. Martin left everything behind including her young son, Larry, and stayed in Los Angeles while her father handled her divorce from Benjamin Hagman for her. In Los Angeles, Martin plunged herself into auditions—so many that she became known as "Audition Mary". Her first professional audition and job was on a national radio network.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|pages=26–29, 31}} Among Martin's first auditions, she sang "[[Indian Love Call]]". After she finished the song, "a tall, craggly man who looked like a mountain" told Martin that he thought she had something special. It was [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|pages=58–59}} This marked the start of her career.
Soon after, Martin learned that her studio in Texas had been burned down by a man who thought dancing was a sin.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|page=24}} She began to express her unhappiness. Her father gave her advice, saying she was too young to be married. Martin left everything behind including her young son, Larry, and stayed in Los Angeles while her father handled her divorce from Benjamin Hagman for her. In Los Angeles, Martin plunged herself into auditions—so many that she became known as "Audition Mary". Her first professional audition and job was on a national radio network.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|pages=26–29, 31}} Among Martin's first auditions, she sang "[[Indian Love Call]]". After she finished the song, "a tall, craggly man who looked like a mountain" told Martin that he thought she had something special. It was [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]<ref name=Pylant-2012-12-11-Hagman/>{{rp|pages=58–59}} This marked the start of her career.
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[[File:Mary Martin in The Sound of Music by Toni Frissell.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Martin in promotional photo for the original production of ''[[The Sound of Music]]'']]
[[File:Mary Martin in The Sound of Music by Toni Frissell.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Martin in promotional photo for the original production of ''[[The Sound of Music]]'']]


Martin was cast in [[Cole Porter]]'s ''[[Leave It to Me!]]'', making her Broadway debut in November 1938 in that production. She became popular on Broadway and received attention in the national media singing "[[My Heart Belongs to Daddy]]". With that one song in the second act, she became a star 'overnight'.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|page=41}} Martin reprised the song in ''[[Night and Day (1946 film)|Night and Day]]'', a Hollywood film about Cole Porter, in which she played herself auditioning for Porter ([[Cary Grant]]). "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" catapulted her career and became very special to Martin—she even sang it to her ailing father in his hospital bed while he was in a coma. Martin did not learn immediately that her father had died. Headlines read "Daddy Girl Sings About Daddy as Daddy Dies". Because of the show's demanding schedule, Martin was unable to attend her father's funeral.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|page=44–45}} In 1943 she starred in the new [[Kurt Weill]] musical ''[[One Touch of Venus]]'' and then ''[[Lute Song]]'' in 1946.<ref name=Block-1997-EnchEv/>
Martin was cast in [[Cole Porter]]'s ''[[Leave It to Me!]]'', making her Broadway debut in November 1938 in that production. She became popular on Broadway and received attention in the national media singing the spoof striptease song "[[My Heart Belongs to Daddy]]". With that one song in the second act, she became a star 'overnight'.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|page=41}} Martin reprised the song in ''[[Night and Day (1946 film)|Night and Day]]'', a Hollywood film about Cole Porter, in which she played herself auditioning for Porter ([[Cary Grant]]). "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" catapulted her career and became very special to Martin—she even sang it to her ailing father in his hospital bed while he was in a coma. Martin did not learn immediately that her father had died. Headlines read "Daddy Girl Sings About Daddy as Daddy Dies". Because of the show's demanding schedule, Martin was unable to attend her father's funeral.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|page=44–45}} In 1943 she starred in the new [[Kurt Weill]] musical ''[[One Touch of Venus]]'' and then ''[[Lute Song]]'' in 1946.<ref name=Block-1997-EnchEv/>


As nurse Nellie Forbush, Martin opened on Broadway in ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'' on April 7, 1949. Her performance was called "memorable&nbsp;... funny and poignant in turns", and she earned a Tony Award.<ref name=PBS-brdwy-stars-M-Martin/>
As nurse Nellie Forbush, Martin opened on Broadway in ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'' on April 7, 1949. Her performance was called "memorable&nbsp;... funny and poignant in turns", and she earned a Tony Award.<ref name=PBS-brdwy-stars-M-Martin/>
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Although she appeared in nine films between 1938 and 1943, she was generally passed over for the filmed version of the musical plays. She herself once explained that she did not enjoy making films because she did not have the connection with an audience that she had in live performances. The closest that she ever came to preserving her stage performances was her television appearances as ''Peter Pan''. The Broadway production from 1954 was subsequently performed on [[NBC]] television in [[RCA]]'s compatible color in 1955, 1956, and 1960. Martin also preserved her 1957 stage performance as Annie Oakley in ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' when NBC television broadcast the production live that year.
Although she appeared in nine films between 1938 and 1943, she was generally passed over for the filmed version of the musical plays. She herself once explained that she did not enjoy making films because she did not have the connection with an audience that she had in live performances. The closest that she ever came to preserving her stage performances was her television appearances as ''Peter Pan''. The Broadway production from 1954 was subsequently performed on [[NBC]] television in [[RCA]]'s compatible color in 1955, 1956, and 1960. Martin also preserved her 1957 stage performance as Annie Oakley in ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' when NBC television broadcast the production live that year.


While Martin did not enjoy making films, she apparently did enjoy appearing on television as she did frequently. Her last feature film appearance was a cameo as herself in MGM's ''[[Main Street to Broadway]]'' in 1953.<ref name=Crowther-2007-movies/> Martin made an appearance in 1980 in a Royal Variety Performance in London performing "Honeybun" from ''South Pacific.'' Martin appeared in the play ''[[Legends (play)|Legends]]'' with [[Carol Channing]] in a one-year US national tour opening in Dallas on January 9, 1986.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|pages=272–278}}
While Martin did not enjoy making films, she frequently appeared on television. Her last feature film appearance was a cameo as herself in MGM's ''[[Main Street to Broadway]]'' in 1953.<ref name=Crowther-2007-movies/> Martin made an appearance in 1980 in a Royal Variety Performance in London performing "Honeybun" from ''South Pacific.'' Martin appeared in the play ''[[Legends (play)|Legends]]'' with [[Carol Channing]] in a one-year US national tour opening in Dallas on January 9, 1986.<ref name=Davis-2008-biog/>{{rp|pages=272–278}}


==Awards and honors==
==Awards and honors==
[[File:Mary.Martin.Star.Hollywood.Walk.of.Fame.jpg|thumb|Star for Recording on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 1560 [[Vine Street]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]: She also has one for Radio at 6609 [[Hollywood Boulevard|Hollywood Blvd.]] ]]
[[File:Mary.Martin.Star.Hollywood.Walk.of.Fame.jpg|thumb|Star for Recording on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 1560 [[Vine Street]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]: She also has one for Radio at 6609 [[Hollywood Boulevard|Hollywood Blvd.]] ]]
Martin was inducted into the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]] in 1973.<ref name=ToldoBlade-1974-01-17/> She received the [[Kennedy Center Honors]], an annual honor for career achievements, in 1989. She received the Donaldson Award in 1943 for ''[[One Touch of Venus]]''. A [[Special Tony Award]] was presented to her in 1948 while she appeared in the national touring company of ''Annie Get Your Gun'' for "spreading theatre to the rest of the country while the originals perform in New York." In 1955 and 1956, she received, first, a Tony Award for ''Peter Pan'', and then an [[Emmy]] for appearing in the same role on television. She also received Tonys for ''South Pacific'' and in 1959 for ''The Sound of Music''.
Martin was inducted into the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]] in 1973.<ref name=ToldoBlade-1974-01-17/> She received the [[Kennedy Center Honors]], an annual honor for career achievements, in 1989. She received the Donaldson Award in 1943 for ''[[One Touch of Venus]]''. A [[Special Tony Award]] was presented to her in 1948 while she appeared in the national touring company of ''Annie Get Your Gun'' for "spreading theatre to the rest of the country while the originals perform in New York." In 1955 and 1956, she received, first, a Tony Award for ''Peter Pan'', and then an [[Emmy]] for appearing in the same role on television. She also received Tonys for ''South Pacific'' and in 1959 for ''The Sound of Music''.

In September 1963, a statue of Peter Pan dedicated to her was unveiled in Weatherford, donated by the [[Peter Pan (peanut butter)|Peter Pan Peanut Butter Company]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1963-09-18_232_4/mode/1up?view=theater|date=September 18, 1963|title=Mary Martin Milestones: Theatrical and Natal|page=1|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=February 18, 2024}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
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</ref>
</ref>


===Sexuality===
Martin's sexuality has long been a topic of debate.<ref name=DesireInEvidence>" Desire in evidence", by Stacy Wolf, in ''[[Text and Performance Quarterly]]''; vol. 17, no. 4 (1997); DOI: 10.1080/10462939709366198</ref><ref name=CUNY>[https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=clags_pubs Passing Performances: Conference Opens Closet of American Theatre]; by James Wilson; in ''CLAGSNews'' vol. 9, no. 1 (Winter 1999); "Why does it matter if Mary Martin, the sweetheart of the American musical theatre, was most likely bisexual?"</ref> In 1979, [[Patsy Kelly]] told [[Boze Hadleigh]] that Martin was a lesbian.<ref name=Hadleigh>[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodlesbian0000hadl/page/62/mode/2up ''Hollywood Lesbians''], by [[Boze Hadleigh]]; p. 62; published 1994 by [[Barricade Books]]; "PK: But it figures why certain actresses - the sisterhood? - want to be Peter Pan. Gals like Mary Martin and Jean Arthur. They want to be boys. BH: You mean because Martin and Arthur are lesbians. PK: In a nutshell."</ref> In 2016, biographer David Kaufman stated that Halliday served as "[Martin's] husband, her best friend, her gay/straight 'cover,'" <ref name=USAToday>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2016/07/12/some-enchanted-evenings-the-glittering-life-and-times-of-mary-martin-book-review/86951634/ Remembering Mary Martin, the girl who could fly], by Elysa Gardner, in ''[[USA Today]]''; published July 12, 2016; retrieved May 18, 2023</ref> while in 2019, ''[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]'' stated that Martin "simply [was the subject of] a lifetime of [[lavender marriage|lavender]] rumors."<ref name=Advocate>[https://www.advocate.com/slideshow/2019/1/16/18-photos-carol-channing-and-her-many-lgb-friends 18 Photos of Carol Channing and Her Many LGB Friends], by Christopher Harrity; at ''[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]''; published January 16, 2019; retrieved May 18, 2023</ref>
Martin's sexuality has long been a topic of debate.<ref name=DesireInEvidence>" Desire in evidence", by Stacy Wolf, in ''[[Text and Performance Quarterly]]''; vol. 17, no. 4 (1997); DOI: 10.1080/10462939709366198</ref><ref name=CUNY>[https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=clags_pubs Passing Performances: Conference Opens Closet of American Theatre]; by James Wilson; in ''CLAGSNews'' vol. 9, no. 1 (Winter 1999); "Why does it matter if Mary Martin, the sweetheart of the American musical theatre, was most likely bisexual?"</ref> In 1979, [[Patsy Kelly]] told [[Boze Hadleigh]] that Martin was a lesbian.<ref name=Hadleigh>[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodlesbian0000hadl/page/62/mode/2up ''Hollywood Lesbians''], by [[Boze Hadleigh]]; p. 62; published 1994 by [[Barricade Books]]; "PK: But it figures why certain actresses - the sisterhood? - want to be Peter Pan. Gals like Mary Martin and Jean Arthur. They want to be boys. BH: You mean because Martin and Arthur are lesbians. PK: In a nutshell."</ref> In 2016, biographer David Kaufman stated that Halliday served as "[Martin's] husband, her best friend, her gay/straight 'cover,'" <ref name=USAToday>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2016/07/12/some-enchanted-evenings-the-glittering-life-and-times-of-mary-martin-book-review/86951634/ Remembering Mary Martin, the girl who could fly], by Elysa Gardner, in ''[[USA Today]]''; published July 12, 2016; retrieved May 18, 2023</ref> while in 2019, ''[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]'' stated that Martin "simply [was the subject of] a lifetime of [[lavender marriage|lavender]] rumors."<ref name=Advocate>[https://www.advocate.com/slideshow/2019/1/16/18-photos-carol-channing-and-her-many-lgb-friends 18 Photos of Carol Channing and Her Many LGB Friends], by Christopher Harrity; at ''[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]''; published January 16, 2019; retrieved May 18, 2023</ref>


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[[File:Peter Pan statue, Weatherford, TX IMG 6476.JPG|thumb|[[Peter Pan]] statue in Martin's hometown of [[Weatherford, Texas|Weatherford]] in [[Parker County, Texas|Parker County]], Texas]]
[[File:Peter Pan statue, Weatherford, TX IMG 6476.JPG|thumb|[[Peter Pan]] statue in Martin's hometown of [[Weatherford, Texas|Weatherford]] in [[Parker County, Texas|Parker County]], Texas]]


Martin died of cancer four weeks before her 77th birthday at her home in Rancho Mirage, California, on November&nbsp;3, 1990.<ref name=Gussow-1990-11-05-NYTimes/><ref name=Time-0-9171-949599-00/>
Martin died of cancer at age 76 at her home in Rancho Mirage, California, on November 3, 1990.<ref name=Gussow-1990-11-05-NYTimes/><ref name=Time-0-9171-949599-00/>
She is buried in City Greenwood Cemetery in Weatherford, Texas.<ref name=WMF98G-Mary-Martin-cemetary/>
She is buried in City Greenwood Cemetery in Weatherford, Texas.<ref name=WMF98G-Mary-Martin-cemetary/>


Line 166: Line 168:
* ''Mary Martin at Eastertime'' (1966)
* ''Mary Martin at Eastertime'' (1966)
* ''Valentine'' (1979)
* ''Valentine'' (1979)
* ''Over Easy'' (host from 1981–1983)
* ''Over Easy'' (host from 1981 to 1983)
* ''Rodgers and Hammerstein: The Sound of American Music'' (1985)<ref>[https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=john&p=241&item=T:25081 " ''Rodgers & Hammerstein: The Sound of American Music (TV)'', March 16, 1985"] Paley Center, accessed July 30, 2019</ref>
* ''Rodgers and Hammerstein: The Sound of American Music'' (1985)<ref>[https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=john&p=241&item=T:25081 " ''Rodgers & Hammerstein: The Sound of American Music (TV)'', March 16, 1985"] Paley Center, accessed July 30, 2019</ref>


Line 179: Line 181:
| 1943 || ''Stage Door Canteen'' || ''Curtain Up for Victory''<ref name=twtd1>{{cite magazine|title=Those Were the Days|magazine=Nostalgia Digest|date=Summer 2012|volume=38|issue=3|pages=32–39}}</ref>
| 1943 || ''Stage Door Canteen'' || ''Curtain Up for Victory''<ref name=twtd1>{{cite magazine|title=Those Were the Days|magazine=Nostalgia Digest|date=Summer 2012|volume=38|issue=3|pages=32–39}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 1943|| ''[[Philip Morris Playhouse]]'' || ''[[Roberta]]''<ref>{{cite news| title=Air Ya Listenin?| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2856125/the_mason_city_globegazette/| work=[[Globe Gazette|The Mason City Globe-Gazette]]| date=May 14, 1943| page=2| via=[[Newspapers.com]]| access-date=July 21, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>
| 1943|| ''[[Philip Morris Playhouse]]'' || ''[[Roberta (musical)|Roberta]]''<ref>{{cite news| title=Air Ya Listenin?| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2856125/the_mason_city_globegazette/| work=[[Globe Gazette|The Mason City Globe-Gazette]]| date=May 14, 1943| page=2| via=[[Newspapers.com]]| access-date=July 21, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 00:20, 10 September 2024

This article is about the stage actress. For the silent film actress, see Mary Martin (silent film actress). For other people named Mary Martin, see Mary Martin (disambiguation).

Mary Martin
Martin in 1939
Born
Mary Virginia Martin

(1913-12-01)December 1, 1913
Weatherford, Texas, U.S.
DiedNovember 3, 1990(1990-11-03) (aged 76)
Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.
Resting placeGreenwood Cemetery, Weatherford, Texas
Occupations
  • Actress
  • singer
Years active1938–1985
Spouses
Benjamin Hagman
​
​
(m. 1930; div. 1936)​
Richard Halliday
​
​
(m. 1940; died 1973)​
Children2; including Larry Hagman
AwardsAmerican Theater Hall of Fame
Hollywood Walk of Fame

Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress and singer. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she originated many leading roles on stage over her career, including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific (1949), the title character in Peter Pan (1954), and Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1959). She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the mother of actor Larry Hagman.

Early life

[edit]

Martin was born in Weatherford, Texas. Her autobiography described her childhood as secure and happy.[1] She had close relationships with both of her parents as well as her siblings. As a young actress Martin had an instinctive ear for recreating musical sounds.[citation needed]

Martin's father, Preston Martin, was a lawyer, and her mother, Juanita Presley, was a violin teacher.[2] Although the doctors told Juanita that she would risk her life if she attempted to have another baby, she was determined to have a boy. Instead, she had Mary, who became a tomboy.[citation needed]

Martin's family had a barn and orchard that kept her entertained. She played with her elder sister Geraldine (whom she called "Sister"), climbing trees and riding ponies. Martin adored her father. "He was tall, good-looking, silver-haired, with the kindest brown eyes. Mother was the disciplinarian, but it was Daddy who could turn me into an angel with just one look."[2]: 19  Martin, who said "I'd never understand the law"[2]: 19  began singing every Saturday night at a bandstand that was near the courtroom where her father worked. She sang in a trio with her sister and Marion Swofford, all three in bellhop costumes. "Even in those days, without microphones, my high piping voice carried all over the square. I have always thought that I inherited my carrying voice from my father."[2]: 19 

She remembered having a photographic memory as a child. School tests were not a problem, and learning songs was easy. She had her first experience of singing solo at a fire hall, where she felt the crowd's appreciation. "Sometimes I think that I cheated my own family and my closest friends by giving to audiences so much of the love I might have kept for them. But that's the way I was made; I truly don't think I could help it."[2]: 20  Martin's craft was developed by seeing movies and becoming a mimic. She would win prizes for looking, acting and dancing like Ruby Keeler and singing exactly like Bing Crosby. "Never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. It was all joy. Mother used to say she never had seen such a happy child — that I awakened each morning with a smile. I don't remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, for fear I'd miss something."[2]: 20 

Marriage

[edit]

During high school, Martin dated Benjamin Hagman before she left to attend finishing school at Ward–Belmont in Nashville, Tennessee. In Nashville she enjoyed imitating Fanny Brice at singing gigs, but she found school dull and felt confined by its strict rules. She was homesick for Weatherford, her family and Hagman. During a visit, Mary and Benjamin persuaded Mary's mother to allow them to marry.[3]: 16  She was legally married on November 3, 1930, at Grace Episcopal Church (Hopkinsville, Kentucky).[4] 10 months later, pregnant with her first child (Larry Hagman) she was forced to leave Ward–Belmont. She was, however, happy to begin her new life, but she soon learned that this life as she would later say was nothing but "role playing".[2]: 39 

Their honeymoon was at her parents' house, and Martin's dream of life with a family and a white-picket fence faded. "I was 17, a married woman without real responsibilities, miserable about my mixed-up emotions, afraid there was something awfully wrong with me because I didn't enjoy being a wife. Worst of all, I didn't have enough to do." (p. 39) It was "Sister" who came to her rescue, suggesting that she should teach dance. "Sister" taught Martin her first real dance—the waltz clog. Martin perfectly imitated her first dance move, and she opened a dance studio. Here, she created her own moves, imitated the famous dancers she watched in the movies and taught "Sister's" waltz clog. As she later recalled, "I was doing something I wanted to do—creating."[2]: 44 

Apprenticeship

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Wanting to learn more moves, Martin went to California to attend the dance school at the Franchon and Marco School of the Theatre and then opened her own dance studio in Mineral Wells, Texas. She was given a ballroom studio with the premise that she would sing in the lobby every Saturday. There, she learned how to sing into a microphone and how to phrase blues songs. One day at work, she accidentally walked into the wrong room, where auditions were being held. They asked her in what key she would like to sing "How Red the Rose, How Blue the Sky". Having absolutely no idea what her key was, she sang regardless and got the job.[citation needed]

Returning to California, Martin was hired to sing "How Red the Rose" at the Fox Theater in San Francisco followed by a gig at the Paramount Theater in Los Angeles. There was one catch: she had to sing in the wings. She scored her first professional gig unaware that she would soon be center stage.[citation needed]

Soon after, Martin learned that her studio in Texas had been burned down by a man who thought dancing was a sin.[3]: 24  She began to express her unhappiness. Her father gave her advice, saying she was too young to be married. Martin left everything behind including her young son, Larry, and stayed in Los Angeles while her father handled her divorce from Benjamin Hagman for her. In Los Angeles, Martin plunged herself into auditions—so many that she became known as "Audition Mary". Her first professional audition and job was on a national radio network.[3]: 26–29, 31  Among Martin's first auditions, she sang "Indian Love Call". After she finished the song, "a tall, craggly man who looked like a mountain" told Martin that he thought she had something special. It was Oscar Hammerstein II[2]: 58–59  This marked the start of her career.

Radio

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Martin began her radio career in 1939 as the vocalist on a short-lived revival of The Tuesday Night Party on CBS. In 1940, she was a singer on NBC's Good News of 1940, which was renamed Maxwell House Coffee Time during that year.[5] In 1942, she joined the cast of Kraft Music Hall on NBC, replacing Connie Boswell.[6] She was also one of the stars of Stage Door Canteen on CBS, 1942–1945.[5]

Broadway

[edit]
Martin in promotional photo for the original production of The Sound of Music

Martin was cast in Cole Porter's Leave It to Me!, making her Broadway debut in November 1938 in that production. She became popular on Broadway and received attention in the national media singing the spoof striptease song "My Heart Belongs to Daddy". With that one song in the second act, she became a star 'overnight'.[3]: 41  Martin reprised the song in Night and Day, a Hollywood film about Cole Porter, in which she played herself auditioning for Porter (Cary Grant). "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" catapulted her career and became very special to Martin—she even sang it to her ailing father in his hospital bed while he was in a coma. Martin did not learn immediately that her father had died. Headlines read "Daddy Girl Sings About Daddy as Daddy Dies". Because of the show's demanding schedule, Martin was unable to attend her father's funeral.[3]: 44–45  In 1943 she starred in the new Kurt Weill musical One Touch of Venus and then Lute Song in 1946.[7]

As nurse Nellie Forbush, Martin opened on Broadway in South Pacific on April 7, 1949. Her performance was called "memorable ... funny and poignant in turns", and she earned a Tony Award.[8] Richard Watts Jr. of the New York Post wrote: "nothing I have ever seen her do prepared me for the loveliness, humor, gift for joyous characterization, and sheer lovableness of her portrayal of Nellie Forbush .... Hers is a completely irresistible performance."[9] She opened in the West End production on November 1, 1951.

Her next major success was in the role of Peter in the Broadway production of Peter Pan in October 1954 with Martin winning the Tony Award.

Martin opened on Broadway in The Sound of Music as Maria on November 16, 1959, and stayed in the show until October 1961. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. The musical gave Martin "the chance to display her homespun charm".[8]

In 1966, she appeared on Broadway in the two-person musical I Do! I Do! with Robert Preston and was nominated for the Tony Award (Leading Actress in a Musical). A national tour with Preston began in March 1968 but was canceled early due to Martin's illness.

Martin portraying Peter Pan on stage, in 1954

Although she appeared in nine films between 1938 and 1943, she was generally passed over for the filmed version of the musical plays. She herself once explained that she did not enjoy making films because she did not have the connection with an audience that she had in live performances. The closest that she ever came to preserving her stage performances was her television appearances as Peter Pan. The Broadway production from 1954 was subsequently performed on NBC television in RCA's compatible color in 1955, 1956, and 1960. Martin also preserved her 1957 stage performance as Annie Oakley in Annie Get Your Gun when NBC television broadcast the production live that year.

While Martin did not enjoy making films, she frequently appeared on television. Her last feature film appearance was a cameo as herself in MGM's Main Street to Broadway in 1953.[10] Martin made an appearance in 1980 in a Royal Variety Performance in London performing "Honeybun" from South Pacific. Martin appeared in the play Legends with Carol Channing in a one-year US national tour opening in Dallas on January 9, 1986.[3]: 272–278 

Awards and honors

[edit]
Star for Recording on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1560 Vine Street, Hollywood: She also has one for Radio at 6609 Hollywood Blvd.

Martin was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1973.[11] She received the Kennedy Center Honors, an annual honor for career achievements, in 1989. She received the Donaldson Award in 1943 for One Touch of Venus. A Special Tony Award was presented to her in 1948 while she appeared in the national touring company of Annie Get Your Gun for "spreading theatre to the rest of the country while the originals perform in New York." In 1955 and 1956, she received, first, a Tony Award for Peter Pan, and then an Emmy for appearing in the same role on television. She also received Tonys for South Pacific and in 1959 for The Sound of Music.

In September 1963, a statue of Peter Pan dedicated to her was unveiled in Weatherford, donated by the Peter Pan Peanut Butter Company.[12]

Personal life

[edit]

After Martin's 1936 divorce from Benjamin Hagman, she married Richard Halliday in 1940.[13] Early in their marriage, he worked as a drama critic for the New York World-Telegram and a movie critic for the New York Daily News. Eventually, Halliday became producer or co-producer of at least two of Martin's projects. In the early 1970s, the couple lived, according to his March 1973 obituary in the Connecticut Sunday Herald,[14] "on a vast ranch they own near Anápolis" in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The ranch was called "Nossa Fazenda Halliday" (Our Halliday Farm). Martin was called Dona Maria by people in the vicinity of the Brazilian ranch.[14]

Cultural scholar Lillian Faderman wrote that Martin and actress Janet Gaynor often traveled together along with Halliday and with Gaynor's husband.[15]

Gaynor and her husband discovered Anápolis in 1950, soon after, Martin and her husband visited.[16] Martin and Janet Gaynor had adjoining ranches near Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil.[17]

On the evening of September 5, 1982, Martin, Janet Gaynor, Gaynor's husband Paul Gregory, and Martin's manager Ben Washer were involved in a serious car crash in San Francisco.[18][19] A van ran a red light at the corner of California and Franklin streets and crashed into the Luxor taxicab in which the group was riding, knocking it into a tree. Washer was killed, Martin sustained two broken ribs and a broken pelvis, and Gaynor's husband suffered two broken legs. Gaynor sustained several serious injuries.[18][19] The driver of the van was arrested on two counts of felony drunk driving, reckless driving, speeding, running a red light, and vehicular homicide. On March 15, 1983, he was found guilty of drunk driving and vehicular homicide and was sentenced to three years in prison. Gaynor died two years later from complications from her injuries.[20][21]

Martin was a Democrat and supported Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.[22]

Martin's sexuality has long been a topic of debate.[23][24] In 1979, Patsy Kelly told Boze Hadleigh that Martin was a lesbian.[25] In 2016, biographer David Kaufman stated that Halliday served as "[Martin's] husband, her best friend, her gay/straight 'cover,'" [26] while in 2019, The Advocate stated that Martin "simply [was the subject of] a lifetime of lavender rumors."[27]

Death

[edit]
Peter Pan statue in Martin's hometown of Weatherford in Parker County, Texas

Martin died of cancer at age 76 at her home in Rancho Mirage, California, on November 3, 1990.[28][29] She is buried in City Greenwood Cemetery in Weatherford, Texas.[30]

Work

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Stage

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Film

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Television

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Radio appearances

[edit]
Year Program Episode/source
1943 Stage Door Canteen Curtain Up for Victory[32]
1943 Philip Morris Playhouse Roberta[33]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Martin, Mary (1976). My Heart Belongs (autobiography). Morrow. ISBN 9780688030094.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pylant, James (December 11, 2012). "Larry Hagman's southern roots". GenealogyMagazine.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Free preview at Amazon.com. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008. ISBN 9780806139050.
  4. ^
  5. ^ a b Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The encyclopedia of old-time radio. Oxford University Press. pp. 287, 633, 684. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3.
  6. ^ "Program Reviews: 'Kraft Music Hall'" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 54, no. 2. January 10, 1942. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  7. ^ Block, Geoffrey (1997). Enchanted Evening. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0195167306.
  8. ^ a b "Mary Martin". PBS.org. Broadway Stars. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  9. ^ Suskin, Steven (1990). Opening Night on Broadway: A critical quotebook of the golden rra of the musical theatre. New York, NY: Schirmer Books. pp. 639–643. ISBN 0-02-872625-1.
  10. ^ Crowther, Bosley (2007). "Movies: About Main Street to Broadway". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  11. ^ "15 Inducted into theater Hall of Fame". The Blade. Toledo, OH. January 17, 1974.
  12. ^ "Mary Martin Milestones: Theatrical and Natal". Variety. September 18, 1963. p. 1. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  13. ^ "Richard Halliday, producer, 67; was husband of Mary Martin". The New York Times (obituary). March 4, 1973.
  14. ^ a b "Richard Halliday dead at 67". Connecticut Sunday Herald. March 4, 1973. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  15. ^ Faderman, Lillian; Timmons, Stuart (2006). Gay L.A.: A history of sexual outlaws, power politics, and lipstick lesbians. New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0465022885. Retrieved March 20, 2015. mary martin gaynor lesbian
  16. ^ Tuck, Lon (May 11, 1979). "The Girls From Brazil". Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  17. ^ "Mary Martin's Life Off Broadway In Brazil". The New York Times. April 4, 1971. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  18. ^ a b "Janet Gaynor, Mary Martin recovering after auto accident". Eugene Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. September 7, 1982. p. 6A.
  19. ^ a b "Mary Martin, Janet Gaynor in stable condition after car crash". Lodi News-Sentinel. (California). UPI. September 7, 1982. p. 5.
  20. ^ "Hospitalized". Time. September 20, 1982. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2008. Janet Gaynor, 73, winner of the first Oscar for Best Actress (1929), in serious condition with eleven broken ribs, a fractured collarbone, pelvic fractures, an injured bladder and a damaged kidney; and Mary Martin, 68, star of Broadway's original South Pacific and TV's first Peter Pan, in good condition with two fractured ribs, a fractured pelvis and a punctured lung; after a vehicular accident; in San Francisco. Gaynor and her husband Paul Gregory, 61, and Martin and her press agent, Ben Washer, 76, were riding in a taxi when they were struck broadside by a van. Washer was killed. Gregory is in good condition.
  21. ^ Carter, E. Graydon (October 18, 1982). "People: Milestones". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008. Just nine days after the cab she was riding in was hit broadside by a van, Mary Martin, 68, with a plucky smile and the help of a walker, left San Francisco General Hospital
  22. ^ Motion Picture and Television Magazine, November 1952, page 33, Ideal Publishers
  23. ^ " Desire in evidence", by Stacy Wolf, in Text and Performance Quarterly; vol. 17, no. 4 (1997); DOI: 10.1080/10462939709366198
  24. ^ Passing Performances: Conference Opens Closet of American Theatre; by James Wilson; in CLAGSNews vol. 9, no. 1 (Winter 1999); "Why does it matter if Mary Martin, the sweetheart of the American musical theatre, was most likely bisexual?"
  25. ^ Hollywood Lesbians, by Boze Hadleigh; p. 62; published 1994 by Barricade Books; "PK: But it figures why certain actresses - the sisterhood? - want to be Peter Pan. Gals like Mary Martin and Jean Arthur. They want to be boys. BH: You mean because Martin and Arthur are lesbians. PK: In a nutshell."
  26. ^ Remembering Mary Martin, the girl who could fly, by Elysa Gardner, in USA Today; published July 12, 2016; retrieved May 18, 2023
  27. ^ 18 Photos of Carol Channing and Her Many LGB Friends, by Christopher Harrity; at The Advocate; published January 16, 2019; retrieved May 18, 2023
  28. ^ Gussow, Mel (November 5, 1990). "Mary Martin, 76, First Lady of Musicals, Dies". The New York Times. Mary Martin, America's favorite leading lady of musical comedy, as Ens. Nellie Forbush in "South Pacific," Maria von Trapp in "The Sound of Music" or the title role in "Peter Pan," died Saturday afternoon at her home in Rancho Mirage, Calif. She was 76 years old.
  29. ^ "Milestones". Time. November 5, 1990. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  30. ^ "Mary Martin, City of Greenwood Cemetery, Weatherford TX". Waymarking.com (gravesite location). WMF98G.
  31. ^ " Rodgers & Hammerstein: The Sound of American Music (TV), March 16, 1985" Paley Center, accessed July 30, 2019
  32. ^ "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. Vol. 38, no. 3. Summer 2012. pp. 32–39.
  33. ^ "Air Ya Listenin?". The Mason City Globe-Gazette. May 14, 1943. p. 2. Retrieved July 21, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon

Further reading

[edit]
  • Kaufman, David (2016). Some Enchanted Evenings: The Glittering Life and Times of Mary Martin. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-03175-4.
[edit]
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