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{{Short description|British computer scientist (1926–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
[[File:Oliver Selfridge at BBN.jpg|thumb|right|Oliver Selfridge at BBN, March 2008]]
| name = Oliver Selfridge
| image = Oliver Selfridge at BBN.jpg
| caption = Selfridge in 2008
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|5|10}}
| birth_name = Oliver Gordon Selfridge
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|12|3|1926|5|10}}
| death_place = [[Belmont, Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/us/04selfridge.html | title=Oliver Selfridge, an Early Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 82 | work=The New York Times | date=4 December 2008 | last1=Markoff | first1=John }}</ref>
| fields = [[Mathematics]], [[Computer science]], [[Artificial Intelligence]]
| alma_mater = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
*[[Signal Corps Laboratories]]
*[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
*[[Lincoln Laboratories]]
}}
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Pandemonium Architecture]]
| awards =
}}


'''Oliver Gordon Selfridge''' (10 May 1926 – 3 December 2008) was a pioneer of [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/us/04selfridge.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Oliver Selfridge, an Early Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 82|last=Markoff|first=John|date=2008-12-03|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> He has been called the "Father of Machine Perception."<ref>{{cite news|last=Spark|first=Andrew|title=Oliver Selfridge Computer scientist paving the way for artificial intelligence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/17/oliver-selfridge-obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2008-12-16|accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>
'''Oliver Gordon Selfridge''' (10 May 1926 – 3 December 2008) was a mathematician and computer scientist who pioneered the early foundations of modern [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/us/04selfridge.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Oliver Selfridge, an Early Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 82|last=Markoff|first=John|date=2008-12-03|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> He is mostly known for his 1959 paper, ''Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning'' describing what's now known as the [[Pandemonium Architecture]]. He has been called the "Father of Machine Perception."<ref>{{cite news|last=Spark|first=Andrew|title=Oliver Selfridge Computer scientist paving the way for artificial intelligence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/17/oliver-selfridge-obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2008-12-16|accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>
==Biography==
==Biography==
Selfridge, born in England, was a grandson of [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]],<ref name=nytimes/> the founder of [[Selfridges]] department stores. His father was Harry Gordon Selfridge Jr. and his mother was a clerk at Selfridge's store. His parents had met, fallen in love, married and had children all in secret, and Oliver never met his grandfather, Harry Sr. He was educated at [[Malvern College]], and, upon moving to the US, at [[Middlesex School]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], before earning an [[Scientiæ Baccalaureus|S.B.]] from [[MIT]] in mathematics in 1945. He then became a graduate student of [[Norbert Wiener]] at [[MIT]], but did not write up his doctoral research and never earned a Ph.D.
Selfridge, born in England, was a grandson of [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]],<ref name=nytimes/> the founder of [[Selfridges]] department stores. His father was Harry Gordon Selfridge Jr. and his mother was a clerk at Selfridge's store. His parents had met, fallen in love, married and had children all in secret, and Oliver never met his grandfather, Harry Sr. He was educated at [[Malvern College]], and, upon moving to the US, at [[Middlesex School]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], before earning an [[Scientiæ Baccalaureus|S.B.]] from [[MIT]] in mathematics in 1945. He then became a graduate student of [[Norbert Wiener]] at [[MIT]], but did not write up his doctoral research and never earned a Ph.D.
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[[Marvin Minsky]] considered Selfridge to be one of his mentors,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/people.html|title=Personal page for Marvin Minsky|website=web.media.mit.edu|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> and Selfridge was one of the 11 attendees, with [[Marvin Minsky|Minsky]], of the [[Dartmouth workshop]] that is considered the founding event of [[artificial intelligence]] as a field.
[[Marvin Minsky]] considered Selfridge to be one of his mentors,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/people.html|title=Personal page for Marvin Minsky|website=web.media.mit.edu|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> and Selfridge was one of the 11 attendees, with [[Marvin Minsky|Minsky]], of the [[Dartmouth workshop]] that is considered the founding event of [[artificial intelligence]] as a field.


Selfridge wrote important early papers on [[neural networks]], [[pattern recognition]], and [[machine learning]], and his "Pandemonium" paper (1959) is generally recognized as a classic in [[artificial intelligence]]. In it, Selfridge introduced the notion of "demons" that record events as they occur, recognize patterns in those events, and may trigger subsequent events according to patterns they recognize. Over time, this idea gave rise to [[aspect-oriented programming]].
Selfridge wrote important early papers on [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]], [[pattern recognition]], and [[machine learning]], and his "Pandemonium" paper (1959) is generally recognized as a classic in [[artificial intelligence]]. In it, Selfridge introduced the notion of "demons" that record events as they occur, recognize patterns in those events, and may trigger subsequent events according to patterns they recognize. Over time, this idea gave rise to [[aspect-oriented programming]].


In 1968, in their formative paper "The Computer as a Communication Device", [[J. C. R. Licklider]] and [[Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Robert Taylor]] introduced a concept known as an OLIVER (On-Line Interactive Vicarious Expediter and Responder), which was named in honor of Selfridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Licklider.pdf|title=In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider|last=Licklider|first=J.C.R|date=August 7, 1990|website=Stanford University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301194448/http://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Licklider.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2021|access-date=September 8, 2019}}</ref>
In 1968, in their formative paper "The Computer as a Communication Device", [[J. C. R. Licklider]] and [[Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Robert Taylor]] introduced a concept known as an OLIVER (On-Line Interactive Vicarious Expediter and Responder), which was named in honor of Selfridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Licklider.pdf|title=In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider|last=Licklider|first=J.C.R|date=August 7, 1990|website=Stanford University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301194448/http://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Licklider.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2021|access-date=September 8, 2019}}</ref>


Selfridge spent his career at [[Lincoln Laboratory]], [[MIT]] (where he was Associate Director of [[Project MAC]]), [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]], and GTE Laboratories where he became Chief Scientist. He served on the [[NSA]] Advisory Board for 20 years, chairing the Data Processing Panel. Selfridge retired in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3903053/Oliver-Selfridge.html|title=Oliver Selfridge|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2008-12-22|access-date=2019-09-08|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
Selfridge spent his career at [[Lincoln Laboratory]], [[MIT]] (where he was Associate Director of [[Project MAC]]), [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]], and GTE Laboratories where he became Chief Scientist. He served on the [[NSA]] Advisory Board for 20 years, chairing the Data Processing Panel. In 1991 he was elected a Fellow of the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected AAAI Fellows |url=https://aaai.org/about-aaai/aaai-awards/the-aaai-fellows-program/elected-aaai-fellows/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=AAAI |language=en-US}}</ref> Selfridge retired in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3903053/Oliver-Selfridge.html|title=Oliver Selfridge|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2008-12-22|access-date=2019-09-08|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>


In 2015, [[Duncan Campbell (journalist)|Duncan Campbell]] identified Selfridge as his "best source" for Campbell's 1980 reporting on US [[National Security Agency]] wiretapping activity at [[Menwith Hill]], UK.<ref>{{citation
In 2015, [[Duncan Campbell (journalist)|Duncan Campbell]] identified Selfridge as his "best source" for Campbell's 1980 reporting on US [[National Security Agency]] wiretapping activity at [[RAF Menwith Hill]] in England.<ref>{{citation
|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/08/03/life-unmasking-british-eavesdroppers/
|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/08/03/life-unmasking-british-eavesdroppers/
|author=Duncan Campbell
|author=Duncan Campbell
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[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:British artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:British cognitive scientists]]
[[Category:British cognitive scientists]]
[[Category:English computer scientists]]
[[Category:English computer scientists]]
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[[Category:MIT Lincoln Laboratory people]]
[[Category:MIT Lincoln Laboratory people]]
[[Category:Middlesex School alumni]]
[[Category:Middlesex School alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]

Latest revision as of 07:44, 10 September 2024

Oliver Selfridge
Selfridge in 2008
Born
Oliver Gordon Selfridge

(1926-05-10)May 10, 1926
London, England
DiedDecember 3, 2008(2008-12-03) (aged 82)
Belmont, Massachusetts, U.S.[1]
Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
Known forPandemonium Architecture
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics, Computer science, Artificial Intelligence
Institutions

Oliver Gordon Selfridge (10 May 1926 – 3 December 2008) was a mathematician and computer scientist who pioneered the early foundations of modern artificial intelligence.[2] He is mostly known for his 1959 paper, Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning describing what's now known as the Pandemonium Architecture. He has been called the "Father of Machine Perception."[3]

Biography

[edit]

Selfridge, born in England, was a grandson of Harry Gordon Selfridge,[2] the founder of Selfridges department stores. His father was Harry Gordon Selfridge Jr. and his mother was a clerk at Selfridge's store. His parents had met, fallen in love, married and had children all in secret, and Oliver never met his grandfather, Harry Sr. He was educated at Malvern College, and, upon moving to the US, at Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts, before earning an S.B. from MIT in mathematics in 1945. He then became a graduate student of Norbert Wiener at MIT, but did not write up his doctoral research and never earned a Ph.D.

Marvin Minsky considered Selfridge to be one of his mentors,[4] and Selfridge was one of the 11 attendees, with Minsky, of the Dartmouth workshop that is considered the founding event of artificial intelligence as a field.

Selfridge wrote important early papers on neural networks, pattern recognition, and machine learning, and his "Pandemonium" paper (1959) is generally recognized as a classic in artificial intelligence. In it, Selfridge introduced the notion of "demons" that record events as they occur, recognize patterns in those events, and may trigger subsequent events according to patterns they recognize. Over time, this idea gave rise to aspect-oriented programming.

In 1968, in their formative paper "The Computer as a Communication Device", J. C. R. Licklider and Robert Taylor introduced a concept known as an OLIVER (On-Line Interactive Vicarious Expediter and Responder), which was named in honor of Selfridge.[5]

Selfridge spent his career at Lincoln Laboratory, MIT (where he was Associate Director of Project MAC), Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and GTE Laboratories where he became Chief Scientist. He served on the NSA Advisory Board for 20 years, chairing the Data Processing Panel. In 1991 he was elected a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence.[6] Selfridge retired in 1993.[7]

In 2015, Duncan Campbell identified Selfridge as his "best source" for Campbell's 1980 reporting on US National Security Agency wiretapping activity at RAF Menwith Hill in England.[8] Campbell described this operation in New Statesman as a "billion dollar phone tap".[9]

Selfridge also authored four children's books: Sticks, Fingers Come In Fives, All About Mud, and Trouble With Dragons.[10]

Selfridge was married and divorced twice and is survived by two daughters and two sons.[11]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Markoff, John (4 December 2008). "Oliver Selfridge, an Early Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 82". The New York Times.
  2. ^ a b Markoff, John (3 December 2008). "Oliver Selfridge, an Early Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  3. ^ Spark, Andrew (16 December 2008). "Oliver Selfridge Computer scientist paving the way for artificial intelligence". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  4. ^ "Personal page for Marvin Minsky". web.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  5. ^ Licklider, J.C.R (7 August 1990). "In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider" (PDF). Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Elected AAAI Fellows". AAAI. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Oliver Selfridge". Daily Telegraph. 22 December 2008. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  8. ^ Duncan Campbell (3 August 2015), GCHQ and Me, My Life Unmasking British Eavesdroppers, The Intercept
  9. ^ America's big ear on Europe (PDF), New Statesman, 18 July 1980, pp. 10–14
  10. ^ Markoff, John (3 December 2008). "Oliver Selfridge, an Early Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 82". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  11. ^ "Oliver Selfridge". Daily Telegraph. 22 December 2008. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 September 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
  • O. G. Selfridge. "Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning." In D. V. Blake and A. M. Uttley, editors, Proceedings of the Symposium on Mechanisation of Thought Processes, pages 511–529, London, 1959.
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