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|document_name = Tehran Communiqué |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|conflict]] over [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] of Azerbaijan SSR which started in early 1988<ref name=BBC>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm | script-title=ru:Карабах: хронология конфликта |trans-title=Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict | publisher= [[BBC News]] | date=2005-08-29| access-date=2010-05-06|language=ru}}</ref> had developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army. Upon the initiative of the Iranian side, within the framework of diplomatic efforts on the normalization |
The [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|conflict]] over [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] of Azerbaijan SSR which started in early 1988<ref name=BBC>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm | script-title=ru:Карабах: хронология конфликта |trans-title=Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict | publisher= [[BBC News]] | date=2005-08-29| access-date=2010-05-06|language=ru}}</ref> had developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army. Upon the initiative of the Iranian side, within the framework of diplomatic efforts on the normalization |
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of the situation in Nagorno Karabakh and at the Azerbaijani-Armenian border, the leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia were invited to Tehran for negotiations on May 7, 1992.<ref name=CC/> The invitation was considered as the third stage of peace efforts initiated by Iran. First mediation stage started in February when Iranian envoy [[Ali Akbar Velayati]] visited both Baku, Yerevan and Karabakh but it was quickly halted due to capture of [[Khojali Rayon|Khojaly]] and subsequent [[Khojaly Massacre]] by Armenian troops.<ref name=Strategic>{{cite web |url= http://www.csr.ir/departments.aspx?lng=en&abtid=07&depid=74&semid=989 |title= Mediation in the Karabakh Dispute |author= |
of the situation in Nagorno Karabakh and at the Azerbaijani-Armenian border, the leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia were invited to Tehran for negotiations on May 7, 1992.<ref name=CC/> The invitation was considered as the third stage of peace efforts initiated by Iran. First mediation stage started in February when Iranian envoy [[Ali Akbar Velayati]] visited both Baku, Yerevan and Karabakh but it was quickly halted due to capture of [[Khojali Rayon|Khojaly]] and subsequent [[Khojaly Massacre]] by Armenian troops.<ref name=Strategic>{{cite web |url= http://www.csr.ir/departments.aspx?lng=en&abtid=07&depid=74&semid=989 |title= Mediation in the Karabakh Dispute |author=Mahmood Vaezi |publisher= Center for Strategic Research |access-date= May 6, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014529/http://www.csr.ir/departments.aspx?lng=en&abtid=07&depid=74&semid=989 |archive-date= July 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=RFE>{{cite news | url= http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1097022.html | title= Caucasus: Iran Offers To Mediate In Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute | publisher= [[RFE/RL]] | author = Jean-Christophe Peuch | date=2001-07-25| access-date=2010-05-06}}</ref> Second effort was made in March when Iranian envoy Mahmoud Vaezi conducted ''shuttle diplomacy'' tour visiting both republics and holding several meetings which led to formal invitation of leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia to Tehran in May. |
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==The signing of the communiqué== |
==The signing of the communiqué== |
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During the talks between Azerbaijani and Armenian leaders, it was agreed that meetings between top level representatives from both countries, including military personnel, would be organized and all disputes between the parties would be solved by peaceful means on the basis of principle of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE, ''now OSCE'') and international law. Parties committed to international legal norms and UN Charter to ensure peace and stability of borders as well as resolve ongoing refugee crisis. As a result of talks, the parties agreed to open all communications after subsequent visit of Iranian envoy [[Mahmoud Vaezi]] to [[Baku]], [[Stepanakert]] and [[Yerevan]] and involve CSCE observers for continuation of mediation efforts.<ref name=CC/> |
During the talks between Azerbaijani and Armenian leaders, it was agreed that meetings between top level representatives from both countries, including military personnel, would be organized and all disputes between the parties would be solved by peaceful means on the basis of principle of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE, ''now OSCE'') and international law. Parties committed to international legal norms and UN Charter to ensure peace and stability of borders as well as resolve ongoing refugee crisis. As a result of talks, the parties agreed to open all communications after subsequent visit of Iranian envoy [[Mahmoud Vaezi]] to [[Baku]], [[Stepanakert]] and [[Yerevan]] and involve CSCE observers for continuation of mediation efforts.<ref name=CC/> |
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However, the peace efforts failed the next day, when Armenian troops attacked and captured the Azerbaijani town of [[Shusha]] on May 8, 1992 forcing 23,156 ethnic Azerbaijanis out,<ref name=Peacekeeper/> in violation of the ceasefire agreement.<ref name=RFE/><ref name=Croissant>{{Citation | first = Croissant | last = Michael P. | title = The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications | place = United States of America | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 1998 | page = 99 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeP7OZZswtcC | isbn = 0-275-96241-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://armenia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/159383/|title=Тегеран считает, что урегулированием конфликта в Карабахе должны заниматься страны региона|trans-title=Tehran thinks that conflict resolution in Karabakh should be handled by countries in the region|date=2009-09-15|access-date=May 6, 2010|archive-date=2012-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306095558/http://armenia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/159383/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This significantly undermined the outcome of the peace efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/89-92/Chapter%208/EUROPE/item%2019_Nagorny-Karabakh.pdf|title= UN Chapter VIII. Consideration of questions under the responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. The situation relating to Nagorny-Karabakh. Initial proceedings |access-date=May 6, 2010}}</ref> Official Baku relied on assurances from Tehran on keeping the ceasefire but with loss of Shusha, even before Yagub Mammadov returned to Baku, Iran was considered morally responsible by Azerbaijani authorities.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/16/1044.html | title= Azerbaijan – Between America and Iran | publisher= Russia in Global Affairs | author= Arif Yunus | date= 2006-07-06 | access-date= 2010-05-06 | archive-date= 2008-12-02 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081202180412/http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/16/1044.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> Final effort of Vaezi to mediate a ceasefire after fall of Shusha with his visit to Baku and Yerevan did not succeed due to escalation of conflict and capture of [[Lachin]] by Armenian troops on May 18, 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal.mid.ru/rus/news_10.html|title=Важный документ по Карабаху или ничего особенного?|trans-title=An important document on Karabakh or one of no significance?|date=June 11, 2008|access-date= |
However, the peace efforts failed the next day, when Armenian troops attacked and captured the Azerbaijani town of [[Shusha]] on May 8, 1992 forcing 23,156 ethnic Azerbaijanis out,<ref name=Peacekeeper/> in violation of the ceasefire agreement.<ref name=RFE/><ref name=Croissant>{{Citation | first = Croissant | last = Michael P. | title = The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications | place = United States of America | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 1998 | page = 99 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeP7OZZswtcC | isbn = 0-275-96241-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://armenia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/159383/|title=Тегеран считает, что урегулированием конфликта в Карабахе должны заниматься страны региона|trans-title=Tehran thinks that conflict resolution in Karabakh should be handled by countries in the region|date=2009-09-15|access-date=May 6, 2010|archive-date=2012-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306095558/http://armenia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/159383/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This significantly undermined the outcome of the peace efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/89-92/Chapter%208/EUROPE/item%2019_Nagorny-Karabakh.pdf|title= UN Chapter VIII. Consideration of questions under the responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. The situation relating to Nagorny-Karabakh. Initial proceedings |access-date=May 6, 2010}}</ref> Official Baku relied on assurances from Tehran on keeping the ceasefire but with loss of Shusha, even before Yagub Mammadov returned to Baku, Iran was considered morally responsible by Azerbaijani authorities.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/16/1044.html | title= Azerbaijan – Between America and Iran | publisher= Russia in Global Affairs | author= Arif Yunus | date= 2006-07-06 | access-date= 2010-05-06 | archive-date= 2008-12-02 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081202180412/http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/16/1044.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> Final effort of Vaezi to mediate a ceasefire after fall of Shusha with his visit to Baku and Yerevan did not succeed due to escalation of conflict and capture of [[Lachin]] by Armenian troops on May 18, 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal.mid.ru/rus/news_10.html|title=Важный документ по Карабаху или ничего особенного? |trans-title=An important document on Karabakh or one of no significance?|date=June 11, 2008 |access-date= |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529121728/http://www.portugal.mid.ru/rus/news_10.html|archive-date=May 29, 2010}}</ref> As a result, Iranian authorities emphasized that Iran would not accept any border changes hinting at its disapproval of the Armenian approach of the conflict.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New geopolitics of Central Asia and its borderlands |last1=Banuazizi |first1=Ali |last2=Weiner |first2=Myron |year=1994 |publisher= I.B. Tauris & Co, Ltd|location= Great Britain |isbn= 0-253-20918-8 |page=207 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrM_Ms9OVsEC&pg=PA207&dq=Tehran+Communique+1992+Karabakh |access-date= May 6, 2010}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Bishkek Protocol]] |
*[[Bishkek Protocol]] |
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*[[Madrid Principles]] |
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*[[OSCE Minsk Group]] |
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*[[Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=Armenia&field_paconflict_tid%5B%5D=2 Text of all peace accords between Armenia and Azerbaijan] |
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=Armenia&field_paconflict_tid%5B%5D=2 Text of all peace accords between Armenia and Azerbaijan] |
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{{Armenia–Azerbaijan relations}} |
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{{Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict}} |
{{Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tehran Communique}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tehran Communique}} |
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[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1992]] |
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[[Category:1990s in Tehran]] |
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[[Category:Peace treaties]] |
[[Category:Peace treaties]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of Armenia]] |
[[Category:Treaties of Armenia]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]] |
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Artsakh]] |
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Artsakh]] |
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[[Category:Armenia–Azerbaijan |
[[Category:Armenia–Azerbaijan peace process]] |
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[[Category:Armenia–Iran relations]] |
[[Category:Armenia–Iran relations]] |
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[[Category:Azerbaijan–Iran relations]] |
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Iran relations]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:May 1992 events in Iran]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:47, 10 September 2024
| Tehran Communiqué | |
|---|---|
| Created | May 7, 1992 |
| Location | Tehran, Iran |
| Signatories | Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Yaqub Mammadov, Levon Ter-Petrosian |
| Purpose | Peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan mediated by Iran |
The Tehran Communiqué, also known as the Joint statement of the heads of state in Tehran is the joint communiqué mediated by Iranian President, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and signed by the acting President of Azerbaijan, Yagub Mammadov and President of Armenia, Levon Ter-Petrossian on May 7, 1992 with an intention to end the four-year-long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, a former autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR.[1][2][3]
Background
[edit]The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan SSR which started in early 1988[4] had developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army. Upon the initiative of the Iranian side, within the framework of diplomatic efforts on the normalization of the situation in Nagorno Karabakh and at the Azerbaijani-Armenian border, the leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia were invited to Tehran for negotiations on May 7, 1992.[3] The invitation was considered as the third stage of peace efforts initiated by Iran. First mediation stage started in February when Iranian envoy Ali Akbar Velayati visited both Baku, Yerevan and Karabakh but it was quickly halted due to capture of Khojaly and subsequent Khojaly Massacre by Armenian troops.[5][6] Second effort was made in March when Iranian envoy Mahmoud Vaezi conducted shuttle diplomacy tour visiting both republics and holding several meetings which led to formal invitation of leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia to Tehran in May.
The signing of the communiqué
[edit]During the talks between Azerbaijani and Armenian leaders, it was agreed that meetings between top level representatives from both countries, including military personnel, would be organized and all disputes between the parties would be solved by peaceful means on the basis of principle of the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, now OSCE) and international law. Parties committed to international legal norms and UN Charter to ensure peace and stability of borders as well as resolve ongoing refugee crisis. As a result of talks, the parties agreed to open all communications after subsequent visit of Iranian envoy Mahmoud Vaezi to Baku, Stepanakert and Yerevan and involve CSCE observers for continuation of mediation efforts.[3]
However, the peace efforts failed the next day, when Armenian troops attacked and captured the Azerbaijani town of Shusha on May 8, 1992 forcing 23,156 ethnic Azerbaijanis out,[1] in violation of the ceasefire agreement.[6][7][8] This significantly undermined the outcome of the peace efforts.[9] Official Baku relied on assurances from Tehran on keeping the ceasefire but with loss of Shusha, even before Yagub Mammadov returned to Baku, Iran was considered morally responsible by Azerbaijani authorities.[10] Final effort of Vaezi to mediate a ceasefire after fall of Shusha with his visit to Baku and Yerevan did not succeed due to escalation of conflict and capture of Lachin by Armenian troops on May 18, 1992.[11] As a result, Iranian authorities emphasized that Iran would not accept any border changes hinting at its disapproval of the Armenian approach of the conflict.[12]
See also
[edit]- Bishkek Protocol
- Madrid Principles
- OSCE Minsk Group
- Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)
- Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Peacekeeper.ru. Хронология событий в конфликтных точках СНГ" [Chronology of events in conflict zones of CIS]. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "Conciliation Resources. Chronology". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c Abasov, Ali; Khachatrian, Haroutiun (2006). The Karabakh conflict. Variants of Settlement: Concepts and reality. Appendix 3. Joint Statement of the heads of state in Tehran (PDF). Baku and Yerevan: CA&CC Press AB Publishing House. p. 90. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ Карабах: хронология конфликта [Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict] (in Russian). BBC News. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Mahmood Vaezi. "Mediation in the Karabakh Dispute". Center for Strategic Research. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ a b Jean-Christophe Peuch (2001-07-25). "Caucasus: Iran Offers To Mediate In Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute". RFE/RL. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Michael P., Croissant (1998), The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications, United States of America: Praeger Publishers, p. 99, ISBN 0-275-96241-5
- ^ "Тегеран считает, что урегулированием конфликта в Карабахе должны заниматься страны региона" [Tehran thinks that conflict resolution in Karabakh should be handled by countries in the region]. 2009-09-15. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "UN Chapter VIII. Consideration of questions under the responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. The situation relating to Nagorny-Karabakh. Initial proceedings" (PDF). Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ Arif Yunus (2006-07-06). "Azerbaijan – Between America and Iran". Russia in Global Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ "Важный документ по Карабаху или ничего особенного?" [An important document on Karabakh or one of no significance?]. June 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010.
- ^ Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1994). The New geopolitics of Central Asia and its borderlands. Great Britain: I.B. Tauris & Co, Ltd. p. 207. ISBN 0-253-20918-8. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
External links
[edit]
Categories:
- 1992 in Iran
- 1992 in Armenia
- 1992 in Azerbaijan
- 1992 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- May 1992 events in Asia
- Treaties concluded in 1992
- 1990s in Tehran
- Peace treaties
- Treaties of Armenia
- Treaties of Azerbaijan
- Treaties of the Republic of Artsakh
- Armenia–Azerbaijan peace process
- Armenia–Iran relations
- Azerbaijan–Iran relations
- Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
- May 1992 events in Iran