Styphnolobium japonicum: Difference between revisions

Styphnolobium japonicum
	Styphnolobium japonicum tree
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Genus:	Styphnolobium
Species:	S. japonicum
Binomial name
	Styphnolobium japonicum; (L.) Schott
Synonyms
	Sophora japonica L.; Sophora korolkowii Dieck; Sophora sinensis Forrest;

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Styphnolobium japonicum, the Japanese pagoda tree^[3] (also known as the Chinese scholar tree and pagoda tree; syn. Sophora japonica) is a species of deciduous tree in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae.

It was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus Sophora. The species of Styphnolobium differ from Sophora in lacking the ability to form symbioses with rhizobia (nitrogen fixing bacteria) on their roots. It also differs from the related genus Calia (mescalbeans) in having deciduous leaves and flowers in axillary, not terminal, racemes. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with nine to 21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the black locust.

Distribution

foliage and inflorescence

close-up of flowers

Styphnolobium japonicum is native to China. Despite its Latin name, the species was introduced in Japan and not originally found there. It is a popular ornamental tree in Europe, North America and South Africa, grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows to 10–20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

History

Despite its name, the Chinese scholar tree was the official memorial tree of higher officials in Zhou dynasty China. The tombs of scholars were instead decorated with Koelreuteria paniculata.^[4]

The Guilty Chinese Scholartree is a historic pagoda tree in Beijing, from which the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, Chongzhen, hung himself in 1644.^[5]

Traditional medicine

S. japonicum (Chinese: 槐; pinyin: huái; formerly Sophora japonica) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its fruits have stress resistance and antioxidant properties.^[6]

Tea

The flowers and leaves are sometimes used for teas, such as by families in Laoshan Village, Shandong Province, China. It counts as a variety of herbal tea.^{[citation needed]}

Construction uses

The wood is used to make the strong, springy curved "enju wood" handle used on the traditional Japanese woodworking adze, called the chouna.^[7]^[8] Pagoda wood is very hard after drying. This makes pagoda products durable and long lasting. The pagoda tree trunk is generally composed of alternating ridges of light-brown outside layers and gray brown inside layers. This makes wood carving products, for example from the Hokkaido native Ainu people, very decorative. The Ainu are famous for their carvings of the Blakiston's fish owl.

Chemistry

The dried flower buds may contain as much as 20% rutin with some quercetin.^[9] S. japonicum dried fruit contains the flavonoid glycosides sophoricoside, genistin and rutin and the flavonoid aglycones genistein, quercetin and kaempferol.^[10] Another analysis found genistein and genistein glycosides including sophorabioside, sophoricoside, genistein-7-diglucoside, genistein-7-diglucorhamnoside, and kaempferol and the kaempferol glycosides kaempferol-3-sophoroside and kaempferol-3-rhamnodiglucoside.^[9] The fruit also contain the alkaloids cytisine, N-methylcytisine, sophocarpine, matrine and stizolamine.^[11] The bark contains the allomatrine alkaloid.^[12]

References

Citations

^ "Styphnolobium japonicum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Styphnolobium japonicum – ILDIS LegumeWeb". Retrieved 19 February 2008.
^ NRCS. "Styphnolobium japonicum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Li, Hui-Lin (1974). The Origin and Cultivation of Shade and Ornamental Trees. Pennsylvania, United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-8122-1070-0.
^ Barmé, Geremie R. (2011), The Forbidden City, Harvard University Press, p. 145, ISBN 9780674069091
^ Thabit, Sara; Handoussa, Heba; Roxo, Mariana; Cestari de Azevedo, Bruna; S.E. El Sayed, Nesrine; Wink, Michael (19 July 2019). "Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Fruits Increase Stress Resistance and Exert Antioxidant Properties in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mouse Models". Molecules. 24 (14): 2633. doi:10.3390/molecules24142633. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6680879. PMID 31331055.
^ "Japanese axes and adzes". Robin Wood. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
^ "Beautiful axes, Japanese carpentry tools".
^ ^a ^b Tang, Weici; Eisenbrand, Gerhard (1992). "Sophora japonica L". Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 945–955. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_114. ISBN 978-3-642-73741-1.
^ Chang, L.; Zhang, X.X.; Ren, Y.P.; Cao, L.; Zhi, X.R.; Zhang, L.T. (2013). "Simultaneous Quantification of Six Major Flavonoids From Fructus sophorae by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Statistical Analysis". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 75 (3): 330–338. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.117437. PMC 3783751. PMID 24082349.
^ Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stöger, Erich; Lai Bensky, Lilian (2015). Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica (Portable 3rd ed.). Seattle, USA: Eastland Press. pp. 575–578. ISBN 978-0-939616-82-4.
^ "Allomatrine".

General references

Heenan, P. B.; M. I. Dawson; S. J. Wagstaff (December 2004). "The relationship of Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae) to Sophora tomentosa, the type species of the genus Sophora, observed from DNA sequence data and morphological characters". Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146 (4): 439–446. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00348.x.

External links

Sophora japonica
"Chinese Scholar Tree"
The Evil God in the Pagoda Tree—Japanese folktale with the pagoda tree at hyakumonogatari.com

[1] "Styphnolobium japonicum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 February 2008.

[ildis-2] "Styphnolobium japonicum – ILDIS LegumeWeb". Retrieved 19 February 2008.

[3] NRCS. "Styphnolobium japonicum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 4 December 2015.

[4] Li, Hui-Lin (1974). The Origin and Cultivation of Shade and Ornamental Trees. Pennsylvania, United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-8122-1070-0.

[5] Barmé, Geremie R. (2011), The Forbidden City, Harvard University Press, p. 145, ISBN 9780674069091

[6] Thabit, Sara; Handoussa, Heba; Roxo, Mariana; Cestari de Azevedo, Bruna; S.E. El Sayed, Nesrine; Wink, Michael (19 July 2019). "Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Fruits Increase Stress Resistance and Exert Antioxidant Properties in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mouse Models". Molecules. 24 (14): 2633. doi:10.3390/molecules24142633. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6680879. PMID 31331055.

[7] "Japanese axes and adzes". Robin Wood. Retrieved 24 February 2012.

[8] "Beautiful axes, Japanese carpentry tools".

[Chinese_Drugs-9] Tang, Weici; Eisenbrand, Gerhard (1992). "Sophora japonica L". Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 945–955. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_114. ISBN 978-3-642-73741-1.

[Simultaneous-10] Chang, L.; Zhang, X.X.; Ren, Y.P.; Cao, L.; Zhi, X.R.; Zhang, L.T. (2013). "Simultaneous Quantification of Six Major Flavonoids From Fructus sophorae by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Statistical Analysis". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 75 (3): 330–338. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.117437. PMC 3783751. PMID 24082349.

[Bensky-11] Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stöger, Erich; Lai Bensky, Lilian (2015). Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica (Portable 3rd ed.). Seattle, USA: Eastland Press. pp. 575–578. ISBN 978-0-939616-82-4.

[12] "Allomatrine".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of legume}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{use dmy dates |date=August 2022}}
-| name = ''Styphnolobium japonicum''
+{{Speciesbox
-| image = PagodaTreeFlowers3.jpg
+|image = Sophora japonica JPG2Aa.jpg
-| image_width = 260px
-| image_caption = ''Styphnolobium japonicum'' foliage and flowers
+|image_caption = ''Styphnolobium japonicum'' tree
+|genus = Styphnolobium
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+|species = japonicum
-| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
+|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref><ref name="ildis">{{cite web|url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Styphnolobium+japonicum |title=Styphnolobium japonicum – ILDIS LegumeWeb |accessdate=2008-02-19 }}</ref>
-| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
+|synonyms = *''Sophora japonica'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="ildis"/>
-| ordo = [[Fabales]]
+* ''Sophora korolkowii'' [[Georg Dieck|Dieck]]<ref name="ildis"/>
-| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
+* ''Sophora sinensis'' [[George Forrest (botanist)|Forrest]]<ref name="ildis"/>
-| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
-| tribus = [[Sophoreae]]
-| genus = ''[[Styphnolobium]]''
-| species = '''''S. japonicum'''''
-| binomial = ''Styphnolobium japonicum''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?314715 |title=Styphnolobium japonicum information from NPGS/GRIN |accessdate=2008-02-19 |publisher=[[USDA]] }}</ref><ref name="ildis">{{cite web|url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Styphnolobium+japonicum |title=Styphnolobium japonicum - ILDIS LegumeWeb |accessdate=2008-02-19 }}</ref>
-| synonyms =
-*''Sophora japonica'' L.<ref name="ildis"/>
-*''Sophora korolkowii'' [[Dieck]]<ref name="ildis"/>
-*''Sophora sinensis'' [[Forrest]]<ref name="ildis"/>
 }}
+'''''Styphnolobium japonicum''''', the '''Japanese pagoda tree'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=STJA9|taxon=Styphnolobium japonicum|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref> (also known as the '''Chinese scholar tree''' and '''pagoda tree'''; syn. '''''Sophora japonica''''') is a species of [[deciduous]] [[tree]] in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the pea family [[Fabaceae]].
-'''''Styphnolobium japonicum''''' (L.) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]] , the '''Pagoda Tree''' (Chinese Scholar, Japanese pagodatree; syn. ''Sophora japonica'') is a species of small [[tree]] or [[shrub]] in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the pea family [[Fabaceae]], formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus ''[[Sophora]]''. The species of ''Styphnolobium'' differ from ''Sophora'' in lacking the ability to form [[symbiosis|symbioses]] with [[rhizobia]] ([[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] [[bacteria]]) on their [[root]]s. It also differs from the related genus ''[[mescalbean|Calia]]'' (mescalbeans) in having [[deciduous]] [[leaf|leaves]] and [[flower]]s in axillary, not terminal, [[raceme]]s. The leaves are [[pinnate]], with 9-21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the [[Black locust]].
+It was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus ''[[Sophora]]''. The species of ''Styphnolobium'' differ from ''Sophora'' in lacking the ability to form [[symbiosis|symbioses]] with [[rhizobia]] ([[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] [[bacteria]]) on their [[root]]s. It also differs from the related genus ''[[mescalbean|Calia]]'' (mescalbeans) in having [[deciduous]] [[leaf|leaves]] and [[flower]]s in axillary, not terminal, [[raceme]]s. The leaves are alternate, [[pinnate]], with nine to 21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the [[black locust]].
-''Styphnolobium japonicum'' is native to eastern [[Asia]] (mainly [[China]]; despite the name, it is introduced in [[Japan]]), is a popular ornamental tree in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]], grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows into a lofty tree 10-20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber.
+==Distribution==
+{{multiple image
+| direction = vertical
+| align     = left
+| caption_align = center
+| width     = 180
+| image1    = Sophora japonica JPG2Fe.jpg
+| alt1      =
+| caption1  = foliage and inflorescence
+| image2    = Sophora japonica (1b).jpg
+| alt2      =
+| caption2  = close-up of flowers
+}}
+''Styphnolobium japonicum'' is native to [[China]]. Despite its Latin name, the species was introduced in [[Japan]] and not originally found there. It is a popular ornamental tree in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]], grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows to 10–20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber.{{cn|date=June 2023}}
 ==Uses==
-The Pagoda Tree is widely used in [[bonsai]] gardening. The [[Guilty Chinese Scholartree]] was a historic Pagoda Tree in [[Jingshan park|Beijing]], on which the last emperor of the [[Ming Dynasty]], [[Chongzhen Emperor|Chongzhen]], hanged himself.
+===History===
-''S. japonicum'' (Chinese: [[wiktionary:槐|槐]]; pinyin: huái; formerly ''Sophora japonica'') is one of the [[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].
+Despite its name, the Chinese scholar tree was the official memorial tree of higher officials in [[Zhou dynasty]] China. The tombs of scholars were instead decorated with [[Koelreuteria paniculata]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hui-Lin |title=The Origin and Cultivation of Shade and Ornamental Trees |date=1974 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=0-8122-1070-0 |location=Pennsylvania, United States |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref>
+The [[Guilty Chinese Scholartree]] is a historic pagoda tree in [[Jingshan Park|Beijing]], from which the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], [[Chongzhen Emperor|Chongzhen]], hung himself in 1644.<ref>{{citation|last=Barmé|first=Geremie R.|title=The Forbidden City|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=9780674069091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXez1CFygkcC&q=zuihuai+replaced&pg=PA145|page=145}}</ref>
-It has [[abortifacient]], [[antibacterial]], anticholesterolemic, [[antiinflammatory]], [[antispasmodic]], [[diuretic]], [[emetic]], [[emollient]], [[febrifuge]], [[hypotensive]], [[purgative]], [[styptic]], and [[tonic]] properties.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sophora+japonica |title=Sophora japonica - Plants For A Future database report |accessdate=2008-02-19 }}</ref>
+===Traditional medicine===
-==See also==
+[[File:Beans cut of Chinese Scholar Tree.jpg|thumb|150px|{{center|the beans}}]]
-*[[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|Chinese herbology]] 50 fundamental herbs
+''S. japonicum'' ({{zh|c=[[wikt:槐|槐]]|p=huái}}; formerly ''Sophora japonica'') is one of the [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. Its fruits have stress resistance and antioxidant properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thabit|first1=Sara|last2=Handoussa|first2=Heba|last3=Roxo|first3=Mariana|last4=Cestari de Azevedo|first4=Bruna|last5=S.E. El Sayed|first5=Nesrine|last6=Wink|first6=Michael|date=2019-07-19|title=Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Fruits Increase Stress Resistance and Exert Antioxidant Properties in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mouse Models|journal=Molecules|volume=24|issue=14|pages=2633|doi=10.3390/molecules24142633|issn=1420-3049|pmc=6680879|pmid=31331055|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+===Tea===
+The flowers and leaves are sometimes used for teas, such as by families in Laoshan Village, [[Shandong Province]], China. It counts as a variety of herbal tea.{{cn|date=June 2023}}
+===Construction uses===
+The wood is used to make the strong, springy curved "enju wood" handle used on the traditional Japanese woodworking adze, called the [[chouna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greenwood-carving.blogspot.com/2010/08/japanese-axes-and-adzes.html |title=Japanese axes and adzes|accessdate=2012-02-24 |publisher=Robin Wood }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://greenwood-carving.blogspot.com/2010/10/beautiful-axes-japanese-carpentry-tools.html |title=Beautiful axes, Japanese carpentry tools  }}</ref> Pagoda wood is very hard after drying. This makes pagoda products durable and long lasting. The pagoda tree trunk is generally composed of alternating ridges of light-brown outside layers and gray brown inside layers. This makes wood carving products, for example from the Hokkaido native Ainu people, very decorative. The Ainu are famous for their carvings of the Blakiston's fish owl.
+==Chemistry==
+The dried flower buds may contain as much as 20% [[rutin]] with some [[quercetin]].<ref name="Chinese Drugs">{{cite book|last1=Tang|first1=Weici|last2=Eisenbrand|first2=Gerhard|chapter=Sophora japonica L |title=Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin|date=1992|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-73741-1|pages=945–955|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_114}}</ref> ''S. japonicum'' dried fruit contains the [[flavonoid]] [[glycoside]]s [[sophoricoside]], [[genistin]] and [[rutin]] and the [[flavonoid]] [[aglycone]]s [[genistein]], quercetin and [[kaempferol]].<ref name="Simultaneous">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=L.|last2=Zhang|first2=X.X.|last3=Ren|first3=Y.P.|last4=Cao|first4=L.|last5=Zhi|first5=X.R.|last6=Zhang|first6=L.T.|title=Simultaneous Quantification of Six Major Flavonoids From Fructus sophorae by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Statistical Analysis|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|date=2013|volume=75|issue=3|pages=330–338|doi=10.4103/0250-474X.117437|pmc=3783751|pmid=24082349 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another analysis found genistein and genistein glycosides including [[sophorabioside]], [[sophoricoside]], [[genistein-7-diglucoside]], [[genistein-7-diglucorhamnoside]], and kaempferol and the kaempferol [[glycosides]] [[kaempferol-3-sophoroside]] and [[kaempferol-3-rhamnodiglucoside]].<ref name="Chinese Drugs" /> The fruit also contain the alkaloids [[cytisine]], [[N-methylcytisine]], [[sophocarpine]], [[matrine]] and [[stizolamine]].<ref name="Bensky">{{cite book|last1=Bensky|first1=Dan|last2=Clavey|first2=Steven|last3=Stöger|first3=Erich|last4=Lai Bensky|first4=Lilian|title=Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica|date=2015|publisher=Eastland Press|location=Seattle, USA|isbn=978-0-939616-82-4|pages=575–578|edition=Portable 3rd}}</ref> The bark contains the allomatrine alkaloid.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Allomatrine | title=Allomatrine }}</ref>
 ==References==
-===Footnotes===
+=== Citations ===
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ===General references===
-*The relationship of ''Sophora'' sect. ''Edwardsia'' (Fabaceae) to ''Sophora tomentosa'', the type species of the genus ''Sophora'', observed from DNA sequence data and morphological characters. ''Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' '''146''': 439-446 (2004). [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00348.x Available online].
+* {{cite journal|author=Heenan, P. B.|author2= M. I. Dawson|author3= S. J. Wagstaff |date=December 2004|title= The relationship of ''Sophora'' sect. ''Edwardsia'' (Fabaceae) to ''Sophora tomentosa'', the type species of the genus ''Sophora'', observed from DNA sequence data and morphological characters|journal=Bot. J. Linn. Soc.|volume=146|issue=4|pages=439–446|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00348.x}}
 ==External links==
-{{commons|Styphnolobium japonicum}}
+{{Commons|Styphnolobium japonicum}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080119224357/http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4dmg/Trees/pagoda.htm ''Sophora japonica'']
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517122439/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/TreesFamiliesNames/WhatTreeIsIt/IdentifybyName/CommonName/ChineseScholarTree/ChineseScholarTree.htm "Chinese Scholar Tree"]
+* [http://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/01/18/enju-no-jashin-the-evil-god-in-the-pagoda-tree/ The Evil God in the Pagoda Tree]—Japanese folktale with the pagoda tree at hyakumonogatari.com
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q288558}}
-*[http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4dmg/Trees/pagoda.htm ''Sophora japonica'']
-*[http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/TreesFamiliesNames/WhatTreeIsIt/IdentifybyName/CommonName/ChineseScholarTree/ChineseScholarTree.htm "Chinese Scholar Tree"]
 [[Category:Faboideae]]
+[[Category:Flora of China]]
+[[Category:Trees of Korea]]
+[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
 [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
+[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
+[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
-[[cs:Jerlín japonský]]
+[[Category:Trees of China]]
-[[da:Pagodetræ]]
-[[de:Japanischer Schnurbaum]]
-[[es:Sophora japonica]]
-[[fr:Styphnolobium japonicum]]
-[[it:Styphnolobium japonicum]]
-[[nl:Honingboom]]
-[[ja:エンジュ]]
-[[pl:Sofora japońska]]
-[[sk:Sofora japonská]]
-[[zh:槐树]]