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{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
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The ''STK11/LKB1'' gene, which encodes a member of the [[serine/threonine-specific protein kinase|serine/threonine kinase]] family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumour suppressor.
The ''STK11/LKB1'' gene, which encodes a member of the [[serine/threonine-specific protein kinase|serine/threonine kinase]] family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumour suppressor.


LKB1 is a primary upstream kinase of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ([[AMP-activated protein kinase|AMPK]]), a necessary element in cell [[metabolism]] that is required for maintaining energy [[homeostasis]]. It is now clear that LKB1 exerts its growth suppressing effects by activating a group of ~14 other kinases, comprising AMPK and [[AMPK-related kinases]]. Activation of AMPK by LKB1 suppresses growth and proliferation when energy and nutrient levels are scarce. Activation of AMPK-related kinases by LKB1 plays vital roles maintaining cell polarity thereby inhibiting inappropriate expansion of tumour cells. A picture from current research is emerging that loss of LKB1 leads to disorganization of cell polarity and facilitates tumour growth under energetically unfavorable conditions.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} A study in rats showed that LKB1 expression is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after birth and that LKB1 abundance negatively correlates with proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qu |first1=Shuang |last2=Liao |first2=Qiao |last3=Yu |first3=Cheng |last4=Chen |first4=Yue |last5=Luo |first5=Han |last6=Xia |first6=Xuewei |last7=He |first7=Duofen |last8=Xu |first8=Zaicheng |last9=Jose |first9=Pedro A. |last10=Li |first10=Zhuxin |last11=Wang |first11=Wei Eric |date=2022-05-25 |title=LKB1 suppression promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration via LKB1-AMPK-YAP axis |url=https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/7225 |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=772–783 |language=en |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2021.7225 |pmid=35490365 |s2cid=248465561 |issn=1840-4812|doi-access=free |pmc=9519156 }}</ref>
LKB1 is a primary upstream kinase of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ([[AMP-activated protein kinase|AMPK]]), a necessary element in cell [[metabolism]] that is required for maintaining energy [[homeostasis]]. It is now clear that LKB1 exerts its growth suppressing effects by activating a group of ~14 other kinases, comprising AMPK and [[AMPK-related kinases]]. Activation of AMPK by LKB1 suppresses growth and proliferation when energy and nutrient levels are scarce. Activation of AMPK-related kinases by LKB1 plays vital roles maintaining cell polarity thereby inhibiting inappropriate expansion of tumour cells. A picture from current research is emerging that loss of LKB1 leads to disorganization of cell polarity and facilitates tumour growth under energetically unfavorable conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baas |first1=Annette F |last2=Smit |first2=Linda |last3=Clevers |first3=Hans |date=June 2004 |title=LKB1 tumor suppressor protein: PARtaker in cell polarity |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096289240400100X |journal=Trends in Cell Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=312–319 |doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2004.04.001|pmid=15183188 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Partanen |first1=Johanna I. |last2=Tervonen |first2=Topi A. |last3=Klefström |first3=Juha |date=2013-11-05 |title=Breaking the epithelial polarity barrier in cancer: the strange case of LKB1/PAR-4 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=368 |issue=1629 |pages=20130111 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2013.0111 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=3785967 |pmid=24062587}}</ref> A study in rats showed that LKB1 expression is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after birth and that LKB1 abundance negatively correlates with proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qu |first1=Shuang |last2=Liao |first2=Qiao |last3=Yu |first3=Cheng |last4=Chen |first4=Yue |last5=Luo |first5=Han |last6=Xia |first6=Xuewei |last7=He |first7=Duofen |last8=Xu |first8=Zaicheng |last9=Jose |first9=Pedro A. |last10=Li |first10=Zhuxin |last11=Wang |first11=Wei Eric |date=2022-05-25 |title=LKB1 suppression promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration via LKB1-AMPK-YAP axis |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=772–783 |language=en |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2021.7225 |pmid=35490365 |s2cid=248465561 |issn=1840-4812|doi-access=free |pmc=9519156 }}</ref>


Loss of LKB1 activity is associated with highly aggressive HER2+ breast cancer.<ref name = "Andrade-Vieira_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrade-Vieira R, Xu Z, Colp P, Marignani PA | title = Loss of LKB1 expression reduces the latency of ErbB2-mediated mammary gland tumorigenesis, promoting changes in metabolic pathways | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56567 | date = 2013-02-22 | pmid = 23451056 | pmc = 3579833 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056567 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856567A | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[HER2/neu]] mice were engineered for loss of mammary gland expression of ''Lkb1'' resulting in reduced latency of [[Carcinogenesis|tumorgenesis]]. These mice developed mammary [[Neoplasm|tumors]] that were highly metabolic and hyperactive for [[MTOR]]. Pre-clinical studies that simultaneously targeted mTOR and [[metabolism]] with AZD8055 (inhibitor of [[mTORC1]] and [[mTORC2]]) and [[2-Deoxy-D-glucose|2-DG]], respectively inhibited mammary tumors from forming.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrade-Vieira R, Goguen D, Bentley HA, Bowen CV, Marignani PA | title = Pre-clinical study of drug combinations that reduce breast cancer burden due to aberrant mTOR and metabolism promoted by LKB1 loss | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 5 | issue = 24 | pages = 12738–52 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25436981 | pmc = 4350354 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.2818 }}</ref> Mitochondria function In control mice that did not have mammary tumors were not affected by AZD8055/2-DG treatments.
Loss of LKB1 activity is associated with highly aggressive HER2+ breast cancer.<ref name = "Andrade-Vieira_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrade-Vieira R, Xu Z, Colp P, Marignani PA | title = Loss of LKB1 expression reduces the latency of ErbB2-mediated mammary gland tumorigenesis, promoting changes in metabolic pathways | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56567 | date = 2013-02-22 | pmid = 23451056 | pmc = 3579833 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056567 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856567A | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[HER2/neu]] mice were engineered for loss of mammary gland expression of ''Lkb1'' resulting in reduced latency of [[Carcinogenesis|tumorgenesis]]. These mice developed mammary [[Neoplasm|tumors]] that were highly metabolic and hyperactive for [[MTOR]]. Pre-clinical studies that simultaneously targeted mTOR and [[metabolism]] with AZD8055 (inhibitor of [[mTORC1]] and [[mTORC2]]) and [[2-Deoxy-D-glucose|2-DG]], respectively inhibited mammary tumors from forming.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrade-Vieira R, Goguen D, Bentley HA, Bowen CV, Marignani PA | title = Pre-clinical study of drug combinations that reduce breast cancer burden due to aberrant mTOR and metabolism promoted by LKB1 loss | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 5 | issue = 24 | pages = 12738–52 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25436981 | pmc = 4350354 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.2818 }}</ref> Mitochondria function In control mice that did not have mammary tumors were not affected by AZD8055/2-DG treatments.


LKB1 catalytic deficient mutants found in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome activate the expression of [[cyclin D1]] through recruitment to response elements within the promoter of the [[oncogene]]. LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants have [[oncogenic]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott KD, Nath-Sain S, Agnew MD, Marignani PA | title = LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants enhance cyclin D1 expression | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 67 | issue = 12 | pages = 5622–7 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17575127 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0762 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
LKB1 catalytic deficient mutants found in [[Peutz–Jeghers syndrome]] activate the expression of [[cyclin D1]] through recruitment to response elements within the promoter of the [[oncogene]]. LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants have [[oncogenic]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott KD, Nath-Sain S, Agnew MD, Marignani PA | title = LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants enhance cyclin D1 expression | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 67 | issue = 12 | pages = 5622–7 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17575127 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0762 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
At least 51 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.<ref name = "Šimčíková_2019 - supplementary table S7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Šimčíková D, Heneberg P | title = Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 18577 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31819097 | pmc = 6901466 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4| bibcode = 2019NatSR...918577S }}</ref> [[Germline]] [[mutations]] in this gene have been associated with [[Peutz–Jeghers syndrome]], an [[autosomal dominant]] disorder characterized by the growth of [[polyps]] in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented [[macules]] on the skin and mouth, and other [[neoplasms]].<ref name="pmid8988175">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemminki A, Tomlinson I, Markie D, Järvinen H, Sistonen P, Björkqvist AM, Knuutila S, Salovaara R, Bodmer W, Shibata D, de la Chapelle A, Aaltonen LA | display-authors = 6 | title = Localization of a susceptibility locus for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome to 19p using comparative genomic hybridization and targeted linkage analysis | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–90 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 8988175 | doi = 10.1038/ng0197-87 | s2cid = 8978401 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9428765">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, Avizienyte E, Roth S, Loukola A, Bignell G, Warren W, Aminoff M, Höglund P, Järvinen H, Kristo P, Pelin K, Ridanpää M, Salovaara R, Toro T, Bodmer W, Olschwang S, Olsen AS, Stratton MR, de la Chapelle A, Aaltonen LA | display-authors = 6 | title = A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | journal = Nature | volume = 391 | issue = 6663 | pages = 184–7 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9428765 | doi = 10.1038/34432 | bibcode = 1998Natur.391..184H | s2cid = 4400728 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18846624">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott R, Crooks R, Meldrum C | title = Gene symbol: STK11. Disease: Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 300 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18846624 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0551-3 }}</ref> However, the LKB1 gene was also found to be mutated in lung cancer of sporadic origin, predominantly adenocarcinomas.<ref name="pmid= 12097271">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez-Cespedes M, Parrella P, Esteller M, Nomoto S, Trink B, Engles JM, Westra WH, Herman JG, Sidransky D | display-authors = 6 | title = Inactivation of LKB1/STK11 is a common event in adenocarcinomas of the lung | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 62 | issue = 13 | pages = 3659–62 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12097271 | author-link8 = James G. Herman }}</ref> Further, more recent studies have uncovered a large number of somatic mutations of the LKB1 gene that are present in cervical, breast,<ref name = "Andrade-Vieira_2013" /> intestinal, testicular, pancreatic and skin cancer.<ref name="pmid= 17599048">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez-Cespedes M | title = A role for LKB1 gene in human cancer beyond the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | journal = Oncogene | volume = 26 | issue = 57 | pages = 7825–32 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17599048 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1210594 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="urlCatalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer">{{cite web | url = http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=bygene&ln=STK11&start=1&end=434&coords=AA:AA | title = Distribution of somatic mutations in STK11 | work = Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer | publisher = Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge | access-date = 2009-11-11 | archive-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120402153613/http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=bygene&ln=STK11&start=1&end=434&coords=AA:AA | url-status = dead }}</ref>
At least 51 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.<ref name = "Šimčíková_2019 - supplementary table S7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Šimčíková D, Heneberg P | title = Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 18577 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31819097 | pmc = 6901466 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4| bibcode = 2019NatSR...918577S }}</ref> [[Germline]] [[mutations]] in this gene have been associated with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, an [[autosomal dominant]] disorder characterized by the growth of [[polyps]] in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented [[macules]] on the skin and mouth, and other [[neoplasms]].<ref name="pmid8988175">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemminki A, Tomlinson I, Markie D, Järvinen H, Sistonen P, Björkqvist AM, Knuutila S, Salovaara R, Bodmer W, Shibata D, de la Chapelle A, Aaltonen LA | display-authors = 6 | title = Localization of a susceptibility locus for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome to 19p using comparative genomic hybridization and targeted linkage analysis | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–90 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 8988175 | doi = 10.1038/ng0197-87 | s2cid = 8978401 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9428765">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, Avizienyte E, Roth S, Loukola A, Bignell G, Warren W, Aminoff M, Höglund P, Järvinen H, Kristo P, Pelin K, Ridanpää M, Salovaara R, Toro T, Bodmer W, Olschwang S, Olsen AS, Stratton MR, de la Chapelle A, Aaltonen LA | display-authors = 6 | title = A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | journal = Nature | volume = 391 | issue = 6663 | pages = 184–7 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9428765 | doi = 10.1038/34432 | bibcode = 1998Natur.391..184H | s2cid = 4400728 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18846624">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott R, Crooks R, Meldrum C | title = Gene symbol: STK11. Disease: Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 300 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18846624 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0551-3 }}</ref> However, the ''LKB1'' gene was also found to be mutated in lung cancer of sporadic origin, predominantly adenocarcinomas.<ref name="pmid= 12097271">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez-Cespedes M, Parrella P, Esteller M, Nomoto S, Trink B, Engles JM, Westra WH, Herman JG, Sidransky D | display-authors = 6 | title = Inactivation of LKB1/STK11 is a common event in adenocarcinomas of the lung | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 62 | issue = 13 | pages = 3659–62 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12097271 | author-link8 = James G. Herman }}</ref> Further, more recent studies have uncovered a large number of somatic mutations of the ''LKB1'' gene that are present in cervical, breast,<ref name = "Andrade-Vieira_2013" /> intestinal, testicular, pancreatic and skin cancer.<ref name="pmid= 17599048">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez-Cespedes M | title = A role for LKB1 gene in human cancer beyond the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | journal = Oncogene | volume = 26 | issue = 57 | pages = 7825–32 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17599048 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1210594 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="urlCatalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer">{{cite web | url = http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=bygene&ln=STK11&start=1&end=434&coords=AA:AA | title = Distribution of somatic mutations in STK11 | work = Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer | publisher = Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge | access-date = 2009-11-11 | archive-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120402153613/http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=bygene&ln=STK11&start=1&end=434&coords=AA:AA | url-status = dead }}</ref>


LKB1 has been implicated as a potential target for inducing cardiac regeneration after injury as the regenerative potential of cardiomyocytes is limited in adult mammals. Knockdown of Lkb1 in rat cardiomyocytes suppressed phosphorylation of AMPK and activated Yes-associated protein, which subsequently promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qu |first1=Shuang |last2=Liao |first2=Qiao |last3=Yu |first3=Cheng |last4=Chen |first4=Yue |last5=Luo |first5=Han |last6=Xia |first6=Xuewei |last7=He |first7=Duofen |last8=Xu |first8=Zaicheng |last9=Jose |first9=Pedro A. |last10=Li |first10=Zhuxin |last11=Wang |first11=Wei Eric |date=2022-05-25 |title=LKB1 suppression promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration via LKB1-AMPK-YAP axis |url=https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/7225 |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=772–783 |language=en |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2021.7225 |pmid=35490365 |s2cid=248465561 |issn=1840-4812|doi-access=free |pmc=9519156 }}</ref>
LKB1 has been implicated as a potential target for inducing cardiac regeneration after injury as the regenerative potential of cardiomyocytes is limited in adult mammals. Knockdown of Lkb1 in rat cardiomyocytes suppressed phosphorylation of AMPK and activated Yes-associated protein, which subsequently promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qu |first1=Shuang |last2=Liao |first2=Qiao |last3=Yu |first3=Cheng |last4=Chen |first4=Yue |last5=Luo |first5=Han |last6=Xia |first6=Xuewei |last7=He |first7=Duofen |last8=Xu |first8=Zaicheng |last9=Jose |first9=Pedro A. |last10=Li |first10=Zhuxin |last11=Wang |first11=Wei Eric |date=2022-05-25 |title=LKB1 suppression promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration via LKB1-AMPK-YAP axis |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=772–783 |language=en |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2021.7225 |pmid=35490365 |s2cid=248465561 |issn=1840-4812|doi-access=free |pmc=9519156 }}</ref>


==Activation==
==Activation==
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== Splice variants ==
== Splice variants ==
Alternate transcriptional [[RNA splicing|splice]] variants of this gene have been observed and characterized. There are two main splice [[isoforms]] denoted LKB1 long (LKB1<sub>''L''</sub>) and LKB1 short (LKB1<sub>''S''</sub>).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Towler |first1=Mhairi C. |last2=Fogarty |first2=Sarah |last3=Hawley |first3=Simon A. |last4=Pan |first4=David A. |last5=Martin |first5=David M. A. |last6=Morrice |first6=Nicolas A. |last7=McCarthy |first7=Afshan |last8=Galardo |first8=María N. |last9=Meroni |first9=Silvina B. |last10=Cigorraga |first10=Selva B. |last11=Ashworth |first11=Alan |last12=Sakamoto |first12=Kei |last13=Hardie |first13=D. Grahame |date=2008-11-15 |title=A novel short splice variant of the tumour suppressor LKB1 is required for spermiogenesis |url=https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/416/1/1/44482/A-novel-short-splice-variant-of-the-tumour |journal=Biochemical Journal |language=en |volume=416 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1042/BJ20081447 |pmid=18774945 |issn=0264-6021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Denison |first1=Fiona C. |last2=Hiscock |first2=Natalie J. |last3=Carling |first3=David |last4=Woods |first4=Angela |date=2009-01-02 |title=Characterization of an Alternative Splice Variant of LKB1 |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=284 |issue=1 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M806153200|doi-access=free |pmid=18854309 }}</ref> The short LKB1 variant is predominantly found in [[testes]].
Alternate transcriptional [[RNA splicing|splice]] variants of this gene have been observed and characterized. There are two main splice [[isoforms]] denoted LKB1 long (LKB1<sub>''L''</sub>) and LKB1 short (LKB1<sub>''S''</sub>). The short LKB1 variant is predominantly found in [[testes]].


== Interactions ==
== Interactions ==
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* [[ESR1]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nath-Sain S, Marignani PA | title = LKB1 catalytic activity contributes to estrogen receptor alpha signaling | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 2785–95 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19369417 | pmc = 2688557 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.e08-11-1138 }}</ref>
* [[ESR1]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nath-Sain S, Marignani PA | title = LKB1 catalytic activity contributes to estrogen receptor alpha signaling | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 2785–95 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19369417 | pmc = 2688557 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.e08-11-1138 }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}{{Clear}}
{{Div col end}}{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[Paola Marignani]] (living), scientist and university professor, research on tumor suppressor kinase LKB1


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 17:15, 10 September 2024

STK11
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesSTK11, LKB1, PJS, hLKB1, serine/threonine kinase 11
External IDsOMIM: 602216; MGI: 1341870; HomoloGene: 393; GeneCards: STK11; OMA:STK11 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

6794

20869

Ensembl

ENSG00000118046

ENSMUSG00000003068

UniProt

Q15831

Q9WTK7

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000455

NM_001301853
NM_001301854
NM_011492

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000446

NP_001288782
NP_001288783
NP_035622

Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 1.18 – 1.23 MbChr 10: 79.95 – 79.97 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) also known as liver kinase B1 (LKB1) or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-19 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the STK11 gene.[5]

Expression

[edit]

Testosterone and DHT treatment of murine 3T3-L1 or human SGBS adipocytes for 24 h significantly decreased the mRNA expression of LKB1 via the androgen receptor and consequently reduced the activation of AMPK by phosphorylation. In contrast, 17β-estradiol treatment increased LKB1 mRNA, an effect mediated by oestrogen receptor alpha.[6]

However, in ER-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7, estradiol caused a dose-dependent decrease in LKB1 transcript and protein expression leading to a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of the LKB1 target AMPK. ERα binds to the STK11 promoter in a ligand-independent manner and this interaction is decreased in the presence of estradiol. Moreover, STK11 promoter activity is significantly decreased in the presence of estradiol.[7]

Function

[edit]

The STK11/LKB1 gene, which encodes a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumour suppressor.

LKB1 is a primary upstream kinase of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a necessary element in cell metabolism that is required for maintaining energy homeostasis. It is now clear that LKB1 exerts its growth suppressing effects by activating a group of ~14 other kinases, comprising AMPK and AMPK-related kinases. Activation of AMPK by LKB1 suppresses growth and proliferation when energy and nutrient levels are scarce. Activation of AMPK-related kinases by LKB1 plays vital roles maintaining cell polarity thereby inhibiting inappropriate expansion of tumour cells. A picture from current research is emerging that loss of LKB1 leads to disorganization of cell polarity and facilitates tumour growth under energetically unfavorable conditions.[8][9] A study in rats showed that LKB1 expression is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after birth and that LKB1 abundance negatively correlates with proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.[10]

Loss of LKB1 activity is associated with highly aggressive HER2+ breast cancer.[11] HER2/neu mice were engineered for loss of mammary gland expression of Lkb1 resulting in reduced latency of tumorgenesis. These mice developed mammary tumors that were highly metabolic and hyperactive for MTOR. Pre-clinical studies that simultaneously targeted mTOR and metabolism with AZD8055 (inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2) and 2-DG, respectively inhibited mammary tumors from forming.[12] Mitochondria function In control mice that did not have mammary tumors were not affected by AZD8055/2-DG treatments.

LKB1 catalytic deficient mutants found in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome activate the expression of cyclin D1 through recruitment to response elements within the promoter of the oncogene. LKB1 catalytically deficient mutants have oncogenic properties.[13]

Clinical significance

[edit]

At least 51 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.[14] Germline mutations in this gene have been associated with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the growth of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented macules on the skin and mouth, and other neoplasms.[15][16][17] However, the LKB1 gene was also found to be mutated in lung cancer of sporadic origin, predominantly adenocarcinomas.[18] Further, more recent studies have uncovered a large number of somatic mutations of the LKB1 gene that are present in cervical, breast,[11] intestinal, testicular, pancreatic and skin cancer.[19][20]

LKB1 has been implicated as a potential target for inducing cardiac regeneration after injury as the regenerative potential of cardiomyocytes is limited in adult mammals. Knockdown of Lkb1 in rat cardiomyocytes suppressed phosphorylation of AMPK and activated Yes-associated protein, which subsequently promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation.[21]

Activation

[edit]

LKB1 is activated allosterically by binding to the pseudokinase STRAD and the adaptor protein MO25. The LKB1-STRAD-MO25 heterotrimeric complex represents the biologically active unit, that is capable of phosphorylating and activating AMPK and at least 12 other kinases that belong to the AMPK-related kinase family. Several novel splice isoforms of STRADα that differentially affect LKB1 activity, complex assembly, subcellular localization of LKB1 and the activation of the LKB1-dependent AMPK pathway.[22]

Structure

[edit]

The crystal structure of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex was elucidated using X-ray crystallography,[23] and revealed the mechanism by which LKB1 is allosterically activated. LKB1 has a structure typical of other protein kinases, with two (small and large) lobes on either side of the ligand ATP-binding pocket. STRAD and MO25 together cooperate to promote LKB1 active conformation. The LKB1 activation loop, a critical element in the process of kinase activation, is held in place by MO25, thus explaining the huge increase in LKB1 activity in the presence of STRAD and MO25 .

Splice variants

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Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been observed and characterized. There are two main splice isoforms denoted LKB1 long (LKB1L) and LKB1 short (LKB1S).[24][25] The short LKB1 variant is predominantly found in testes.

Interactions

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STK11 has been shown to interact with:

See also

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  • Paola Marignani (living), scientist and university professor, research on tumor suppressor kinase LKB1

References

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  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000003068 – Ensembl, May 2017
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  21. ^ Qu S, Liao Q, Yu C, Chen Y, Luo H, Xia X, He D, Xu Z, Jose PA, Li Z, Wang WE (2022-05-25). "LKB1 suppression promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration via LKB1-AMPK-YAP axis". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 22 (5): 772–783. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.7225. ISSN 1840-4812. PMC 9519156. PMID 35490365. S2CID 248465561.
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Further reading

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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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