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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Mimulus aurantiacus.jpg
|image = Mimulus aurantiacus.jpg
|genus = Diplacus
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|species = aurantiacus
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = ([[William Curtis|Curtis]]) [[Willis Linn Jepson|Jeps.]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
|familia = [[Phrymaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Diplacus]]''
|species = '''''D. aurantiacus'''''
|binomial = ''Diplacus aurantiacus''
|binomial_authority = ([[William Curtis|Curtis]]) [[Willis Linn Jepson|Jeps.]]
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
* ''Mimulus aurantiacus'' <small>Curtis</small>
* ''Mimulus aurantiacus'' <small>Curtis</small>
* ''Diplacus glutinosus'' var. ''aurantiacus'' <small>(Curtis) Lindl.</small>
* ''Diplacus glutinosus'' var. ''aurantiacus'' <small>(Curtis) Lindl.</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=Barker/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=Barker/>
|}}
}}


'''''Diplacus aurantiacus''''', the '''sticky monkey-flower''' or '''orange bush monkey-flower''', is a [[flowering plant]] that grows in a [[subshrub]] form, native to southwestern [[North America]] from southwestern [[Oregon]] south through most of [[California]]. It is a member of the lopseed family, [[Phrymaceae]]. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.<ref name=jepson>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=33540 ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] The Jepson Manual.</ref><ref name=Barker>{{citation |authors=Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. |year=2012 |title=A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for ''Mimulus'', new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations |journal=Phytoneuron |volume=2012-39 |pages=1–60 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397-1410|jstor=3448862}}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|jstor=4122195}}</ref><ref name="Schoenig">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474-4890|jstor=4123743}}</ref>
'''''Diplacus aurantiacus''''', the '''sticky monkey-flower''' or '''orange bush monkey-flower''', is a [[flowering plant]] that grows in a [[subshrub]] form, native to southwestern [[North America]] from southwestern [[Oregon]] south through most of [[California]]. It is a member of the lopseed family, [[Phrymaceae]]. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.<ref name=jepson>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=33540 ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] The Jepson Manual.</ref><ref name=Barker>{{citation |author1=Barker, W.R. |author2=Nesom, G.L. |author3=Beardsley, P.M. |author4=Fraga, N.S. |year=2012 |title=A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for ''Mimulus'', new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations |journal=Phytoneuron |volume=2012–39 |pages=1–60 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862 | doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00347.x | pmid = 12894947| s2cid = 14119163| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|jstor=4122195 | pmid = 21665709}}</ref><ref name="Schoenig">{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474–4890|jstor=4123743 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.3.474 | pmid = 21653403| doi-access = free}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Erythranthe aurantiacus'' grows up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall, has deep green, sticky [[leaf|leaves]] 3 to 7 centimeters long and up to a centimeter broad and flowering stems that grow vertically.<ref name=jepson/> The [[flower]]s are tubular at the base and about 2 centimeters long with five broad lobes; they occur in a variety of shades from white to red, the most common color being a light orange. They are honey plants [[pollination|pollinated]] by [[bee]]s and [[hummingbird]]s.
''Diplacus aurantiacus'' grows up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall, has deep green, sticky [[leaf|leaves]] 3 to 7 centimeters long and up to a centimeter broad and flowering stems that grow vertically.<ref name=jepson/> The [[flower]]s are tubular at the base and about 2 centimeters long with five broad lobes; they occur in a variety of shades from white to red, the most common color being a light orange. They are honey plants [[pollination|pollinated]] by [[bee]]s and [[hummingbird]]s.


It grows in many [[climate]]s and will thrive in many types of soil, wet, dry, sandy, or rocky. It even grows in [[serpentine soil|serpentine]], a soil that most plants have difficulty thriving in because of its unique mineral composition.
It grows in many [[climate]]s and will thrive in many types of soil, wet, dry, sandy, or rocky. It even grows in [[serpentine soil|serpentine]], a soil that most plants have difficulty thriving in because of its unique mineral composition.


''Erythranthe aurantiacus'' is an important host plant for the larvae of the [[Junonia coenia|common buckeye butterfly]] (''Junonia coenia'') and the [[variable checkerspot]] (''Euphydryas chalcedona''),<ref>[http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/botany/wildflow/wildflowers.asp?w_id=16 ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] California Wildflowers. California Academy of Sciences.</ref> despite a [[phenol]]ic resin in the leaves which deter its feeding.<ref name=han>Han, K., & Lincoln, D. E. (1994). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410247?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents The evolution of carbon allocation to plant secondary metabolites: a genetic analysis of cost in ''Diplacus aurantiacus''.] ''Evolution'' 48(5) 1550-63.</ref> This resin also helps the plant retain water in dry environments.<ref name=han/>
''Diplacus aurantiacus'' is an important host plant for the larvae of the [[Junonia coenia|common buckeye butterfly]] (''Junonia coenia'') and the [[variable checkerspot]] (''Euphydryas chalcedona''),<ref>[http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/botany/wildflow/wildflowers.asp?w_id=16 ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] California Wildflowers. California Academy of Sciences.</ref> despite a [[phenol]]ic resin in the leaves which deter its feeding.<ref name=han>{{cite journal | last1 = Han | first1 = K. | last2 = Lincoln | first2 = D. E. | year = 1994 | title = The evolution of carbon allocation to plant secondary metabolites: a genetic analysis of cost in ''Diplacus aurantiacus'' | journal = Evolution | volume = 48 | issue = 5| pages = 1550–63 | jstor = 2410247 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb02195.x | pmid = 28568412 | s2cid = 10252479 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This resin also helps the plant retain water in dry environments.<ref name=han/>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
Species and cultivars are used in water conserving, [[native plant]], and [[habitat garden]]s.<Ref>Nickel, E. [http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/pickoftheweek/article/Mimulus-are-exotic-natives-of-California-4718018.php ''Mimulus'' are exotic natives of California.] ''San Francisco Chronicle'' August 8, 2013.</ref>
This bushy [[evergreen]] shrub can be short-lived in cultivation. The species and its cultivars are used in water conserving, [[native plant]], and [[habitat garden]]s.<ref>Nickel, E. [http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/pickoftheweek/article/Mimulus-are-exotic-natives-of-California-4718018.php ''Mimulus'' are exotic natives of California.] ''San Francisco Chronicle'' August 8, 2013.</ref> It is often grown under glass in temperate zones.
In the UK it has won the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/55098/Mimulus-aurantiacus/Details | title = ''Mimulus auriantacus'' | website = www.rhs.org | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 3 January 2021}}</ref>


==Traditional Native American medical plant==
==Traditional Native American medical plant==
The [[Miwok]] and [[Pomo people|Pomo]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] used the plant to treat minor ailments such as sores, burns, diarrhea, and eye irritation. They used the colorful flowers for decorative purposes.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/nature/sticky-monkey-flower.htm Sticky Monkey Flower.] Presidio of San Francisco. National Park Service.</ref>
The [[Miwok]] and [[Pomo people|Pomo]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] used the plant to treat minor ailments such as sores, burns, diarrhea, and eye irritation. They used the colorful flowers for decorative purposes.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/nature/sticky-monkey-flower.htm Sticky Monkey Flower.] Presidio of San Francisco. National Park Service.</ref>


==See also==
==Ecology==
Diplacus aurantiacus supports multiple species of caterpillars, including the [[Variable Checkerspot]], and also supports hummingbirds. <ref>[https://calscape.org/loc-California/Diplacus-aurantiacus-(Bush-Monkey-Flower)?srchcr=sc642307f65fd2e] Bush Monkey Flower, California Native Plant Society. </ref>
* [[Erythranthe aridus]]''


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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Image:Mimulus aurantiacus-4.jpg|
Image:Mimulus aurantiacus-4.jpg|
Image:Mimulusaurantiacus.jpg|
Image:Mimulusaurantiacus.jpg|
Image:Wildmimuluswildcatcanyon2019.jpg|
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Erythranthe aurantiacus|position=left}}
{{Commons category|Mimulus aurantiacus}}


*[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Mimulus+aurantiacus ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] CalFlora.
*[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Mimulus+aurantiacus ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] CalFlora.
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DIAU USDA Plants profile for ''Diplacus aurantiacus''.] USDA PLANTS.
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DIAU USDA Plants profile for ''Diplacus aurantiacus''.] USDA PLANTS.
* [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502080 ITIS−Integrated Taxonomic Information System: ''Diplacus aurantiacus''.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
* [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502080 ITIS−Integrated Taxonomic Information System: ''Diplacus aurantiacus''.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Mimulus+aurantiacus ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] [[CalPhotos]].
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Mimulus+aurantiacus ''Mimulus aurantiacus''.] [[CalPhotos]].


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q22104145|from2=Q3314656}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Erythranthe|aurantiacus]]
[[Category:Diplacus|aurantiacus]]
[[Category:Flora of California]]
[[Category:Flora of California]]
[[Category:Flora of Oregon]]
[[Category:Flora of Oregon]]
[[Category:Flora of the Cascade Range]]
[[Category:Flora of the Cascade Range]]
[[Category:Flora of the Klamath Mountains]]
[[Category:Flora of the Klamath Mountains]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)]]
[[Category:Flora of the California desert regions]]
[[Category:Flora of the California desert regions]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts]]
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[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Bird food plants]]
[[Category:Bird food plants]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Latest revision as of 07:13, 11 September 2024

Diplacus aurantiacus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Genus: Diplacus
Species:
D. aurantiacus
Binomial name
Diplacus aurantiacus
Synonyms[1]
  • Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis
  • Diplacus glutinosus var. aurantiacus (Curtis) Lindl.

Diplacus aurantiacus, the sticky monkey-flower or orange bush monkey-flower, is a flowering plant that grows in a subshrub form, native to southwestern North America from southwestern Oregon south through most of California. It is a member of the lopseed family, Phrymaceae. It was formerly known as Mimulus aurantiacus.[2][1][3][4][5]

Description

[edit]

Diplacus aurantiacus grows up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall, has deep green, sticky leaves 3 to 7 centimeters long and up to a centimeter broad and flowering stems that grow vertically.[2] The flowers are tubular at the base and about 2 centimeters long with five broad lobes; they occur in a variety of shades from white to red, the most common color being a light orange. They are honey plants pollinated by bees and hummingbirds.

It grows in many climates and will thrive in many types of soil, wet, dry, sandy, or rocky. It even grows in serpentine, a soil that most plants have difficulty thriving in because of its unique mineral composition.

Diplacus aurantiacus is an important host plant for the larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) and the variable checkerspot (Euphydryas chalcedona),[6] despite a phenolic resin in the leaves which deter its feeding.[7] This resin also helps the plant retain water in dry environments.[7]

Cultivation

[edit]

This bushy evergreen shrub can be short-lived in cultivation. The species and its cultivars are used in water conserving, native plant, and habitat gardens.[8] It is often grown under glass in temperate zones. In the UK it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9]

Traditional Native American medical plant

[edit]

The Miwok and Pomo Native Americans used the plant to treat minor ailments such as sores, burns, diarrhea, and eye irritation. They used the colorful flowers for decorative purposes.[10]

Ecology

[edit]

Diplacus aurantiacus supports multiple species of caterpillars, including the Variable Checkerspot, and also supports hummingbirds. [11]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. (2012), "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations" (PDF), Phytoneuron, 2012–39: 1–60
  2. ^ a b Mimulus aurantiacus. The Jepson Manual.
  3. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00347.x. JSTOR 3448862. PMID 12894947. S2CID 14119163.
  4. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195. PMID 21665709.
  5. ^ Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474. JSTOR 4123743. PMID 21653403.
  6. ^ Mimulus aurantiacus. California Wildflowers. California Academy of Sciences.
  7. ^ a b Han, K.; Lincoln, D. E. (1994). "The evolution of carbon allocation to plant secondary metabolites: a genetic analysis of cost in Diplacus aurantiacus". Evolution. 48 (5): 1550–63. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb02195.x. JSTOR 2410247. PMID 28568412. S2CID 10252479.
  8. ^ Nickel, E. Mimulus are exotic natives of California. San Francisco Chronicle August 8, 2013.
  9. ^ "Mimulus auriantacus". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  10. ^ Sticky Monkey Flower. Presidio of San Francisco. National Park Service.
  11. ^ [1] Bush Monkey Flower, California Native Plant Society.
[edit]