Canyon bat: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bat}} |
{{Short description|Species of bat}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} |
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{{speciesbox |
{{speciesbox |
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| name = Canyon bat |
| name = Canyon bat |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Solari, S. |date=2019 |title=''Parastrellus hesperus'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T17341A22129352 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T17341A22129352.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = Parastrellus |
| genus = Parastrellus |
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| parent_authority = Hoofer et al., 2006<ref name="newgenus">{{cite journal |
| parent_authority = Hoofer et al., 2006<ref name="newgenus">{{cite journal |
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| first = Walter Woelber |
| first = Walter Woelber |
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|author2=Eugene Raymond Hall |
|author2=Eugene Raymond Hall |
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| |
| title = The Project Gutenberg eBook of a Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus, by e. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. |
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| chapter = A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus by Dalquest and Hall |
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| location = Lawrence, Kansas |
| location = Lawrence, Kansas |
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| date = 1950-01-20 |
| date = 1950-01-20 |
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| Line 42: | Line 43: | ||
}} |
}} |
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The '''canyon bat''' (''Parastrellus hesperus''), also known as the '''western pipistrelle''',<ref name="batcon">{{Cite web |
The '''canyon bat''' ('''''Parastrellus hesperus'''''), also known as the '''western pipistrelle''',<ref name="batcon">{{Cite web |
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| author = Bat Conservation International |
| author = Bat Conservation International |
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| title = Species Profiles: Parastrellus hesperus |
| title = Species Profiles: Parastrellus hesperus |
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| url-access = registration |
| url-access = registration |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/bats0000ales/page/80 |
| url = https://archive.org/details/bats0000ales/page/80 |
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}}</ref> is a species of [[vesper bat]]. It is found in [[Mexico]] and in the western [[United States]].<ref name=iucn/> The species has historically been placed in the genus ''[[Pipistrellus]]'', but molecular evidence does not show any close relationship with that genus, and accordingly it was classified into its own genus, ''Parastrellus'', in 2006.<ref name="newgenus"/> |
}}</ref> or '''American parastrelle'''<ref name="SchmidleyTTU">{{cite web |title=Mammals of Texas |url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nsrl/mammals-of-texas-online-edition/Accounts_Chiroptera/Parastrellus_hesperus.php |website=Natural Science Research Laboratory |publisher=Texas Tech University |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref> is a species of [[vesper bat]]. It is found in [[Mexico]] and in the western [[United States]].<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /> The species has historically been placed in the genus ''[[Pipistrellus]]'', but molecular evidence does not show any close relationship with that genus, and accordingly it was classified into its own genus, ''Parastrellus'', in 2006.<ref name="newgenus"/> |
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==Characteristics== |
==Characteristics== |
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''Parastrellus hesperus'' is the smallest bat in the United States.<ref name=barbour>{{cite book|title=Bats of America|url=https://archive.org/details/batsofamerica0000barb|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|pages=[https://archive.org/details/batsofamerica0000barb/page/111 111–14]|author=Barbour, Roger W.|author2=Wayne H. Davis }}</ref> |
''Parastrellus hesperus'' is the smallest bat in the United States.<ref name=barbour>{{cite book|title=Bats of America|url=https://archive.org/details/batsofamerica0000barb|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|pages=[https://archive.org/details/batsofamerica0000barb/page/111 111–14]|author=Barbour, Roger W.|author2=Wayne H. Davis }}</ref> It has a wingspan of {{convert|190|–|215|mm}}<ref name=barbour /> and a body length of {{convert|62|–|80|mm}}.<ref name=wood>{{cite journal|last=Wood Grinnell|first=Hilda|title=A synopsis of the bats of California|journal=University of California Publications in Zoology|year=1918|volume=17|pages=304–14}}</ref> The tail is {{convert|29|-|30|mm}}, the hind feet are {{convert|5|mm}}, and the ears are {{convert|9|mm}}.<ref name="Grinnell">{{cite book |last1=Grinnell |first1=Joseph |last2=Storer |first2=Tracy Irwin |title=Animal life in the Yosemite: An account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada |date=1924 |publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif.|page=57 |url=https://archive.org/details/animallifeinyose00grinrich/page/57/mode/1up |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> On average, females are slightly larger than males of this species.<ref name=wood /> ''P. hesperus'' ranges in color from white to pale yellow to dark brown. These bats exhibit counter shading, being dark above and lighter colored below. Their faces, ears, feet, and flight membranes are usually very dark, almost black. The pelage is {{convert|3|–|4|mm}} long and is full and soft. The bases of all the hairs are black with the distal portions fading to lighter shades. The wings of ''P. hesperus'' are hairless except for the lower third of the interfemoral membrane; the toes also have a light sprinkling of fine hairs.<ref name=wood /> The wings are short and broad, giving ''P. hesperus'' a low-aspect wing which allows it to fly at speeds as low as {{convert|5|mph|order=flip}}.<ref name="flightspeed1964">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1376986| issn = 0022-2372| volume = 45| issue = 2| pages = 236–242| last = Hayward| first = Bruce|author2=Russell Davis | title = Flight Speeds in Western Bats| journal = Journal of Mammalogy| date = 1964-05-01| jstor = 1376986}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| doi = 10.2307/1376986 |
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| issn = 0022-2372 |
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| volume = 45 |
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| issue = 2 |
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| pages = 236–242 |
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| last = Hayward |
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| first = Bruce |
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|author2=Russell Davis |
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| title = Flight Speeds in Western Bats |
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| journal = Journal of Mammalogy| date = 1964-05-01 |
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| jstor = 1376986 |
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}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[File:Canyon Bat.jpg|left|thumb|Canyon bat, Amargosa Valley, California]] |
[[File:Canyon Bat.jpg|left|thumb|Canyon bat, Amargosa Valley, California]] |
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It weighs |
It weighs 3–6 grams (0.10 – 0.21 oz.)<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Bat Species |url=https://www.nps.gov/labe/learn/nature/bat-species.htm |website=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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''P. hesperus'' is found in the deserts and lowlands of the western United States and Mexico. While it is most commonly found in the deserts of the southwestern U.S., ''P. hesperus'' occupies a range extending north to the state of Washington and south to the Mexican states of Michoacan and Hidalgo. An isolated population has been found in north-central Texas and Oklahoma. These bats prefer the lowlands and are usually the most common bats found below an elevation of 5,000 feet within their range.<ref name=barbour /> |
''P. hesperus'' is found in the deserts and lowlands of the western United States and Mexico. While it is most commonly found in the deserts of the southwestern U.S., ''P. hesperus'' occupies a range extending north to the state of Washington and south to the Mexican states of Michoacan and Hidalgo. An isolated population has been found in north-central Texas and Oklahoma. These bats prefer the lowlands and are usually the most common bats found below an elevation of 5,000 feet within their range.<ref name=barbour /> |
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During the day, rock crevices serve as the preferred roosting sites for ''P. hesperus'', although some bats have been found roosting in crevices inside mines. The bats may also be found in buildings, under rocks, and in dense growths of sedge. These roosting sites are much less frequently used than the preferred rocky crevices.<ref name=barbour /> Due to their small size, ''P. hesperus'' are vulnerable to dehydration and desiccation. Bats of this species inhabiting barren desert areas devoid of trees and rocky outcroppings must find an appropriately sheltered roost in which to spend the daylight hours or risk death. One |
During the day, rock crevices serve as the preferred roosting sites for ''P. hesperus'', although some bats have been found roosting in crevices inside mines. The bats may also be found in buildings, under rocks, and in dense growths of sedge. These roosting sites are much less frequently used than the preferred rocky crevices.<ref name=barbour /> Due to their small size, ''P. hesperus'' are vulnerable to dehydration and desiccation. Bats of this species inhabiting barren desert areas devoid of trees and rocky outcroppings must find an appropriately sheltered roost in which to spend the daylight hours or risk death. One hypothesis is that ''P. hesperus'' spends the day in kangaroo rat burrows, but no evidence currently exists to support this.<ref name=barbour /> In some areas, the bats may roost in the piles of rocks used to anchor the soil along the bases of highway and railroad embankments. |
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==Behavior and reproduction== |
==Behavior and reproduction== |
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''Parastrellus hesperus'' is commonly the first bat out in the evening and the last bat to be seen after sunrise. These bats are most active in the hours immediately following sunset and preceding sunrise and are usually not active during the overnight hours. On a few occasions, ''P. hesperus'' has been observed in flight during the late morning hours in full sunlight.<ref name=wood /> |
''Parastrellus hesperus'' is commonly the first bat out in the evening and the last bat to be seen after sunrise. These bats are most active in the hours immediately following sunset and preceding sunrise and are usually not active during the overnight hours. On a few occasions, ''P. hesperus'' has been observed in flight during the late morning hours in full sunlight.<ref name=wood /> |
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''P. hesperus'' is an insectivorous bat. As such, their flight is erratic and fluttery. Their low-aspect wings give these bats increased maneuverability, an important characteristic when hunting flying insects.<ref name=barbour /> |
''P. hesperus'' is an insectivorous bat. As such, their flight is erratic and fluttery. Their low-aspect wings give these bats increased maneuverability, an important characteristic when hunting flying insects.<ref name=barbour /> They forage in the open above small trees.<ref name="Grinnell" /> |
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''P. hesperus'' will enter periods of hibernation when the weather grows cold or food supplies diminish. However, both male and female members of this species will sometimes emerge during the winter months to hunt, though not in the numbers commonly observed during warmer times of the year.<ref name=farrell>{{cite journal|last=O'Farrell|first=Michael J. |author2=W. Glen Bradley |author3=Gary W. Jones|title=Fall and winter bat activity at a desert spring in southern Nevada|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|date=4 August 1967|pages=163–71|url=http://mammalogist.org/PDF/reprints/Pub002.pdf}}</ref> ''P. hesperus'' hibernates in mines, caves, and rocky crevices. These bats are not known to hibernate in large groups and are usually found singly.<ref name=barbour /> |
''P. hesperus'' will enter periods of hibernation when the weather grows cold or food supplies diminish. However, both male and female members of this species will sometimes emerge during the winter months to hunt, though not in the numbers commonly observed during warmer times of the year.<ref name=farrell>{{cite journal|last=O'Farrell|first=Michael J. |author2=W. Glen Bradley |author3=Gary W. Jones|title=Fall and winter bat activity at a desert spring in southern Nevada|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|date=4 August 1967|volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=163–71|doi=10.2307/3669270 |jstor=3669270 |url=http://mammalogist.org/PDF/reprints/Pub002.pdf}}</ref> ''P. hesperus'' hibernates in mines, caves, and rocky crevices. These bats are not known to hibernate in large groups and are usually found singly.<ref name=barbour /> |
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Females of ''P. hesperus'' give birth to their young in June. These bats usually have two young, but may produce only one young per mating.<ref name=barbour /><ref name=wood /> In keeping with their mostly solitary nature, females raise their young alone or in small maternity colonies of no more than a dozen bats.<ref name=barbour /> Young are typically capable of flight within 2–3 weeks of birth.<ref name=barbour /> |
Females of ''P. hesperus'' give birth to their young in June. These bats usually have two young, but may produce only one young per mating.<ref name=barbour /><ref name=wood /> In keeping with their mostly solitary nature, females raise their young alone or in small maternity colonies of no more than a dozen bats.<ref name=barbour /> Young are typically capable of flight within 2–3 weeks of birth.<ref name=barbour /> |
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Latest revision as of 18:34, 11 September 2024
| Canyon bat | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Vespertilionidae |
| Tribe: | Perimyotini |
| Genus: | Parastrellus Hoofer et al., 2006[2] |
| Species: | P. hesperus
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| Binomial name | |
| Parastrellus hesperus (H.Allen, 1864)
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| Canyon bat range (pink)[3] | |
The canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus), also known as the western pipistrelle,[4][5] or American parastrelle[6] is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Mexico and in the western United States.[1] The species has historically been placed in the genus Pipistrellus, but molecular evidence does not show any close relationship with that genus, and accordingly it was classified into its own genus, Parastrellus, in 2006.[2]
Characteristics
[edit]Parastrellus hesperus is the smallest bat in the United States.[7] It has a wingspan of 190–215 millimetres (7.5–8.5 in)[7] and a body length of 62–80 millimetres (2.4–3.1 in).[8] The tail is 29–30 millimetres (1.1–1.2 in), the hind feet are 5 millimetres (0.20 in), and the ears are 9 millimetres (0.35 in).[9] On average, females are slightly larger than males of this species.[8] P. hesperus ranges in color from white to pale yellow to dark brown. These bats exhibit counter shading, being dark above and lighter colored below. Their faces, ears, feet, and flight membranes are usually very dark, almost black. The pelage is 3–4 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) long and is full and soft. The bases of all the hairs are black with the distal portions fading to lighter shades. The wings of P. hesperus are hairless except for the lower third of the interfemoral membrane; the toes also have a light sprinkling of fine hairs.[8] The wings are short and broad, giving P. hesperus a low-aspect wing which allows it to fly at speeds as low as 8.0 kilometres per hour (5 mph).[10] P. hesperus has a short, broad head and short ears with a small, club-shaped tragus.[7][8]
It weighs 3–6 grams (0.10 – 0.21 oz.)[11]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]P. hesperus is found in the deserts and lowlands of the western United States and Mexico. While it is most commonly found in the deserts of the southwestern U.S., P. hesperus occupies a range extending north to the state of Washington and south to the Mexican states of Michoacan and Hidalgo. An isolated population has been found in north-central Texas and Oklahoma. These bats prefer the lowlands and are usually the most common bats found below an elevation of 5,000 feet within their range.[7]
During the day, rock crevices serve as the preferred roosting sites for P. hesperus, although some bats have been found roosting in crevices inside mines. The bats may also be found in buildings, under rocks, and in dense growths of sedge. These roosting sites are much less frequently used than the preferred rocky crevices.[7] Due to their small size, P. hesperus are vulnerable to dehydration and desiccation. Bats of this species inhabiting barren desert areas devoid of trees and rocky outcroppings must find an appropriately sheltered roost in which to spend the daylight hours or risk death. One hypothesis is that P. hesperus spends the day in kangaroo rat burrows, but no evidence currently exists to support this.[7] In some areas, the bats may roost in the piles of rocks used to anchor the soil along the bases of highway and railroad embankments.
Behavior and reproduction
[edit]Parastrellus hesperus is commonly the first bat out in the evening and the last bat to be seen after sunrise. These bats are most active in the hours immediately following sunset and preceding sunrise and are usually not active during the overnight hours. On a few occasions, P. hesperus has been observed in flight during the late morning hours in full sunlight.[8]
P. hesperus is an insectivorous bat. As such, their flight is erratic and fluttery. Their low-aspect wings give these bats increased maneuverability, an important characteristic when hunting flying insects.[7] They forage in the open above small trees.[9]
P. hesperus will enter periods of hibernation when the weather grows cold or food supplies diminish. However, both male and female members of this species will sometimes emerge during the winter months to hunt, though not in the numbers commonly observed during warmer times of the year.[12] P. hesperus hibernates in mines, caves, and rocky crevices. These bats are not known to hibernate in large groups and are usually found singly.[7]
Females of P. hesperus give birth to their young in June. These bats usually have two young, but may produce only one young per mating.[7][8] In keeping with their mostly solitary nature, females raise their young alone or in small maternity colonies of no more than a dozen bats.[7] Young are typically capable of flight within 2–3 weeks of birth.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Solari, S. (2019). "Parastrellus hesperus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T17341A22129352. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T17341A22129352.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b Hoofer, Steven R.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.; Horáček, Ivan (1 October 2006). "Generic Status of the American Pipistrelles (Vespertilionidae) with Description of a New Genus". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (5): 981–992. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-425R1.1. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 4094268.
- ^ Dalquest, Walter Woelber; Eugene Raymond Hall (20 January 1950). "A Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus by Dalquest and Hall". The Project Gutenberg eBook of a Synopsis of the American Bats of the Genus Pipistrellus, by e. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Vol. 1. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas. pp. 591–602.
- ^ Bat Conservation International. "Species Profiles: Parastrellus hesperus". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ Aleshire, Peter (1 April 2011). Bats. Stackpole Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8117-3643-5.
- ^ "Mammals of Texas". Natural Science Research Laboratory. Texas Tech University. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barbour, Roger W.; Wayne H. Davis (1969). Bats of America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 111–14.
- ^ a b c d e f Wood Grinnell, Hilda (1918). "A synopsis of the bats of California". University of California Publications in Zoology. 17: 304–14.
- ^ a b Grinnell, Joseph; Storer, Tracy Irwin (1924). Animal life in the Yosemite: An account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 57. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ Hayward, Bruce; Russell Davis (1 May 1964). "Flight Speeds in Western Bats". Journal of Mammalogy. 45 (2): 236–242. doi:10.2307/1376986. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1376986.
- ^ "Bat Species". National Park Service. 28 September 2020.
- ^ O'Farrell, Michael J.; W. Glen Bradley; Gary W. Jones (4 August 1967). "Fall and winter bat activity at a desert spring in southern Nevada" (PDF). The Southwestern Naturalist. 12 (2): 163–71. doi:10.2307/3669270. JSTOR 3669270.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pipistrellus hesperus.
Wikispecies has information related to Pipistrellus hesperus.