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{{for|the new town in South Korea|Dongtan, Hwaseong}}
{{for|the new town in South Korea|Dongtan, Hwaseong}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}


{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
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| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Direct-controlled municipality|Municipality]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Direct-controlled municipality|Municipality]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[County (People's Republic of China)|County]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District (People's Republic of China)|District]]
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Shanghai]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Shanghai]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chongming County|Chongming]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chongming, Shanghai|Chongming]]
| established_title =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_date =
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{{Chinese|s={{linktext|东|滩}}| t={{linktext|東|灘}}|p=Dōngtān|l=East Beach}}
{{Chinese|s={{linktext|东|滩}}| t={{linktext|東|灘}}|p=Dōngtān|l=East Beach}}


'''Dongtan''' is a plan for a [[New town|new]] [[eco-city]] on the island of [[Chongming Island|Chongming]] in [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]. Design began in 2005, and by 2010 the development had stalled.
'''Dongtan''' was a planned development described as an ''[[eco-city]]'' on the island of [[Chongming Island|Chongming]] in [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] that was never built. Design began in 2005, and by 2010 the development had stalled. Adjacent to booming Shanghai, designers claimed Dongtan would be the world's first truly sustainable new urban development.<ref name="Cherry">{{cite news |last1=Cherry |first1=Steven |title=How to Build a Green City |work=IEEE Spectrum |date=1 June 2007 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-to-build-a-green-city |access-date=14 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Dongtan was presented at the United Nations [[World Urban Forum]] by China as an example of a purpose-built eco-city.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shape of Cities: Urban Planning and Management |url=https://mirror.unhabitat.org/cdrom/dialogues/3a_r.html |website=WUF3 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>


Reasons for the project's closure include its proposed location in a highly-value wetlands area, tensions between its development partners (Arup, a British engineering company, and Shanghai Industrial Investment, a state-owned developer), and loss of political support (due to the jailing of Dongtan's top political backer, former Shanghai Communist Party chief [[Chen Liangyu]], on corruption charges in 2008).<ref name="Brenhouse">{{cite news |last1=Brenhouse |first1=Hillary |title=Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/business/energy-environment/25iht-rbogdong.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2010}}</ref>
==Population==
⚫
Dongtan was planned to open, with accommodation for 10,000 people, in time for the [[Expo 2010|Shanghai World Expo]] in 2010. By 2050 the city was expected to be one-third the size of [[Manhattan]], with a total planned population of 500,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbcsd.org/Plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?DocTypeId=251&ObjectId=MTk4MTk |author=Herbert Girardet |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |title=Dongtan - the world's first eco-city |date=31 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725131336/http://www.wbcsd.org/Plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?DocTypeId=251&ObjectId=MTk4MTk |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/news/newsFullStory.asp?ID=1940 |title=Green Building: Eco City design to be reviewed in Birmingham |date=18 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425125002/http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/news/NewsFullStory.asp?ID=1940 |archive-date=25 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.05/feat_popup.html |author=Douglas McGray |publisher=Wired Magazine |title=Pop-Up Cities: China Builds a Bright Green Metropolis |orig-year= 24 April 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100325182000/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.05/feat_popup.html |date= 2008-05-15 |archive-date= 2010-03-25}}</ref> However, the project has fallen behind schedule, and no construction has taken place yet.{{Clarify timeframe|date=February 2021}}


The project has been described as a failure because it was not built. However, as an example of design it has inspired and informed other cities worldwide.<ref name="Chun">{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=I-Chun |title=Failure matters: Reassembling eco-urbanism in a globalizing China |journal=Environment and Planning |date=5 January 2017 |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=1719–1742 |doi=10.1177/0308518X16685092 |s2cid=56467751 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017EnPlA..49.1719C }}</ref> Ideas from Dongtan were incorporated into the renovation of the [[Chongming District]] as a net zero island. Dongtan became a model for a subsequently planned eco-city outside Tianjin.<ref name="Chang">{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=I-Chun Catherine |last2=Sheppard |first2=Eric |title=China's Eco-Cities as Variegated 1 Urban Sustainability: Dongtan Eco-City and Chongming Eco-Island |journal=Journal of Urban Technology |date=January 2013 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=57–75 |doi=10.1080/10630732.2012.735104 |s2cid=110511240 |url=https://geog.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/users/esheppard/Chang%26%20Sheppard%20JUT%20paper%20final.pdf |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
⚫
The 2008 conviction of prominent supporter [[Chen Liangyu]] contributed to the project's failure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hillary |first1=Brenhouse |title=Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/business/energy-environment/25iht-rbogdong.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |publisher=New York Times |date=24 June 2010}}</ref>


==Design==
==Proposed Design==
Dongtan was to be located at the east end of [[Chongming Island]], adjacent to the sensitive wetlands of the Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve, near the mouth of the [[Yangtze River]] and just north of [[Shanghai]]. Dongtan's first phase, a marina village of 20,000 inhabitants, was supposed to be unveiled at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai.<ref name="McGirk">{{cite news |last1=McGirk |first1=Jan |title=Why eco-cities fail |url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/cities/7934-why-eco-cities-fail/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=China Dialogue |date=May 27, 2015 |language=en}}</ref> Some questioned the proposed city's potential effects on the surrounding wetlands. The director of the project, Peter Head, insisted it would not affect the wetlands.<ref name="Hart">{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=Sara |title=Zero-Carbon Cities |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/6699-zero-carbon-cities |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=Architectural Record |date=March 19, 2007 |language=en}}</ref> "First of all, water usually discharged into the river will be collected, treated, and recycled within the city boundaries," he said. "There will be a 2-mile buffer zone of eco-farm between city development and the wetlands." While farming is water intensive, relatively small amounts of water reach the plants themselves. Head said Dongtan "will capture and recycle water in the city and use recycled water to grow green vegetables hydroponically. This makes the whole water cycle much more efficient".<ref name="Hart"/>
⚫
The British engineering consultancy firm [[Arup Group|Arup]] was contracted in 2005 by the developer, The [[Shanghai Industrial Holdings|Shanghai Industrial Investment Company]] (SIIC), to design and masterplan Dongtan, an eco-city on Chongming Island close to Shanghai, the first of a planned series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1635188,00.html |work=The Guardian |title=British to help China build 'eco-cities' |date=6 November 2005 |location=London |first=Frank |last=Kane}}</ref>


The developers planned to create a fully built city, with 80,000 residents by 2020.<ref name="Planning for sustainability">{{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Hefa |last2=Hu |first2=Yuanan |title=Planning for sustainability in China's urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |date=2010 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=119–126 |doi=10.1039/b911473d |pmid=20082005 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41041658 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of an eco-city (it was purposely built), and is the first of up to four such cities to be designed and built in China by Arup. The cities are planned to be ecologically friendly, with zero-greenhouse-emission transit and complete self-sufficiency in water and energy, together with the use of [[zero-energy building]] principles. Energy demand will be substantially lower than comparable conventional cities due to the high performance of buildings and a zero emission transport zone within the city. Waste is considered to be a resource and most of the city's waste will be recycled.
⚫
London-based Arup and the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC), the city's investment branch, originally partnered to create a master plan for Dongtan, an area three quarters the size of Manhattan. Their brief called for integrated sustainable urban planning and design to create a city as close to carbon-neutral as possible within economic constraints.<ref name="McGirk"/> Project planners estimated a population of 10,000 by 2010 and 500,000 by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbcsd.org/Plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?DocTypeId=251&ObjectId=MTk4MTk |author=Herbert Girardet |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |title=Dongtan - the world's first eco-city |date=31 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725131336/http://www.wbcsd.org/Plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?DocTypeId=251&ObjectId=MTk4MTk |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/news/newsFullStory.asp?ID=1940 |title=Green Building: Eco City design to be reviewed in Birmingham |date=18 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425125002/http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/news/NewsFullStory.asp?ID=1940 |archive-date=25 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.05/feat_popup.html |author=Douglas McGray |publisher=Wired Magazine |title=Pop-Up Cities: China Builds a Bright Green Metropolis |orig-year= 24 April 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100325182000/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.05/feat_popup.html |date= 2008-05-15 |archive-date= 2010-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Hart"/>


Energy-efficient construction, [[waste-to-energy]] systems, and [[wind power]] were all part of the original plan.<ref name="yale360">{{cite news |last1=Larson |first1=Christina |title=China's Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/chinas_grand_plans_for_eco-cities_now_lie_abandoned |access-date=25 April 2022 |publisher=Yale School of the Environment |date=6 April 2009}}</ref>
Dongtan proposes to have only [[green transport]] movements along its coastline. People will arrive at the coast and leave their cars behind, [[Gold Coast Oceanway#Seachange growth|travelling along the shore]] as pedestrians, cyclists or on sustainable [[public transport]] vehicles. The only vehicles allowed in the city will be powered by [[electric cars|electricity]] or [[hydrogen cars|hydrogen]]. Houses are now selling here to Shanghai middle classes for use when spending weekends away from the city. The Controlling authorities are now backtracking on these commitments and allowing private vehicles onto the site.
As a strategic partner, Arup was to be responsible for a range of services, including urban design, sustainable energy management, waste management, renewable energy process implementation, architecture, infrastructure, and even the planning of communities and social structures. Peter Head, director of Arup's sustainable urban design, led the project for the firm from its London's office (during design, Arup claims to have offset the emissions of its team's travel to and from the site in cooperation with emissions brokerage firm CO2e). "Renewable energy will be used to reduce particulate {{CO2}} emissions. Transport vehicles will run on batteries or hydrogen-fuel cells and not use any diesel or petrol, creating a relatively quiet city," according to Head's original plan.<ref name="Hart"/> Other priorities included recycling organic waste to reduce landfills and generate clean energy.<ref name="Biello">{{cite news |last1=Biello |first1=David |title=How Green Is My City |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-green-is-my-city/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=Scientific American |date=September 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hart"/> Planners in Dongtan planned to put meters in each house to display energy use.<ref name="Planning for sustainability"/>


==Reaction==
==History==
⚫
[[McKinsey & Company]] was involved in developing the initial vision for the project.<ref name="yale360"></ref> The British engineering consultancy firm [[Arup Group|Arup]] was contracted in 2005 by the developer, the [[Shanghai Industrial Holdings|Shanghai Industrial Investment Company]] (SIIC), to design and masterplan Dongtan as the first of a planned series of [[eco-cities]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1635188,00.html |work=The Guardian |title=British to help China build 'eco-cities' |date=6 November 2005 |location=London |first=Frank |last=Kane}}</ref>
The reaction to Dongtan has been mixed, although recent media coverage has largely been negative due to delays and shortcomings in the project's execution.


⚫
The 2008 conviction of prominent supporter [[Chen Liangyu]] contributed to the project's failure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hillary |first1=Brenhouse |title=Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/business/energy-environment/25iht-rbogdong.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=New York Times |date=24 June 2010}}</ref>
⚫
Former [[Mayor of London]] [[Ken Livingstone]] praised Dongtan as pioneering work leading to a more sustainable future.<ref>[http://www.arup.com/arup/newsitem.cfm?pageid=8295 Arup press release: "London looks to the East for inspiration to cut emissions"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704033048/http://www.arup.com/arup/newsitem.cfm?pageid=8295 |date=July 4, 2007 }}</ref> His sentiments were echoed by other prominent British politicians, including [[Gordon Brown]] and [[Tony Blair]], although none of them have ever visited the site.<ref>{{cite news |author=Malcolm Moore |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3223985/Chinas-Dongtan-demise-is-mirrored-by-bad-news-for-Britains-eco-towns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204144304/http://telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3223985/Chinas-Dongtan-demise-is-mirrored-by-bad-news-for-Britains-eco-towns.html |date=18 October 2008 |archive-date=2009-02-04 |publisher=The Telegraph |title=China's Dongtan demise is mirrored by bad news for Britain's eco-towns |location=London}}</ref>

==Reaction==
⚫
The reaction to Dongtan has been mixed. Former [[Mayor of London]] [[Ken Livingstone]] praised Dongtan as pioneering work leading to a more sustainable future.<ref>[http://www.arup.com/arup/newsitem.cfm?pageid=8295 Arup press release: "London looks to the East for inspiration to cut emissions"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704033048/http://www.arup.com/arup/newsitem.cfm?pageid=8295 |date=July 4, 2007 }}</ref> His sentiments were echoed by other prominent British politicians, including [[Gordon Brown]] and [[Tony Blair]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Malcolm Moore |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3223985/Chinas-Dongtan-demise-is-mirrored-by-bad-news-for-Britains-eco-towns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204144304/http://telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3223985/Chinas-Dongtan-demise-is-mirrored-by-bad-news-for-Britains-eco-towns.html |date=18 October 2008 |archive-date=2009-02-04 |publisher=The Telegraph |title=China's Dongtan demise is mirrored by bad news for Britain's eco-towns |location=London}}</ref>


Critics have argued that Dongtan will not have a big impact on existing Chinese cities, which will still house the majority of the population.<ref>[http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/297-Which-way-China- chinadialogue, 中国与世界，环境危机大家谈 - article about China and urban sustainability] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108013007/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/297-Which-way-China- |date=January 8, 2007 }}</ref>
Critics have argued that Dongtan will not have a big impact on existing Chinese cities, which will still house the majority of the population.<ref>[http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/297-Which-way-China- chinadialogue, 中国与世界，环境危机大家谈 - article about China and urban sustainability] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108013007/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/297-Which-way-China- |date=January 8, 2007 }}</ref>


The main designer, [[Thomas V. Harwood III]], is also taking part in many [[environmentally less friendly]] projects in China, including airports and office blocks. In 2008, Arup received the "[[Greenwashing|Greenwasher]] of the Year Award" from ''Ethical Corporation'' magazine for the most dubious green claim of the year, describing Dongtan as a [[Potemkin village]].<ref>[http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5552 Ethical Corporation blog: Arup and Dongtan, worthy winner of Greenwasher of the year] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117151434/http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5552 |date=January 17, 2008 }}</ref>
The main designer, [[Thomas V. Harwood III]], is also taking part in many [[environmentally less friendly]] projects in China, including airports and office blocks. In 2008, Arup received the "[[Greenwashing|Greenwasher]] of the Year Award" from ''Ethical Corporation'' magazine.<ref name="ethicalcorp_5552">[http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5552 Ethical Corporation blog: Arup and Dongtan, worthy winner of Greenwasher of the year] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117151434/http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5552 |date=January 17, 2008 }}</ref>

Several sources described the project as a [[Potemkin village]].<ref name="ethicalcorp_5552"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Dongtan: Eco-Potemkin |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/dongtan-eco-potemkin/ |access-date=25 April 2022 |publisher=China Economic Review |date=18 April 2007}}</ref>

==Transport==
* [[Dongtan station (Shanghai Metro)]] ([[:zh:东滩站 (上海市)|东滩站]]), future metro station on [[Chongming line]] of Shanghai Metro, opening in 2026


==See also==
==See also==
* Julie Sze, Fantasy Islands: Chinese Dreams and Ecological Fears in an Age of Climate Crisis, 2015, Univ of California Press, {{ISBN|9780520959828}}
* [[Julie Sze]], Fantasy Islands: Chinese Dreams and Ecological Fears in an Age of Climate Crisis, 2015, Univ of California Press, {{ISBN|9780520959828}}
* [[Herbert Girardet]] and Zhao Yan, Shanghai Dongtan: An Eco-City, SIIC, 2006, {{ISBN|978-7542622433}}
* [[Herbert Girardet]] and Zhao Yan, Shanghai Dongtan: An Eco-City, SIIC, 2006, {{ISBN|978-7542622433}}
* [[Huangbaiyu]]
* [[Huangbaiyu]]
* [[Masdar City]]
* [[Masdar City]]
⚫
* [[Eco-Cities in China]]


==References==
==References==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006190545/http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/editors/2007/04/19/dongtan-eco-potemkin/ China Economic Review - Dongtan: Eco-Potemkin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006190545/http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/editors/2007/04/19/dongtan-eco-potemkin/ China Economic Review - Dongtan: Eco-Potemkin]
* [http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5722&ContTypeID=64 Dongtan – The line changes on the greenwash eco city in China]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5722&ContTypeID=64 Dongtan – The line changes on the greenwash eco city in China]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://shanghaiist.com/2008/06/24/whatever_happened_to_dongtan.php Shanghaiist - Whatever happened to Dongtan?]{{deadlink|date=April 2022}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009215816/http://shanghaiist.com/2008/06/24/whatever_happened_to_dongtan.php Shanghaiist - Whatever happened to Dongtan?]
* [http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=284&storycode=3117554&c=0 Building - Corruption scandal delays Dongtan by two years]{{deadlink|date=April 2022}}
* [http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=284&storycode=3117554&c=0 Building - Corruption scandal delays Dongtan by two years]{{deadlink|date=April 2022}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090216154451/http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=6045 Whatever happened to the Dongtan eco-city?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090216154451/http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=6045 Whatever happened to the Dongtan eco-city?]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3223969/Chinas-pioneering-eco-city-of-Dongtan-stalls.html China's pioneering eco-city of Dongtan stalls] Daily Telegraph
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3223969/Chinas-pioneering-eco-city-of-Dongtan-stalls.html China's pioneering eco-city of Dongtan stalls] Daily Telegraph
* [http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2008/12/23/in-china-overambition-reins-in-eco-city-plans/ - In China, overambition reins in eco-city plans] - Christian Science Monitor
* [http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2008/12/23/in-china-overambition-reins-in-eco-city-plans/ - In China, overambition reins in eco-city plans] - Christian Science Monitor
* [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/01/dongtan-ecocity-modern-shangri-la.php Dongtan, [[China]]'s Flagship Ecocity Project, R.I.P.] - Treehugger.com
* [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/01/dongtan-ecocity-modern-shangri-la.php Dongtan, China's Flagship Ecocity Project, R.I.P.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116124151/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/01/dongtan-ecocity-modern-shangri-la.php |date=2009-01-16 }} - Treehugger.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411082701/http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2138 - Environment 360 - China's Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411082701/http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2138 - Environment 360 - China's Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned]
* [https://www.wired.com/culture/design/magazine/17-07/st_popupcity - Fail: Behind China's Pop-up City Flop]
* [https://www.wired.com/culture/design/magazine/17-07/st_popupcity - Fail: Behind China's Pop-up City Flop]
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Cities in China]]
[[Category:Proposed buildings and structures in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Proposed buildings and structures in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Shanghai]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Shanghai]]

Latest revision as of 01:55, 12 September 2024

For the new town in South Korea, see Dongtan, Hwaseong.
Dongtan
Map
Coordinates: 31°31′09″N 121°55′13″E / 31.519288°N 121.920261°E / 31.519288; 121.920261
CountryChina
MunicipalityShanghai
DistrictChongming
Elevation
4 m (13 ft)
Websitewww.dongtan.cn
Dongtan, Shanghai
Traditional Chinese東灘
Simplified Chinese东滩
Literal meaningEast Beach
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDōngtān

Dongtan was a planned development described as an eco-city on the island of Chongming in Shanghai, China that was never built. Design began in 2005, and by 2010 the development had stalled. Adjacent to booming Shanghai, designers claimed Dongtan would be the world's first truly sustainable new urban development.[1] Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of a purpose-built eco-city.[2]

Reasons for the project's closure include its proposed location in a highly-value wetlands area, tensions between its development partners (Arup, a British engineering company, and Shanghai Industrial Investment, a state-owned developer), and loss of political support (due to the jailing of Dongtan's top political backer, former Shanghai Communist Party chief Chen Liangyu, on corruption charges in 2008).[3]

The project has been described as a failure because it was not built. However, as an example of design it has inspired and informed other cities worldwide.[4] Ideas from Dongtan were incorporated into the renovation of the Chongming District as a net zero island. Dongtan became a model for a subsequently planned eco-city outside Tianjin.[5]

Proposed Design

[edit]

Dongtan was to be located at the east end of Chongming Island, adjacent to the sensitive wetlands of the Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve, near the mouth of the Yangtze River and just north of Shanghai. Dongtan's first phase, a marina village of 20,000 inhabitants, was supposed to be unveiled at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai.[6] Some questioned the proposed city's potential effects on the surrounding wetlands. The director of the project, Peter Head, insisted it would not affect the wetlands.[7] "First of all, water usually discharged into the river will be collected, treated, and recycled within the city boundaries," he said. "There will be a 2-mile buffer zone of eco-farm between city development and the wetlands." While farming is water intensive, relatively small amounts of water reach the plants themselves. Head said Dongtan "will capture and recycle water in the city and use recycled water to grow green vegetables hydroponically. This makes the whole water cycle much more efficient".[7]

The developers planned to create a fully built city, with 80,000 residents by 2020.[8] London-based Arup and the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC), the city's investment branch, originally partnered to create a master plan for Dongtan, an area three quarters the size of Manhattan. Their brief called for integrated sustainable urban planning and design to create a city as close to carbon-neutral as possible within economic constraints.[6] Project planners estimated a population of 10,000 by 2010 and 500,000 by 2050.[9][10][11][7]

Energy-efficient construction, waste-to-energy systems, and wind power were all part of the original plan.[12] As a strategic partner, Arup was to be responsible for a range of services, including urban design, sustainable energy management, waste management, renewable energy process implementation, architecture, infrastructure, and even the planning of communities and social structures. Peter Head, director of Arup's sustainable urban design, led the project for the firm from its London's office (during design, Arup claims to have offset the emissions of its team's travel to and from the site in cooperation with emissions brokerage firm CO2e). "Renewable energy will be used to reduce particulate CO2 emissions. Transport vehicles will run on batteries or hydrogen-fuel cells and not use any diesel or petrol, creating a relatively quiet city," according to Head's original plan.[7] Other priorities included recycling organic waste to reduce landfills and generate clean energy.[13][7] Planners in Dongtan planned to put meters in each house to display energy use.[8]

History

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McKinsey & Company was involved in developing the initial vision for the project.[12] The British engineering consultancy firm Arup was contracted in 2005 by the developer, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Company (SIIC), to design and masterplan Dongtan as the first of a planned series of eco-cities.[14]

The 2008 conviction of prominent supporter Chen Liangyu contributed to the project's failure.[15]

Reaction

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The reaction to Dongtan has been mixed. Former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone praised Dongtan as pioneering work leading to a more sustainable future.[16] His sentiments were echoed by other prominent British politicians, including Gordon Brown and Tony Blair.[17]

Critics have argued that Dongtan will not have a big impact on existing Chinese cities, which will still house the majority of the population.[18]

The main designer, Thomas V. Harwood III, is also taking part in many environmentally less friendly projects in China, including airports and office blocks. In 2008, Arup received the "Greenwasher of the Year Award" from Ethical Corporation magazine.[19]

Several sources described the project as a Potemkin village.[19][20]

Transport

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See also

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  • Julie Sze, Fantasy Islands: Chinese Dreams and Ecological Fears in an Age of Climate Crisis, 2015, Univ of California Press, ISBN 9780520959828
  • Herbert Girardet and Zhao Yan, Shanghai Dongtan: An Eco-City, SIIC, 2006, ISBN 978-7542622433
  • Huangbaiyu
  • Masdar City
  • Eco-Cities in China

References

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  1. ^ Cherry, Steven (1 June 2007). "How to Build a Green City". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  2. ^ "The Shape of Cities: Urban Planning and Management". WUF3. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  3. ^ Brenhouse, Hillary (24 June 2010). "Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  4. ^ Chang, I-Chun (5 January 2017). "Failure matters: Reassembling eco-urbanism in a globalizing China". Environment and Planning. 49 (8): 1719–1742. Bibcode:2017EnPlA..49.1719C. doi:10.1177/0308518X16685092. S2CID 56467751.
  5. ^ Chang, I-Chun Catherine; Sheppard, Eric (January 2013). "China's Eco-Cities as Variegated 1 Urban Sustainability: Dongtan Eco-City and Chongming Eco-Island" (PDF). Journal of Urban Technology. 20 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1080/10630732.2012.735104. S2CID 110511240. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  6. ^ a b McGirk, Jan (May 27, 2015). "Why eco-cities fail". China Dialogue. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e Hart, Sara (March 19, 2007). "Zero-Carbon Cities". Architectural Record. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  8. ^ a b Cheng, Hefa; Hu, Yuanan (2010). "Planning for sustainability in China's urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project". Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 12 (1): 119–126. doi:10.1039/b911473d. PMID 20082005. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  9. ^ Herbert Girardet (31 July 2006). "Dongtan - the world's first eco-city". World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
  10. ^ "Green Building: Eco City design to be reviewed in Birmingham". 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007.
  11. ^ Douglas McGray (2008-05-15) [24 April 2007]. "Pop-Up Cities: China Builds a Bright Green Metropolis". Wired Magazine. Archived from the original on 2010-03-25.
  12. ^ a b Larson, Christina (6 April 2009). "China's Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned". Yale School of the Environment. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  13. ^ Biello, David (September 1, 2011). "How Green Is My City". Scientific American. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  14. ^ Kane, Frank (6 November 2005). "British to help China build 'eco-cities'". The Guardian. London.
  15. ^ Hillary, Brenhouse (24 June 2010). "Plans Shrivel for Chinese Eco-City". New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  16. ^ Arup press release: "London looks to the East for inspiration to cut emissions" Archived July 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Malcolm Moore (18 October 2008). "China's Dongtan demise is mirrored by bad news for Britain's eco-towns". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04.
  18. ^ chinadialogue, 中国与世界，环境危机大家谈 - article about China and urban sustainability Archived January 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ a b Ethical Corporation blog: Arup and Dongtan, worthy winner of Greenwasher of the year Archived January 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Dongtan: Eco-Potemkin". China Economic Review. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
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