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{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1879 Spanish general election
| election_name = 1879 Spanish general election
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| registered = 952,000
| registered = 952,000
| turnout = 621,436 (65.3%)
| turnout = 621,436 (65.3%)
| election_date = 20 April 1879 {{smaller|(Congress)}}<br/>3 May 1879 {{smaller|(Senate)}}
| election_date = 20 April 1879 (Congress)<br/>3 May 1879 (Senate)


<!-- Conservative -->
<!-- Conservative -->
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<!-- bottom -->
<!-- bottom -->
| title = [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]]
| before_election = [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]]
| before_party = Conservative Party (Spain)
| before_party = Conservative Party (Spain)
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| after_party = Conservative Party (Spain)
| after_party = Conservative Party (Spain)
}}
}}
The '''1879 Spanish general election''' was held on Sunday, 20 April and on Saturday, 3 May 1879, to elect the 1st [[Cortes Generales#Restoration Cortes (1874–1930)|Restoration Cortes]] of the [[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]]. All 392 seats in the [[Congress of Deputies]] were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]].<ref>{{cite act |title=Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado y convocando nuevas elecciones |type=Royal Decree |work=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado|Gaceta de Madrid]] |language=es |date=10 March 1879 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1879/075/A00759-00759.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>
The '''1879 Spanish general election''' was held on Sunday, 20 April and on Saturday, 3 May 1879, to elect the 1st [[Cortes Generales#Restoration (1874–1930)|Restoration Cortes]] of the [[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]]. All 392 seats in the [[Congress of Deputies]] were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]].<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |journal=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado|Gaceta de Madrid]] |issue=75 |date=16 March 1879 |language=es |title=Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado y convocando nuevas elecciones |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1879/075/A00759-00759.pdf |page=759}}</ref>


This was the first election held under the [[Spanish Constitution of 1876]] and the new electoral law of 1878, which re-established [[censitary suffrage]].
This was the first election held under the [[Spanish Constitution of 1876]] and the new electoral law of 1878, which re-established [[censitary suffrage]].
Line 86: Line 88:
==Overview==
==Overview==
===Background===
===Background===
<!----------------------------------------------------
The [[Spanish Constitution of 1876]] enshrined Spain as a [[constitutional monarchy]], awarding the [[King of Spain|King]] power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of [[commander-in-chief]] of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of the ''[[Turno|turno pacífico]]'' ({{lang-en|Peaceful Turn}}) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the [[Conservative Party (Spain)|Conservative]] and [[Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)|Liberal]] parties alternated in power by means of [[election rigging]], which they achieved through the ''encasillado'', using the links between the [[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of Governance]], the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (''[[cacique]]s'') to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.{{sfn|Martorell Linares|1997|pp=139–143}}

Do not edit this section here. The content of the section is meant to always be identical to the same section across all the Spanish general election pages for the period 1879-1923. It gets automatically copied here (enter WP:Transclusion in the Wikipedia search bar for technical details). To edit the text here enter "Template:Spanish general election background 1879-1923" into the search bar. But be aware that any edits there will effect multiple articles. Content specific to this article should be added in this article alone.

------------------------------------------------------>
{{Spanish general election background 1879-1923}}


===Electoral system===
===Electoral system===
The Spanish [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly [[Equal bicameralism|perfect bicameralism]]. Both the [[Congress of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]] had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.<ref name="SpaCons">{{cite act |title=[[Spanish Constitution of 1876|Constitución de 1876]] |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=30 June 1876 |url=http://www.cepc.gob.es/docs/constituciones-espa/1876.pdf?sfvrsn=4 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/historiaconstitucional/index.html |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |website=[[Senate of Spain]] |language=es |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of [[censitary suffrage]], which comprised national males over twenty-five, being taxpayers with a minimum quota of twenty-five [[Spanish peseta|pesetas]] per territorial contribution or fifty per industrial subsidy, as well as being enrolled in the so-called capacity census (either by education criteria or for professional reasons).{{sfn|Carreras de Odriozola|Tafunell Sambola|2005|p=1077}}
The Spanish {{lang|es|[[Cortes Generales|Cortes]]|italic=no}} were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly [[Equal bicameralism|perfect bicameralism]]. Both the [[Congress of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]] had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.<ref>{{harvp|Const. Esp.|1876|loc=tit. II, art. 18–19 & tit. V, art. 32–47}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/historiaconstitucional/index.html |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |website=[[Senate of Spain]] |language=es |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Voting for the {{lang|es|Cortes|italic=no}} was on the basis of [[censitary suffrage]], which comprised national males over twenty-five, being taxpayers with a minimum quota of twenty-five [[Spanish peseta|pesetas]] per territorial contribution or fifty per industrial subsidy, as well as being enrolled in the so-called capacity census (either by education criteria or for professional reasons).{{sfn|García Muñoz|2002|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Carreras de Odriozola|Tafunell Sambola|2005|p=1077}}


For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a [[Plurality-at-large voting|partial block voting]] in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 304 being elected under a one-round [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post system]] in single-member districts. Candidates winning a [[Plurality voting|plurality]] in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats, electors could vote for up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, for up to five candidates; in those with six seats, for up to four; in those with four or five seats, for up to three candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, up to ten deputies could be elected through [[cumulative voting]] in several single-member constituencies, provided that they obtained more than 10,000 votes overall. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for [[Madrid]], 5 for [[Barcelona]] and [[Palma de Mallorca|Palma]], 4 for [[Seville]] and 3 for [[Alicante]], [[Almería]], [[Badajoz]], [[Burgos]], [[Cádiz]], [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Granada]], [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[La Coruña]], [[Lugo]], [[Málaga]], [[Murcia]], [[Oviedo]], [[Pamplona]], [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], [[Tarragona]], [[Valencia]], [[Valladolid]] and [[Zaragoza]]. The law also provided for [[by-election]]s to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.<ref name="SpaCons"/><ref name="SpaELawCon">{{cite act |title=Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=28 December 1878 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1878/364/A00885-00890.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>{{efn|Amendments in the electoral law throughout 1877 had seen the approval of separate laws for both chambers, with a modified version of the 1865 electoral law being provisionally reinstated for the Congress until a final, definitive law was approved in 1878.<ref name="SpaELawCon"/><ref name="SpaELawSen"/><ref>{{cite act |title=Ley reformando la electoral de Diputados a Cortes, y restableciendo la penal para los delitos electorales de 22 de Junio de 1864 |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=20 July 1877 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/217/A00375-00379.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>}}
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a [[Plurality-at-large voting|partial block voting system]] in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 304 being elected under a one-round [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post system]] in single-member districts. Candidates winning a [[Plurality voting|plurality]] in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats, electors could vote for up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, for up to five candidates; in those with six seats, for up to four; in those with four or five seats, for up to three candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, up to ten deputies could be elected through [[cumulative voting]] in several single-member constituencies, provided that they obtained more than 10,000 votes overall. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for [[Madrid]], 5 for [[Barcelona]] and [[Palma de Mallorca|Palma]], 4 for [[Seville]] and 3 for [[Alicante]], [[Almería]], [[Badajoz]], [[Burgos]], [[Cádiz]], [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Granada]], [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[La Coruña]], [[Lugo]], [[Málaga]], [[Murcia]], [[Oviedo]], [[Pamplona]], [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], [[Tarragona]], [[Valencia]], [[Valladolid]] and [[Zaragoza]]. The law also provided for [[by-election]]s to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.<ref>{{harvp|Const. Esp.|1876|loc=tit. IV, 27–31}}.</ref><ref name="SpaELawCon">{{cite act |title=Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=28 December 1878 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1878/364/A00885-00890.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>{{efn|Amendments in the electoral law throughout 1877 had seen the approval of separate laws for both chambers, with a modified version of the 1865 electoral law being provisionally reinstated for the Congress until a final, definitive law was approved in 1878.<ref name="SpaELawCon"/><ref name="SpaELawSen"/><ref>{{cite act |title=Ley reformando la electoral de Diputados a Cortes, y restableciendo la penal para los delitos electorales de 22 de Junio de 1864 |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=20 July 1877 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/217/A00375-00379.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>}}


For the Senate, 180 seats were [[Indirect election|indirectly elected]], with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a [[Write-in candidate|write-in]], [[Two-round system|two-round]] [[majority voting]] system. The provinces of [[Álava]], [[Province of Albacete|Albacete]], [[Province of Ávila|Ávila]], [[Biscay]], the [[Province of Canary Islands|Canary Islands]], [[Province of Cuenca|Cuenca]], [[Province of Guadalajara|Guadalajara]], [[Guipúzcoa]], [[Province of Huelva|Huelva]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|Logroño]], [[Matanzas Province|Matanzas]], [[Province of Palencia|Palencia]], [[Pinar del Río Province|Pinar del Río]], [[Camagüey Province|Puerto Príncipe]], [[Santa Clara Province|Santa Clara]], [[Province of Santander|Santander]], [[Oriente Province|Santiago de Cuba]], [[Province of Segovia|Segovia]], [[Province of Soria|Soria]], [[Province of Teruel|Teruel]] and [[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid]] were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Burgos|Archdioceses of Burgos]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Granada|Granada]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela|Santiago de Compostela]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Cuba|Santiago de Cuba]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville|Seville]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarragona|Tarragona]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Toledo]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain|Valencia]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valladolid|Valladolid]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]; the [[Royal Spanish Academy]]; the [[Real Academia de la Historia|Royal Academies of History]], [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Fine Arts]], [[Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences|Sciences]], [[Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas|Moral and Political Sciences]] and [[Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences|Medicine]]; the [[Complutense University of Madrid|Universities of Madrid]], [[University of Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[University of Granada|Granada]], [[University of Havana|Havana]], [[University of Oviedo|Oviedo]], [[University of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[University of Santiago de Compostela|Santiago]], [[University of Seville|Seville]], [[University of Valencia|Valencia]], [[University of Valladolid|Valladolid]] and [[University of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]; and the [[Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País|Economic Societies of Friends of the Country]] from Madrid, Barcelona, [[Cuba]]–[[Puerto Rico]], [[León, Spain|León]], Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the [[Monarchy of Spain|Monarch]]'s offspring and the [[heir apparent]] once [[coming of age]]; [[List of current Grandees of Spain|Grandees of Spain]] of the first class; [[Captain general (Spain)|Captain Generals]] of the Army and the [[Spanish Navy|Navy Admiral]]; the [[Patriarchate of the West Indies|Patriarch of the Indies]] and [[archbishop]]s; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).<ref name="SpaELawSen">{{cite act |title=Ley electoral de Senadores |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=8 February 1877 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/041/A00373-00375.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite act |title=Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=9 January 1879 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1879/015/A00137-00137.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>
For the Senate, 180 seats were [[Indirect election|indirectly elected]], with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a [[Write-in candidate|write-in]], [[Two-round system|two-round]] [[majority voting]] system. The provinces of [[Álava]], [[Province of Albacete|Albacete]], [[Province of Ávila|Ávila]], [[Biscay]], the [[Province of Canary Islands|Canary Islands]], [[Province of Cuenca|Cuenca]], [[Province of Guadalajara|Guadalajara]], [[Guipúzcoa]], [[Province of Huelva|Huelva]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|Logroño]], [[Matanzas Province|Matanzas]], [[Province of Palencia|Palencia]], [[Pinar del Río Province|Pinar del Río]], [[Camagüey Province|Puerto Príncipe]], [[Santa Clara Province|Santa Clara]], [[Province of Santander|Santander]], [[Oriente Province|Santiago de Cuba]], [[Province of Segovia|Segovia]], [[Province of Soria|Soria]], [[Province of Teruel|Teruel]] and [[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid]] were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Burgos|Archdioceses of Burgos]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Granada|Granada]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela|Santiago de Compostela]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Cuba|Santiago de Cuba]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville|Seville]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarragona|Tarragona]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Toledo]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain|Valencia]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valladolid|Valladolid]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]; the [[Royal Spanish Academy]]; the [[Real Academia de la Historia|Royal Academies of History]], [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Fine Arts]], [[Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences|Sciences]], [[Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas|Moral and Political Sciences]] and [[Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences|Medicine]]; the [[Complutense University of Madrid|Universities of Madrid]], [[University of Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[University of Granada|Granada]], [[University of Havana|Havana]], [[University of Oviedo|Oviedo]], [[University of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[University of Santiago de Compostela|Santiago]], [[University of Seville|Seville]], [[University of Valencia|Valencia]], [[University of Valladolid|Valladolid]] and [[University of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]; and the [[Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País|Economic Societies of Friends of the Country]] from Madrid, Barcelona, [[Cuba]]–[[Puerto Rico]], [[León, Spain|León]], Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the [[Monarchy of Spain|Monarch]]'s offspring and the [[heir apparent]] once [[coming of age]]; [[List of current Grandees of Spain|Grandees of Spain]] of the first class; [[Captain general (Spain)|Captain Generals]] of the Army and the [[Spanish Navy|Navy Admiral]]; the [[Patriarchate of the West Indies|Patriarch of the Indies]] and [[archbishop]]s; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).<ref>{{harvp|Const. Esp.|1876|loc=tit. III, art. 20–26}}.</ref><ref name="SpaELawSen">{{cite act |title=Ley electoral de Senadores |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=8 February 1877 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/041/A00373-00375.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite act |title=Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico |type=Law |work=Gaceta de Madrid |language=es |date=9 January 1879 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1879/015/A00137-00137.pdf |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>


===Election date===
===Election date===
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a [[snap election]].<ref name="SpaCons"/><ref name="SpaELawCon"/><ref name="SpaELawSen"/>
The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a [[snap election]].<ref>{{harvp|Const. Esp.|1876|loc=tit. III, art. 24; tit. IV, art. 30; tit. V, art. 32}}.</ref><ref name="SpaELawCon"/><ref name="SpaELawSen"/>


==Results==
==Results==
===Congress of Deputies===
===Congress of Deputies===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ [[1876 Spanish general election#Congress of Deputies|←]] Summary of the 20 April 1879 [[Congress of Deputies]] election results [[1881 Spanish general election#Congress of Deputies|→]]
|+ [[1876 Spanish general election#Congress of Deputies|←]] Summary of the 20 April 1879 [[Congress of Deputies]] election results [[1881 Spanish general election#Congress of Deputies|→]]
|-
|-
| colspan="5"| [[File:SpainCongressDiagram1879.svg|center|350px]]
| colspan="5"| [[File:SpainCongressDiagram1879.svg|center|400px]]
|-
⚫
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9" align="center"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="500"| Parties and coalitions
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="500"| Parties and alliances
! colspan="2"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Popular vote
! rowspan="2" width="35"| Seats
! rowspan="2" width="35"| Seats
|-
⚫
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9" align="center"
! width="75"| Votes{{efn|In multi-member constituencies, votes have been allocated by calculating the arithmetic average of each candidacy and adding it to the votes of single-member constituencies.}}
! width="75"| Votes{{efn|In multi-member constituencies, votes have been allocated by calculating the arithmetic average of each candidacy and adding it to the votes of single-member constituencies.}}
! width="45"| %
! width="45"| %
|-
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color}}"|
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Conservative Party (Spain)}}"|
| align="left"| [[Conservative Party (Spain)|Liberal Conservative Party]] (Conservadores)
| align="left"| [[Conservative Party (Spain)|Liberal Conservative Party]] (Conservadores)
| 402,357 || 64.75
| 402,357 || 64.75
| '''288'''
| '''288'''
|- style="line-height:23px;"
|- style="line-height:23px;"
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{Liberal Left Coalition/meta/color}}"|
| rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Liberal Left Coalition}}"|
| align="left"| [[Liberal Left Coalition]] (Izquierda Liberal)
| align="left"| [[Liberal Left Coalition]] (Izquierda Liberal)
| rowspan="4"| 139,314 || rowspan="4"| 22.42
| rowspan="4"| 139,314 || rowspan="4"| 22.42
| '''64'''
| '''64'''
|- style="font-size:95%; border-bottom-style:hidden; border-top-style:hidden; line-height:14px;"
|- style="border-bottom-style:hidden; border-top-style:hidden; line-height:14px;"
| align="left"| <span style="padding-left:1em;">[[Constitutional Party (Spain)|Constitutional Party]] (PC)</span>
| align="left"| <span style="padding-left:1em;">[[Constitutional Party (Spain)|Constitutional Party]] (PC)</span>
| 49
| 49
|- style="font-size:95%; border-bottom-style:hidden; line-height:14px;"
|- style="border-bottom-style:hidden; line-height:14px;"
| align="left"| <span style="padding-left:1em;">[[Democratic Progressive Party (Spain)|Democratic Progressive Party]] (PPD)</span>
| align="left"| <span style="padding-left:1em;">[[Democratic Progressive Party (Spain)|Democratic Progressive Party]] (PPD)</span>
| 9
| 9
|- style="font-size:95%; line-height:14px;"
|- style="line-height:14px;"
| align="left"| <span style="padding-left:1em;">[[Possibilist Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] (PD)</span>
| align="left"| <span style="padding-left:1em;">[[Possibilist Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] (PD)</span>
| 6
| 6
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Parliamentary Centre/meta/color}}"|
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Parliamentary Centre}}"|
| align="left"| [[Parliamentary Centre]] (Centro Parlamentario)
| align="left"| [[Parliamentary Centre]] (Centro Parlamentario)
| 20,473 || 3.29
| 20,473 || 3.29
| '''13'''
| '''13'''
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Moderate Party (Spain)/meta/color}}"|
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Moderate Party (Spain)}}"|
| align="left"| [[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate Party]] (Moderados)
| align="left"| [[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate Party]] (Moderados)
| 16,501 || 2.66
| 16,501 || 2.66
| '''11'''
| '''11'''
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Traditionalist Communion/meta/color}}"|
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Traditionalist Communion}}"|
| align="left"| [[Traditionalist Communion|Ultramontanists]] (Ultramontanos)
| align="left"| [[Traditionalist Communion|Ultramontanists]] (Ultramontanos)
| 7,965 || 1.28
| 7,965 || 1.28
| '''7'''
| '''7'''
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Basque Union/meta/color}}"|
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Basque Union}}"|
| align="left"| Fuerist Party of the Basque Union (PFUV)
| align="left"| Fuerist Party of the Basque Union (PFUV)
| 3,861 || 0.62
| 3,861 || 0.62
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Independent politician/meta/color}}"|
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| align="left"| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Independientes)
| align="left"| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Independientes)
| 22,729 || 3.66
| 22,729 || 3.66
| '''6'''
| '''6'''
|-
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nonpartisan}}"|
| bgcolor="{{Nonpartisan/meta/color}}"|
| align="left"| Other candidates/blank ballots
| align="left"| Other candidates/blank ballots
| 8,236 || 1.33
| 8,236 || 1.33
Line 186: Line 193:
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
|-
| align="left" colspan="5"| Sources{{sfn|Villa García|2013|pp=129–138}}{{sfn|Carreras de Odriozola|Tafunell Sambola|2005|p=1093}}{{sfn|Caballero Domínguez|1999|p=50}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1879.html |title=Elecciones a Cortes 20 de abril de 1879 |language=es |website=Historia Electoral.com |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
| align="left" colspan="5"| Sources{{sfn|Villa García|2013|pp=129–138}}{{sfn|Caballero Domínguez|1999|p=50}}{{sfn|Carreras de Odriozola|Tafunell Sambola|2005|p=1093}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1879.html |title=Elecciones a Cortes 20 de abril de 1879 |language=es |website=Historia Electoral.com |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
|}
|}


Line 195: Line 202:
|barwidth=500px
|barwidth=500px
|bars=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Conservative Party (Spain)|Conservative]]|{{Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|64.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Conservative Party (Spain)|Conservative]]|{{party color|Conservative Party (Spain)}}|64.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Liberal Left Coalition|Liberal Left]]|{{Liberal Left Coalition/meta/color}}|22.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Liberal Left Coalition|Liberal Left]]|{{party color|Liberal Left Coalition}}|22.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Parliamentary Centre|Centre]]|{{Parliamentary Centre/meta/color}}|3.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Parliamentary Centre|Centre]]|{{party color|Parliamentary Centre}}|3.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate]]|{{Moderate Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|2.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate]]|{{party color|Moderate Party (Spain)}}|2.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Traditionalist Communion|Ultramontanist]]|{{Traditionalist Communion/meta/color}}|1.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Traditionalist Communion|Ultramontanist]]|{{party color|Traditionalist Communion}}|1.28}}
{{bar percent|PFUV|{{Basque Union/meta/color}}|0.62}}
{{bar percent|PFUV|{{party color|Basque Union}}|0.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|{{Independent politician/meta/color}}|3.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|3.66}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|1.33}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|1.33}}
}}
}}
Line 210: Line 217:
|barwidth=500px
|barwidth=500px
|bars=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Conservative Party (Spain)|Conservative]]|{{Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|73.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Conservative Party (Spain)|Conservative]]|{{party color|Conservative Party (Spain)}}|73.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Liberal Left Coalition|Liberal Left]]|{{Liberal Left Coalition/meta/color}}|16.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Liberal Left Coalition|Liberal Left]]|{{party color|Liberal Left Coalition}}|16.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Parliamentary Centre|Centre]]|{{Parliamentary Centre/meta/color}}|3.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Parliamentary Centre|Centre]]|{{party color|Parliamentary Centre}}|3.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate]]|{{Moderate Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|2.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Moderate Party (Spain)|Moderate]]|{{party color|Moderate Party (Spain)}}|2.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Traditionalist Communion|Ultramontanist]]|{{Traditionalist Communion/meta/color}}|1.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Traditionalist Communion|Ultramontanist]]|{{party color|Traditionalist Communion}}|1.79}}
{{bar percent|PFUV|{{Basque Union/meta/color}}|0.26}}
{{bar percent|PFUV|{{party color|Basque Union}}|0.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|{{Independent politician/meta/color}}|1.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|1.53}}
}}
}}

===Cuba===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ [[1876 Spanish general election#Cuba|←]] Summary of the 20 April 1879 [[Congress of Deputies]] election results in Cuba [[1881 Spanish general election#Cuba|→]]
|-
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="500"| Parties and alliances
! colspan="2"| Popular vote
! rowspan="2" width="35"| Seats
|-
! width="75"| Votes
! width="45"| %
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Constitutional Union of Cuba}}"|
| align="left"| Constitutional Union Party (Unión Constitucional)
| ||
| '''17'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Liberal Party of Cuba}}"|
| align="left"| [[Liberal Party of Cuba|Liberal Party]] (Liberal)
| ||
| '''7'''
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
⚫
| 17,734 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 24
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
| align="left" colspan="2"| Votes cast / turnout
| 17,734 || 56.16
⚫
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" rowspan="3"|
|-
| align="left" colspan="2"| Abstentions
| 13,844 || 43.84
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Registered voters
| 31,578 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
| align="left" colspan="5"| Sources{{sfn|Roldán de Montaud|1999|pp=251–254}}
|}

{{bar box
|title=Seats
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars=
{{bar percent|Const. Union|{{party color|Constitutional Union of Cuba}}|70.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Liberal Party of Cuba|Liberal]]|{{party color|Liberal Party of Cuba}}|29.17}}
}}

==See also==

* [[Encasillado]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 227: Line 292:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite act |italics=y |title=Constitución de la Monarquía Española |type=Spanish Monarchy Constitution |date=30 June 1876 |orig-date=version as of 2 July 1876 |reporter=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado|Gaceta de Madrid]] |volume=184 |issn=0212-1220 |language=es |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1876/184/A00009-00012.pdf |access-date=12 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|Const. Esp.|1876}}}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Carreras de Odriozola |first1=Albert |last2=Tafunell Sambola |first2=Xavier |year=2005 |orig-year=1989 |title=Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX |url=http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf |language=es |volume=1 |location=Bilbao |publisher=Fundación BBVA |pages=1072–1097 |edition=II |isbn=84-96515-00-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite journal |last=Martorell Linares |first=Miguel Ángel |year=1997 |title=La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración |url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RevEsPol/article/view/45498 |language=es |journal=Revista de Estudios Políticos |issue=96 |pages=137–161 |issn=0048-7694 |access-date=13 September 2020}}
*{{cite journal |last=Martorell Linares |first=Miguel Ángel |year=1997 |title=La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración |url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RevEsPol/article/view/45498 |language=es |journal=Revista de Estudios Políticos |issue=96 |pages=137–161 |issn=0048-7694 |access-date=13 September 2020}}
*{{cite journal |last=Caballero Domínguez |first=Margarita |year=1999 |title=El derecho de representación: sufragio y leyes electorales |url=http://revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/34-2-ayer34_DerechosyConstitucion_Flaquer.pdf |language=es |journal=Ayer |volume=34 |pages=41–63 |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
*{{cite journal |last=Roldán de Montaud |first=Inés |year=1999 |title=Política y elecciones en Cuba durante la restauración |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=27552 |language=es |journal=Revista de Estudios Políticos |issue=104 |pages=245–287 |access-date=19 December 2020}}
*{{cite journal |last=Villa García |first=Roberto |year=2013 |title=Elecciones sin Turno: los comicios a diputado de 1879 |url=https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/HC/article/view/12773/11553 |language=es |journal=Historia Contemporánea |issue=46 |pages=111–142 |issn=1130-2402 |doi= |access-date=12 December 2020}}
*{{cite journal |last=Caballero Domínguez |first=Margarita |year=1999 |title=El derecho de representación: sufragio y leyes electorales |url=http://revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/34-2-ayer34_DerechosyConstitucion_Flaquer.pdf |language=es |journal=Ayer |issue=34 |pages=41–63 |access-date=12 December 2020}}
*{{cite journal |last=García Muñoz |first=Montserrat |year=2002 |title=La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RGID/article/view/RGID0202120093A |language=es |journal=Revista General de Información y Documentación |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=93–137 |issn=1132-1873 |access-date=13 September 2020}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Carreras de Odriozola |first1=Albert |last2=Tafunell Sambola |first2=Xavier |year=2005 |orig-year=1989 |title=Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX |url=http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf |language=es |volume=1 |location=Bilbao |publisher=Fundación BBVA |pages=1072–1097 |edition=II |isbn=84-96515-00-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite journal |last=Martínez Relanzón|first=Alejandro|title=Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923 |url=https://journals.umcs.pl/k/article/view/4152/5068 |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University]] |journal=Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio K|volume=24 |issue=1 |year=2017 |doi=10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145 |pages=145–154|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last=Villa García |first=Roberto |year=2013 |title=Elecciones sin Turno: los comicios a diputado de 1879 |url=https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/HC/article/view/12773/11553 |language=es |journal=Historia Contemporánea |issue=46 |pages=111–142 |issn=1130-2402 |access-date=12 December 2020}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 10:27, 12 September 2024

1879 Spanish general election
← 1876 20 April 1879 (Congress)
3 May 1879 (Senate)		 1881 →
All 392 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate
197 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Registered952,000
Turnout621,436 (65.3%)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Manuel Alonso Martínez
Party Conservative Liberal Left Parliamentary Centre
Leader since 1874 1872 1875
Leader's seat Madrid Zamora Castrojeriz
Seats won 288 64 13
Popular vote 402,357 139,314 20,473
Percentage 64.7% 22.4% 3.3%
  Fourth party
 
Leader Alejandro Pidal y Mon
Party Moderate
Leader since 1876
Leader's seat Villaviciosa
Seats won 11
Popular vote 16,501
Percentage 2.7%
Prime Minister before election

Arsenio Martínez Campos
Conservative

Prime Minister after election

Arsenio Martínez Campos
Conservative

The 1879 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 20 April and on Saturday, 3 May 1879, to elect the 1st Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 392 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.[1]

This was the first election held under the Spanish Constitution of 1876 and the new electoral law of 1878, which re-established censitary suffrage.

Overview

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The monarch would also play a key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the major political parties of the time, the conservatives and the liberals—characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.[2][3]

Electoral system

[edit]

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[4][5] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of censitary suffrage, which comprised national males over twenty-five, being taxpayers with a minimum quota of twenty-five pesetas per territorial contribution or fifty per industrial subsidy, as well as being enrolled in the so-called capacity census (either by education criteria or for professional reasons).[6][7]

For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 304 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats, electors could vote for up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, for up to five candidates; in those with six seats, for up to four; in those with four or five seats, for up to three candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, up to ten deputies could be elected through cumulative voting in several single-member constituencies, provided that they obtained more than 10,000 votes overall. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[8][9][a]

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, the Canary Islands, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel and Valladolid were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[12][10][13]

Election date

[edit]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[14][9][10]

Results

[edit]

Congress of Deputies

[edit]
← Summary of the 20 April 1879 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes[b] %
Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) 402,357 64.75 288
Liberal Left Coalition (Izquierda Liberal) 139,314 22.42 64
Constitutional Party (PC) 49
Democratic Progressive Party (PPD) 9
Democratic Party (PD) 6
Parliamentary Centre (Centro Parlamentario) 20,473 3.29 13
Moderate Party (Moderados) 16,501 2.66 11
Ultramontanists (Ultramontanos) 7,965 1.28 7
Fuerist Party of the Basque Union (PFUV) 3,861 0.62 1
Independents (Independientes) 22,729 3.66 6
Other candidates/blank ballots 8,236 1.33 0
Vacants — — 2
Total 621,436 392
Votes cast / turnout 621,436 65.28
Abstentions 330,564 34.72
Registered voters 952,000
Sources[15][16][17][18]
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 64.75%
Liberal Left
 
 22.42%
Centre
 
 3.29%
Moderate
 
 2.66%
Ultramontanist
 
 1.28%
PFUV
 
 0.62%
Independent
 
 3.66%
Others
 
 1.33%
Seats
Conservative
 
 73.47%
Liberal Left
 
 16.33%
Centre
 
 3.32%
Moderate
 
 2.81%
Ultramontanist
 
 1.79%
PFUV
 
 0.26%
Independent
 
 1.53%

Cuba

[edit]
← Summary of the 20 April 1879 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuba →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes %
Constitutional Union Party (Unión Constitucional) 17
Liberal Party (Liberal) 7
Total 17,734 24
Votes cast / turnout 17,734 56.16
Abstentions 13,844 43.84
Registered voters 31,578
Sources[19]
Seats
Const. Union
 
 70.33%
Liberal
 
 29.17%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Amendments in the electoral law throughout 1877 had seen the approval of separate laws for both chambers, with a modified version of the 1865 electoral law being provisionally reinstated for the Congress until a final, definitive law was approved in 1878.[9][10][11]
  2. ^ In multi-member constituencies, votes have been allocated by calculating the arithmetic average of each candidacy and adding it to the votes of single-member constituencies.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado y convocando nuevas elecciones" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (75). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 759. 16 March 1879.
  2. ^ Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
  3. ^ Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
  4. ^ Const. Esp. (1876), tit. II, art. 18–19 & tit. V, art. 32–47.
  5. ^ "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  6. ^ García Muñoz 2002, pp. 105–106.
  7. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  8. ^ Const. Esp. (1876), tit. IV, 27–31.
  9. ^ a b c Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 28 December 1878. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  10. ^ a b c Ley electoral de Senadores (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 8 February 1877. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  11. ^ Ley reformando la electoral de Diputados a Cortes, y restableciendo la penal para los delitos electorales de 22 de Junio de 1864 (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 20 July 1877. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  12. ^ Const. Esp. (1876), tit. III, art. 20–26.
  13. ^ Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 9 January 1879. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  14. ^ Const. Esp. (1876), tit. III, art. 24; tit. IV, art. 30; tit. V, art. 32.
  15. ^ Villa García 2013, pp. 129–138.
  16. ^ Caballero Domínguez 1999, p. 50.
  17. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1093.
  18. ^ "Elecciones a Cortes 20 de abril de 1879". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  19. ^ Roldán de Montaud 1999, pp. 251–254.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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