Athlete biological passport: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Electronic record for athletes}}{{Redirect|Biological passport|text=Not to be confused with [[Biometric passport]].}}{{Doping in sport sidebar |expanded=Terminology}} |
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{{distinguish|biometric passport}} |
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{{Doping in sport sidebar |expanded=Terminology}} |
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Although the terminology ''athlete passport'' is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect [[anabolic steroid]]s in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] (UCI) and the [[Federation Internationale de Ski]], to deter the abuse of recombinant [[erythropoietin]] that was undetectable by direct means at that time. |
Although the terminology ''athlete passport'' is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect [[anabolic steroid]]s in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] (UCI) and the [[Federation Internationale de Ski]], to deter the abuse of recombinant [[erythropoietin]] that was undetectable by direct means at that time. |
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In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a |
In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a [[science journal]] paper.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=11869930| title=A strategy to detect doping in sports|author=Ashenden M. |volume=87|issue=3|date=March 2002|journal=Haematologica|pages=225–32}}</ref> and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources1/Q-and-A/Athlete-Passport/| title=Q-A on the athlete passport| publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203095904/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources1/Q-and-A/Athlete-Passport/| archive-date=3 February 2010}}</ref> |
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While a new [[drug test]] must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all [[biomarker]]s developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant [[erythropoietin]], as well as to any form of [[gene doping]] that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative [[drug test]] does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present |
While a new [[drug test]] must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all [[biomarker]]s developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant [[erythropoietin]], as well as to any form of [[gene doping]] that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative [[drug test]] does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present their passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that they will compete in their natural, unaltered condition. |
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The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the [[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA |title=Implementation of blood passport by UCI |publisher=UCI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222000131/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA |archive-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/may/03/cycling| title=Blood tests cast doubt on 23 riders| author=Richard Moore| work=The Guardian| date=3 May 2008}}</ref> |
The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the [[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA |title=Implementation of blood passport by UCI |publisher=UCI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222000131/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA |archive-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/may/03/cycling| title=Blood tests cast doubt on 23 riders| author=Richard Moore| work=The Guardian| date=3 May 2008}}</ref> |
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== Athlete biological passport testing == |
== Athlete biological passport testing == |
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According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating |
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating their physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module. |
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The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction. |
The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction. |
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The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Athlete_Biological_Passport/WADA-ABP-Operating-Guidelines_v4.0-EN.pdf|title=Ressources|work=Agence mondiale antidopage|date=22 July 2014}}</ref> |
The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Athlete_Biological_Passport/WADA-ABP-Operating-Guidelines_v4.0-EN.pdf|title=Ressources|work=Agence mondiale antidopage|date=22 July 2014|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212201604/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Athlete_Biological_Passport/WADA-ABP-Operating-Guidelines_v4.0-EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2014/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|title=Ressources|work=Agence mondiale antidopage|date=22 July 2014}}</ref> |
The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2014/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|title=Ressources|work=Agence mondiale antidopage|date=22 July 2014|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401051059/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2014/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Cycling == |
== Cycling == |
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{{see also|World Anti-Doping Agency#Whereabouts rule}} |
{{see also|World Anti-Doping Agency#Whereabouts rule}} |
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Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate |
Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate the riders for testing on any given day in that period of time.<ref>http://www.uci.ch/includes/asp/getTarget.asp?type=FILE&id=NDc3MDk{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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=== Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports === |
=== Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports === |
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|data-sort-value="Amorim, António"|[[António Amorim]] |
|data-sort-value="Amorim, António"|[[António Amorim]] |
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|{{ |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|24 July 2010 |
|24 July 2010 |
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|data-sort-value="Astarloa, Igor"|[[Igor Astarloa]] |
|data-sort-value="Astarloa, Igor"|[[Igor Astarloa]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|MRM|2008}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Spain}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|15 Aug. 2009 |
|15 Aug. 2009 |
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|26 Nov. 2010 |
|26 Nov. 2010 |
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|25 Nov. 2012 |
|25 Nov. 2012 |
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|<ref>{{cite web|author=Barry Ryan |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/astarloa-suspended-and-fined-for-uci-biological-passport-infraction |title=Astarloa suspended and fined for UCI biological passport infraction |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref>Andrew Hood: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/12/news/former-world-champion-igor-astarloa-suspended-and-fined-based-on-biological-passport-doping-charges_151512 Former world champion Igor Astarloa suspended and fined based on ‘biological passport’ doping charges], velonews.com, 1 December 2010</ref><ref>UCI: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121818/http://62.50.72.83/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=NzE1NA&MenuId=MTI2Mjc&LangId=1&BackLink=%2Ftemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI7%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuId%3DMTI2Mjc&LangId=1&7602120X12X45Page=83 Press release – Biological Passport: Igor Astarloa Askasibar sanctioned], uci.ch, 1 December 2010</ref><ref name= "UCI sanction list 2010"/> |
|<ref>{{cite web|author=Barry Ryan |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/astarloa-suspended-and-fined-for-uci-biological-passport-infraction |title=Astarloa suspended and fined for UCI biological passport infraction |date=December 2010 |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref>Andrew Hood: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/12/news/former-world-champion-igor-astarloa-suspended-and-fined-based-on-biological-passport-doping-charges_151512 Former world champion Igor Astarloa suspended and fined based on ‘biological passport’ doping charges], velonews.com, 1 December 2010</ref><ref>UCI: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121818/http://62.50.72.83/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=NzE1NA&MenuId=MTI2Mjc&LangId=1&BackLink=%2Ftemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI7%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuId%3DMTI2Mjc&LangId=1&7602120X12X45Page=83 Press release – Biological Passport: Igor Astarloa Askasibar sanctioned], uci.ch, 1 December 2010</ref><ref name= "UCI sanction list 2010"/> |
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|data-sort-value="Barredo, Carlos"|[[Carlos Barredo]] |
|data-sort-value="Barredo, Carlos"|[[Carlos Barredo]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|QST|2008}}, {{UCI team code|RAB|2011}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Spain}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|17 Oct. 2007<br />–24 Sept. 2011,<br /> only |
|17 Oct. 2007<br />–24 Sept. 2011,<br /> only |
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|data-sort-value="Bertagnolli, Leonardo"|[[Leonardo Bertagnolli]] |
|data-sort-value="Bertagnolli, Leonardo"|[[Leonardo Bertagnolli]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|LIQ|2008}}, {{UCI team code|SDA|2010}}, {{UCI team code|LAM|2011}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Italy}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|1 Jan. 2003<br />–18 May 2011 |
|1 Jan. 2003<br />–18 May 2011 |
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|data-sort-value="Caucchioli, Pietro"|[[Pietro Caucchioli]] |
|data-sort-value="Caucchioli, Pietro"|[[Pietro Caucchioli]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|C.A|2008}} |
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|{{ |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|18 June 2009 |
|18 June 2009 |
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|data-sort-value="De Bonis, Francesco"|[[Francesco De Bonis]] |
|data-sort-value="De Bonis, Francesco"|[[Francesco De Bonis]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|GST|2008}}, {{UCI team code|SDA|2009}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Italy}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|18 June 2009 |
|18 June 2009 |
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|18 June 2009 |
|18 June 2009 |
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|17 June 2011 |
|17 June 2011 |
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|<ref name= "UCI sanction list 2010"/><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-48856820100527 De Bonis first to be banned based on biological passport], Reuters, 27 May 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/8827/CAS-dismisses-doping-ban-appeal-by-De-Bonis-over-biological-passport.aspx| title=CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passport| author=Shane Stokes| publisher=Velonation.com| date=22 June 2011}}</ref> |
|<ref name= "UCI sanction list 2010"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307234940/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-48856820100527 De Bonis first to be banned based on biological passport], Reuters, 27 May 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/8827/CAS-dismisses-doping-ban-appeal-by-De-Bonis-over-biological-passport.aspx| title=CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passport| author=Shane Stokes| publisher=Velonation.com| date=22 June 2011}}</ref> |
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|data-sort-value="Hoste, Leif"|[[Leif Hoste]] |
|data-sort-value="Hoste, Leif"|[[Leif Hoste]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|OLO|2010}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Belgium}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|<ref name="auto" /> |
|<ref name="auto" /> |
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|data-sort-value="Lobato, Rubén"|[[Rubén Lobato]] |
|data-sort-value="Lobato, Rubén"|[[Rubén Lobato (cyclist)|Rubén Lobato]] |
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|[[Saunier |
|[[Saunier Duval–Scott]] |
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|{{ |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|16 July 2010 |
|16 July 2010 |
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|data-sort-value="Menochov, Denis"|[[Denis Menchov]] |
|data-sort-value="Menochov, Denis"|[[Denis Menchov]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|RAB|2009}}, {{UCI team code|KAT|2012}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|[[2009 Tour de France|2009]], [[2010 Tour de France|2010]] & [[2012 Tour de France|2012 TdF]],<br /> only |
|[[2009 Tour de France|2009]], [[2010 Tour de France|2010]] & [[2012 Tour de France|2012 TdF]],<br /> only |
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|data-sort-value="Pellizotti, Franco"|[[Franco Pellizotti]] |
|data-sort-value="Pellizotti, Franco"|[[Franco Pellizotti]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|LIQ|2009}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Italy}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|7 May 2009 |
|7 May 2009 |
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|data-sort-value="Ribeiro, Sérgio"|[[Sérgio Ribeiro (cyclist)|Sérgio Ribeiro]] |
|data-sort-value="Ribeiro, Sérgio"|[[Sérgio Ribeiro (cyclist)|Sérgio Ribeiro]] |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|14 July 2025 |
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|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ribeiro-handed-12-year-ban-by-portuguese-federation| title=Ribeiro handed 12-year ban by Portuguese federation| |
|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ribeiro-handed-12-year-ban-by-portuguese-federation| title=Ribeiro handed 12-year ban by Portuguese federation| website=cyclingnews.com| date=4 August 2013}}</ref> |
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|data-sort-value="Serrano, Ricardo"|[[Ricardo Serrano (cyclist)|Ricardo Serrano]] |
|data-sort-value="Serrano, Ricardo"|[[Ricardo Serrano (cyclist)|Ricardo Serrano]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|TCS|2008}} |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Spain}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|7 May 2009 |
|7 May 2009 |
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|data-sort-value="Tiernan-Locke, Jonathan"|[[Jonathan Tiernan-Locke]] |
|data-sort-value="Tiernan-Locke, Jonathan"|[[Jonathan Tiernan-Locke]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|EDR|2012}}/{{UCI team code|SKY|2012}} |
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|{{flagu|United Kingdom}} |
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|{{GBR}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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|[[2012 Tour of Britain]] & [[2012 UCI Road World Championships|2012 UCI Worlds]],<br />only |
|[[2012 Tour of Britain]] & [[2012 UCI Road World Championships|2012 UCI Worlds]],<br />only |
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|31 Dec. 2013 |
|31 Dec. 2013 |
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|31 Dec. 2015 |
|31 Dec. 2015 |
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|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/28354686|title= |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/28354686|title=Team Sky's Jonathan Tiernan-Locke gets two-year doping ban | publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> |
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|data-sort-value="Valjavec, Tadej"|[[Tadej Valjavec]] |
|data-sort-value="Valjavec, Tadej"|[[Tadej Valjavec]] |
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|{{ |
|{{UCI team code|ALM|2009}} |
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|{{SLO}} |
|{{SLO}} |
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|[[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] |
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During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test.<ref>Dr. Dick Marty, Peter Nicholson, Dr. Ulrich Haas – Cycling Independent Reform Commission: Report to the President of the Union Cycliste Internationale, p.53</ref> |
During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test.<ref>Dr. Dick Marty, Peter Nicholson, Dr. Ulrich Haas – Cycling Independent Reform Commission: Report to the President of the Union Cycliste Internationale, p.53</ref> |
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*[[Manuel |
*[[Manuel Beltrán]] (Liquigas) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] at the [[2008 Tour de France]] in a targeted test after anomalies appeared in a blood sample taken at the start of the Tour. The pre Tour blood samples were collected by the French Anti-doping Agency ([[Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage|AFLD]]) and the results from the testings were submitted to the UCI to form part of their database of profiles for their biological passport programme.<ref>[http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/134/Liquigas-risk-Tour-expulsion-as-Beltran-tests-positive.aspx Liquigas risk Tour expulsion as Beltran tests positive], velonation.com, 11 July 2008</ref> |
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*[[Gabriele Bosisio]] (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in September 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Associated Press: [ |
*[[Gabriele Bosisio]] (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in September 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Associated Press: [https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/news/story?id=5142121 Bosisio suspended for two years], espn.com, 28 April 2010</ref> |
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*[[Antonio Colom]] (Team Katusha) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/4336/Biological-Passport-Antonio-Colom-sanctioned-for-two-years-given-large-fine.aspx#ixzz1TzAdZiui| title=Biological Passport: Antonio Colom sanctioned for two years, given large fine| publisher=Velonation.com| date=27 May 2010}}</ref> |
*[[Antonio Colom]] (Team Katusha) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/4336/Biological-Passport-Antonio-Colom-sanctioned-for-two-years-given-large-fine.aspx#ixzz1TzAdZiui| title=Biological Passport: Antonio Colom sanctioned for two years, given large fine| publisher=Velonation.com| date=27 May 2010}}</ref> |
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*[[Thomas Dekker (cyclist)|Thomas Dekker]] (Rabobank) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007. Dekker's hematological profile led the UCI to review the EPO analyses for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport programme.<ref name= "UCI sanction list 2010"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/dekker-caught-under-biological-passport-programme| title=Dekker caught under biological passport programme| author=Susan Westemeyer| publisher=cyclingnews.com| date=1 July 2009}}</ref> |
*[[Thomas Dekker (cyclist)|Thomas Dekker]] (Rabobank) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007. Dekker's hematological profile led the UCI to review the EPO analyses for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport programme.<ref name= "UCI sanction list 2010"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/dekker-caught-under-biological-passport-programme| title=Dekker caught under biological passport programme| author=Susan Westemeyer| publisher=cyclingnews.com| date=1 July 2009}}</ref> |
||
*[[Danilo Di Luca]] (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for [[Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator|CERA]] twice during the [[2009 Giro d'Italia]] after being targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>Daniel Simms: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro], cyclingnews.com, 22 July 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/5888037/Danilo-Di-Luca-suspended-after-failing-drug-tests-during-Giro-dItalia.html Danilo Di Luca suspended after failing drug tests during Giro d'Italia], The Telegraph, 22 July 2009</ref> |
*[[Danilo Di Luca]] (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for [[Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator|CERA]] twice during the [[2009 Giro d'Italia]] after being targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>Daniel Simms: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro], cyclingnews.com, 22 July 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/5888037/Danilo-Di-Luca-suspended-after-failing-drug-tests-during-Giro-dItalia.html Danilo Di Luca suspended after failing drug tests during Giro d'Italia], The Telegraph, 22 July 2009</ref> |
||
*[[Alberto Fernández de la Puebla]] ( |
*[[Alberto Fernández de la Puebla]] (Fuji–Servetto) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in October 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/de-la-puebla-ramos-nabbed-by-passport-program De La Puebla Ramos nabbed by passport program], cyclingnews.com, 5 November 2009</ref> He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-suspends-larpe-colo-for-drug-positives UCI suspends Larpe, Coló for drug positives], cyclingnews.com, 21 May 2010</ref> |
||
*[[David George (cyclist)|David George]] (MTB) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control 29 August 2012, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme of the [[South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport]] (the South African national Anti-doping agency). He admitted to having used EPO and received a two-year sanction.<ref>[ |
*[[David George (cyclist)|David George]] (MTB) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control 29 August 2012, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme of the [[South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport]] (the South African national Anti-doping agency). He admitted to having used EPO and received a two-year sanction.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8713183/former-lance-armstrong-teammate-david-george-banned-2-years David George gets 2-year ban], espn.com 5 December 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13229/Former-US-Postal-rider-David-George-tests-positive-for-EPO.aspx Former US Postal rider David George tests positive for EPO], velonation.com 6 November 2012</ref> |
||
*[[Massimo Giunti]] (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in February 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>Stephen Farrand and Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/giunti-tests-positive-for-epo-suspended Giunti tests positive for EPO, suspended], cyclingnews.com, 11 March 2010</ref> He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Agence France |
*[[Massimo Giunti]] (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in February 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>Stephen Farrand and Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/giunti-tests-positive-for-epo-suspended Giunti tests positive for EPO, suspended], cyclingnews.com, 11 March 2010</ref> He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Agence France-Presse: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/10/news/davide-rebellin-eladio-jimenez-sanchez-and-massimo-giunti-draw-two-year-suspensions_144312 Davide Rebellin, Eladio Jimenez Sanchez and Massimo Giunti draw two-year suspensions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025819/http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/10/news/davide-rebellin-eladio-jimenez-sanchez-and-massimo-giunti-draw-two-year-suspensions_144312 |date=4 March 2016 }}, velones.com, 2 October 2010</ref> |
||
*[[Eddy Ratti]] (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in January 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ratti-tests-positive-for-epo Ratti tests positive for EPO], cyclingnews.com, 13 February 2010</ref> He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Sébastien Toussaint: [http://www.cyclingcoverage.com/news/rider-news/article.php?id=374 Eddy Ratti suspended by the CONI for two years], cyclingcoverage.com, 2 April 2010</ref> |
*[[Eddy Ratti]] (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in January 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ratti-tests-positive-for-epo Ratti tests positive for EPO], cyclingnews.com, 13 February 2010</ref> He received a two-year sanction.<ref>Sébastien Toussaint: [http://www.cyclingcoverage.com/news/rider-news/article.php?id=374 Eddy Ratti suspended by the CONI for two years], cyclingcoverage.com, 2 April 2010</ref> |
||
*[[Manuel Vázquez Hueso]] (Andalucía-Cajasur) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in March 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vazquez-hueso-suspended-for-epo-use Vazquez Hueso suspended for EPO use], cyclingnews.com, 26 April 2010</ref> He received a two-year sanction. |
*[[Manuel Vázquez Hueso]] (Andalucía-Cajasur) tested positive for [[Erythropoietin|EPO]] in an out-of-competition control in March 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vazquez-hueso-suspended-for-epo-use Vazquez Hueso suspended for EPO use], cyclingnews.com, 26 April 2010</ref> He received a two-year sanction. |
||
== Athletics == |
== Athletics == |
||
The |
The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as [[World Athletics]], introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012.<ref name=ESPN /><ref name=IAAF /> The Portuguese marathon runner [[Hélder Ornelas]] became the first track and field athlete to get suspended for doping based on the biological passport.<ref name=ESPN>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/7881539/helder-ornelas-portugal-banned-biological-passport-doping-case|title=Runner banned in doping case|date=2 May 2012|website= ESPN|agency=Associated Press|access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=IAAF>{{cite web| url =http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/six-new-athletes-sanctioned-under-the-iaaf-at|title=Six new athletes sanctioned under the IAAF Athlete Biological Passport programme|date= 25 July 2012|website= iaaf.org|publisher= IAAF|access-date = 16 July 2014}}</ref><ref>IAAF: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120503230658/http://www.iaaf.org/antidoping/news/newsid%3D64772.html First doping violation concluded in Athletics on the basis of the Athlete Biological Passport], iaaf.org (via web.archive.org), 2 May 2012</ref> He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.<ref name=IAAFlist>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=64099fcf-1e9a-444d-97d9-ea03d79fd4c5.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20Anti-Doping%20Rule%20Violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules |
||
|title=Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 26.06.14| date =26 June 2014| website=iaaf.org |
|title=Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 26.06.14| date =26 June 2014| website=iaaf.org |
||
|publisher=IAAF|access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> |
|publisher=IAAF|access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> |
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| Line 238: | Line 237: | ||
|data-sort-value="Abitova, Inga"|[[Inga Abitova]] |
|data-sort-value="Abitova, Inga"|[[Inga Abitova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|10 Oct. 2009 |
|10 Oct. 2009 |
||
| Line 249: | Line 248: | ||
|data-sort-value="Alminova, Anna"|[[Anna Alminova]] |
|data-sort-value="Alminova, Anna"|[[Anna Alminova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|1500 m |
|1500 m |
||
|16 Feb. 2009 |
|16 Feb. 2009 |
||
| Line 271: | Line 270: | ||
|data-sort-value="Arzhakova, Elena"|[[Elena Arzhakova]] |
|data-sort-value="Arzhakova, Elena"|[[Elena Arzhakova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|800 m, 1500 m |
|800 m, 1500 m |
||
|12 July 2011 |
|12 July 2011 |
||
| Line 293: | Line 292: | ||
|data-sort-value="Bakulin, Sergey"|[[Sergey Bakulin]] |
|data-sort-value="Bakulin, Sergey"|[[Sergey Bakulin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|25 Jan. 2011 |
|25 Jan. 2011 |
||
| Line 327: | Line 326: | ||
|data-sort-value="Bogatyrev, Petr"|[[Petr Bogatyrev]] |
|data-sort-value="Bogatyrev, Petr"|[[Petr Bogatyrev]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|12 July 2011 |
|12 July 2011 |
||
| Line 338: | Line 337: | ||
|data-sort-value="Borchin, Valeriy"|[[Valeriy Borchin]] |
|data-sort-value="Borchin, Valeriy"|[[Valeriy Borchin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|14 Aug. 2009 |
|14 Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 393: | Line 392: | ||
|data-sort-value="Dominguez, Marta"|[[Marta Dominguez]] |
|data-sort-value="Dominguez, Marta"|[[Marta Dominguez]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Spain}} |
||
|Steeplechase |
|Steeplechase |
||
|5 Aug. 2009 |
|5 Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 426: | Line 425: | ||
|data-sort-value="Emelyanov, Stanislav"|[[Stanislav Emelyanov]] |
|data-sort-value="Emelyanov, Stanislav"|[[Stanislav Emelyanov]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|26 July 2010 |
|26 July 2010 |
||
| Line 470: | Line 469: | ||
|data-sort-value="Gamonal, Miguel Ángel"|[[Miguel Ángel Gamonal]] |
|data-sort-value="Gamonal, Miguel Ángel"|[[Miguel Ángel Gamonal]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Spain}} |
||
|Half marathon |
|Half marathon |
||
| |
| |
||
| Line 492: | Line 491: | ||
|data-sort-value="Grechishnikova, Yelizaveta"|[[Yelizaveta Grechishnikova]] |
|data-sort-value="Grechishnikova, Yelizaveta"|[[Yelizaveta Grechishnikova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|5000 m |
|5000 m |
||
|18 Aug. 2009 |
|18 Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 503: | Line 502: | ||
|data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lidiya"|[[Lidiya Grigoryeva]] |
|data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lidiya"|[[Lidiya Grigoryeva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Long-distance |
|Long-distance |
||
|17 Feb. 2009 |
|17 Feb. 2009 |
||
| Line 543: | Line 542: | ||
|15 Feb. 2013 |
|15 Feb. 2013 |
||
|14 Aug. 2015 |
|14 Aug. 2015 |
||
|<ref name="IAAF Feb 2015" /><ref>[https://sports.yahoo.com/news/2-saudi-athletes-banned-doping-185931009--spt.html 2 Saudi athletes banned for doping offenses], Yahoo Sports, 22 November 2013</ref> |
|<ref name="IAAF Feb 2015" /><ref>[https://sports.yahoo.com/news/2-saudi-athletes-banned-doping-185931009--spt.html 2 Saudi athletes banned for doping offenses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111445/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/2-saudi-athletes-banned-doping-185931009--spt.html |date=5 April 2015 }}, Yahoo! Sports, 22 November 2013</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|data-sort-value="Ishova, Ekaterina"|[[Ekaterina Ishova]] (née Gorbunova) |
|data-sort-value="Ishova, Ekaterina"|[[Ekaterina Ishova]] (née Gorbunova) |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m. |
|1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m. |
||
|12. July 2011 |
|12. July 2011 |
||
| Line 558: | Line 557: | ||
|data-sort-value="Joly, Stéphane"|[[Stéphane Joly]] |
|data-sort-value="Joly, Stéphane"|[[Stéphane Joly]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Switzerland}} |
||
|Cross country |
|Cross country |
||
|14 Oct. 2010 |
|14 Oct. 2010 |
||
| Line 569: | Line 568: | ||
|data-sort-value="Kanaykin, Vladimir"|[[Vladimir Kanaykin]] |
|data-sort-value="Kanaykin, Vladimir"|[[Vladimir Kanaykin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|25 January 2011 |
|25 January 2011 |
||
| Line 580: | Line 579: | ||
|data-sort-value="Kaniskina, Olga"|[[Olga Kaniskina]] |
|data-sort-value="Kaniskina, Olga"|[[Olga Kaniskina]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|15 August 2009 |
|15 August 2009 |
||
| Line 598: | Line 597: | ||
|22 Aug. 2014 |
|22 Aug. 2014 |
||
|21 Aug. 2016 |
|21 Aug. 2016 |
||
|<ref name=IAAFlist /><ref>[http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=17261 Ändrade resultatlistor], friidrott.se 2 October 2014</ref><ref name=IAAFDSN156>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=6e9ff333-d5a3-410f-b629-8e0e936a8a33.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20156|title=IAAF: Doping sanctins News 156|work=iaaf.org}}</ref> |
|<ref name=IAAFlist /><ref>[http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=17261 Ändrade resultatlistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008080435/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=17261 |date=8 October 2014 }}, friidrott.se 2 October 2014</ref><ref name=IAAFDSN156>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=6e9ff333-d5a3-410f-b629-8e0e936a8a33.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20156|title=IAAF: Doping sanctins News 156|work=iaaf.org}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|data-sort-value="Kiraz, Ümmü"|[[Ümmü Kiraz]] |
|data-sort-value="Kiraz, Ümmü"|[[Ümmü Kiraz]] |
||
| Line 613: | Line 612: | ||
|data-sort-value="Kireyeva, Svetlana"|[[Svetlana Kireyeva]] |
|data-sort-value="Kireyeva, Svetlana"|[[Svetlana Kireyeva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Long-distance |
|Long-distance |
||
|26 June 2012 |
|26 June 2012 |
||
| Line 624: | Line 623: | ||
|data-sort-value="Kirdyapkin, Sergey"|[[Sergey Kirdyapkin]] |
|data-sort-value="Kirdyapkin, Sergey"|[[Sergey Kirdyapkin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|20 August 2009 |
|20 August 2009 |
||
| Line 635: | Line 634: | ||
|data-sort-value="Klyuka, Svetlana"|[[Svetlana Klyuka]] |
|data-sort-value="Klyuka, Svetlana"|[[Svetlana Klyuka]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|800 m. |
|800 m. |
||
|15 Aug. 2009 |
|15 Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 657: | Line 656: | ||
|data-sort-value="Konovalova, Mariya"|[[Mariya Konovalova]] |
|data-sort-value="Konovalova, Mariya"|[[Mariya Konovalova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|Aug. 2009 |
|Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 668: | Line 667: | ||
|data-sort-value="Kostetskaya, Yekaterina"|[[Yekaterina Kostetskaya]] |
|data-sort-value="Kostetskaya, Yekaterina"|[[Yekaterina Kostetskaya]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|800 m, 1500 m. |
|800 m, 1500 m. |
||
|30 Aug. 2011 |
|30 Aug. 2011 |
||
| Line 679: | Line 678: | ||
|data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lydia"|[[Alena Kudashkina]] |
|data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lydia"|[[Alena Kudashkina]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Long-distance |
|Long-distance |
||
|9 July 2012 |
|9 July 2012 |
||
| Line 701: | Line 700: | ||
|data-sort-value="Lemaev, Mikhail"|[[Mikhail Lemaev]] |
|data-sort-value="Lemaev, Mikhail"|[[Mikhail Lemaev]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|20 Aug. 2009 |
|20 Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 712: | Line 711: | ||
|data-sort-value="Lukyanova, Anna"|[[Anna Lukyanova]] |
|data-sort-value="Lukyanova, Anna"|[[Anna Lukyanova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|19 July 2010 |
|19 July 2010 |
||
| Line 723: | Line 722: | ||
|data-sort-value="Maracheva, Irina"|[[Irina Maracheva]] |
|data-sort-value="Maracheva, Irina"|[[Irina Maracheva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|800 m. |
|800 m. |
||
|26 June 2012 |
|26 June 2012 |
||
| Line 734: | Line 733: | ||
|data-sort-value="Minshin, Ildar"|[[Ildar Minshin]] |
|data-sort-value="Minshin, Ildar"|[[Ildar Minshin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Steeplechase |
|Steeplechase |
||
|15 Aug. 2009 |
|15 Aug. 2009 |
||
| Line 756: | Line 755: | ||
|data-sort-value="Mineeva, Tatyana"|[[Tatyana Mineeva]] |
|data-sort-value="Mineeva, Tatyana"|[[Tatyana Mineeva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|12 Nov. 2011 |
|12 Nov. 2011 |
||
| Line 767: | Line 766: | ||
|data-sort-value="Morgado, Marco"|[[Marco Morgado]] |
|data-sort-value="Morgado, Marco"|[[Marco Morgado]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Portugal}} |
||
|Cross country running |
|Cross country running |
||
|29 Oct. 2011 |
|29 Oct. 2011 |
||
| Line 778: | Line 777: | ||
|data-sort-value="Morozov, Sergey"|[[Sergey Morozov (racewalker)|Sergey Morozov]] |
|data-sort-value="Morozov, Sergey"|[[Sergey Morozov (racewalker)|Sergey Morozov]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|25 Feb. 2011 |
|25 Feb. 2011 |
||
| Line 800: | Line 799: | ||
|data-sort-value="Nikolaeva, Maria"|[[Maria Nikolaeva (athlete)|Maria Nikolaeva]] |
|data-sort-value="Nikolaeva, Maria"|[[Maria Nikolaeva (athlete)|Maria Nikolaeva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|400 m./800 m. |
|400 m./800 m. |
||
|18 Feb. 2015 |
|18 Feb. 2015 |
||
| Line 822: | Line 821: | ||
|data-sort-value="Obrubanskyy, Maksym Cerrone"|[[Maksym Cerrone Obrubanskyy]] |
|data-sort-value="Obrubanskyy, Maksym Cerrone"|[[Maksym Cerrone Obrubanskyy]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Italy}} |
||
|1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m. |
|1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m. |
||
|17 Feb. 2013 |
|17 Feb. 2013 |
||
| Line 833: | Line 832: | ||
|data-sort-value="Okhotnikova, Nina"|[[Nina Okhotnikova]] |
|data-sort-value="Okhotnikova, Nina"|[[Nina Okhotnikova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|21 June 2011<br />–17 Nov. 2011 |
|21 June 2011<br />–17 Nov. 2011 |
||
| Line 840: | Line 839: | ||
|22 Jan. 2015 |
|22 Jan. 2015 |
||
|21 Jan. 2017 |
|21 Jan. 2017 |
||
|<ref name="IAAF News 163" /><ref name=OktRuz>Associated Press: [ |
|<ref name="IAAF News 163" /><ref name=OktRuz>Associated Press: [https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=trackandfield&id=12499914 2 more Russian race walker banned for doping violations], espn.com, 17 March 2015</ref><ref name=OktRuz2>Russian Athletics Federation: [http://www.rusathletics.com/ant/news.14656.htm Дисквалификация], 17 March 2015</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|data-sort-value="Ornelas, Hélder"|[[Hélder Ornelas]] |
|data-sort-value="Ornelas, Hélder"|[[Hélder Ornelas]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Portugal}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|8 March 2010 |
|8 March 2010 |
||
| Line 888: | Line 887: | ||
|data-sort-value="Rocha, José"|[[José Rocha]] |
|data-sort-value="Rocha, José"|[[José Rocha]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Portugal}} |
||
|Long-distance |
|Long-distance |
||
|11 Dec. 2010 |
|11 Dec. 2010 |
||
| Line 910: | Line 909: | ||
|data-sort-value="Rusanova, Yuliya"|[[Yuliya Rusanova]] |
|data-sort-value="Rusanova, Yuliya"|[[Yuliya Rusanova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|800 m. |
|800 m. |
||
|3 March 2011 |
|3 March 2011 |
||
| Line 921: | Line 920: | ||
|data-sort-value="Ruzavin, Andrey"|[[Andrey Ruzavin]] |
|data-sort-value="Ruzavin, Andrey"|[[Andrey Ruzavin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|18 Dec. 2011<br />–18 Feb. 2012<br />13 Sept. 2013<br />–13 Nov 2013 |
|18 Dec. 2011<br />–18 Feb. 2012<br />13 Sept. 2013<br />–13 Nov 2013 |
||
| Line 965: | Line 964: | ||
|data-sort-value="Shobukhova, Liliya"|[[Liliya Shobukhova]] |
|data-sort-value="Shobukhova, Liliya"|[[Liliya Shobukhova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|9 Oct. 2009 |
|9 Oct. 2009 |
||
| Line 972: | Line 971: | ||
|22 Jan. 2013 |
|22 Jan. 2013 |
||
|23 Aug. 2015 |
|23 Aug. 2015 |
||
|<ref name= "IAAF list 6 August 2015">{{cite web|url= http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=edbd9629-30db-44e0-82d4-3cbf790373be.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules|title= Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.08.15|website= iaaf.org|publisher= IAAF|access-date= 7 August 2015}}</ref><ref>Peter Gambaccini: [http://www.runnersworld.com/general-interest/liliya-shobukhova-gets-two-year-doping-ban Liliya Shobukhova Gets Two-Year Doping Ban], Runners World & Running Times, 29 April 2014</ref><ref>Philip Hersh: [http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-shobukhova-doping-losing-marathon-titles-20150806-story.html Finally official: Liliya Shobukhova losing three Chicago Marathon titles], The Chicago Tribune, 6 August 2015</ref><ref>WADA: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-08/wada-statement-regarding-liliya-shobukhovas-sanction WADA Statement regarding Liliya Shobukhova’s Sanction], wada-ama.org, 24 August 2015</ref> |
|<ref name= "IAAF list 6 August 2015">{{cite web|url= http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=edbd9629-30db-44e0-82d4-3cbf790373be.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules|title= Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.08.15|website= iaaf.org|publisher= IAAF|access-date= 7 August 2015}}</ref><ref>Peter Gambaccini: [http://www.runnersworld.com/general-interest/liliya-shobukhova-gets-two-year-doping-ban Liliya Shobukhova Gets Two-Year Doping Ban], Runners World & Running Times, 29 April 2014</ref><ref>Philip Hersh: [http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-shobukhova-doping-losing-marathon-titles-20150806-story.html Finally official: Liliya Shobukhova losing three Chicago Marathon titles], The Chicago Tribune, 6 August 2015</ref><ref>WADA: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-08/wada-statement-regarding-liliya-shobukhovas-sanction WADA Statement regarding Liliya Shobukhova’s Sanction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006142821/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-08/wada-statement-regarding-liliya-shobukhovas-sanction |date=6 October 2015 }}, wada-ama.org, 24 August 2015</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|data-sort-value="Silva, Fernando"|[[Fernando Silva (distance runner)|Fernando Silva]] |
|data-sort-value="Silva, Fernando"|[[Fernando Silva (distance runner)|Fernando Silva]] |
||
|M |
|M |
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|{{ |
|{{flagu|Portugal}} |
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|Cross country running |
|Cross country running |
||
|29 Oct. 2011 |
|29 Oct. 2011 |
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| Line 998: | Line 997: | ||
|data-sort-value="Syreva, Olesya"|[[Olesya Syreva]] |
|data-sort-value="Syreva, Olesya"|[[Olesya Syreva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|1500 m, 3000 m. |
|1500 m, 3000 m. |
||
|3 March 2011 |
|3 March 2011 |
||
| Line 1,009: | Line 1,008: | ||
|data-sort-value="Timofeyeva, Irina"|[[Irina Timofeyeva]] |
|data-sort-value="Timofeyeva, Irina"|[[Irina Timofeyeva]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|10 Oct. 2009 |
|10 Oct. 2009 |
||
| Line 1,020: | Line 1,019: | ||
|[[Wang Jiali]] |
|[[Wang Jiali]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|China}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
|29 May 2012 |
|29 May 2012 |
||
| Line 1,044: | Line 1,043: | ||
|data-sort-value="Yerokhin, Igor"|[[Igor Yerokhin]] |
|data-sort-value="Yerokhin, Igor"|[[Igor Yerokhin]] |
||
|M |
|M |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Race walking |
|Race walking |
||
|25 Feb. 2011 |
|25 Feb. 2011 |
||
| Line 1,066: | Line 1,065: | ||
|data-sort-value="Yulamanova, Nailiya"|[[Nailiya Yulamanova]] |
|data-sort-value="Yulamanova, Nailiya"|[[Nailiya Yulamanova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Marathon |
|Marathon |
||
| |
| |
||
| Line 1,077: | Line 1,076: | ||
|data-sort-value="Zaripova, Yuliya"|[[Yuliya Zaripova]] |
|data-sort-value="Zaripova, Yuliya"|[[Yuliya Zaripova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|Steeplechase |
|Steeplechase |
||
|20 July 2011 |
|20 July 2011 |
||
| Line 1,088: | Line 1,087: | ||
|data-sort-value="Zinurova, Yevgeniya"|[[Yevgeniya Zinurova]] |
|data-sort-value="Zinurova, Yevgeniya"|[[Yevgeniya Zinurova]] |
||
|F |
|F |
||
|{{ |
|{{flagu|Russia}} |
||
|800 m. |
|800 m. |
||
|6 March 2010 |
|6 March 2010 |
||
| Line 1,100: | Line 1,099: | ||
<!-- <ref>{{cite web}}</ref> --> |
<!-- <ref>{{cite web}}</ref> --> |
||
In March 2014 the Spanish athletics federation cleared [[Marta Dominguez]] in a bio passport case. ''[[El |
In March 2014, the Spanish athletics federation cleared [[Marta Dominguez]] in a bio passport case. ''[[El País]]'' reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS.<ref>[http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/03/20/inenglish/1395332484_393699.html Spanish athletics federation acquits Marta Domínguez in doping probe], ''El País'', 20 March 2014</ref> |
||
In February 2014 IAAF announced they would appeal [[Aslı Çakır Alptekin]]s ABP |
In February 2014, IAAF announced they would appeal [[Aslı Çakır Alptekin]]'s ABP-related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/10449957/iaaf-appeals-taf-decision-clear-asli-cakir-alptekin | agency=Associated Press| title=Asli Cakir Alptekin again banned | date=13 February 2014}}</ref> An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker [[Sergey Bakulin]] was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case.<ref>Associated Press: [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11387859 Another Russian race-walker under scrutiny], ''New Zealand Herald'', 17 January 2015</ref> IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that [[Ümmü Kiraz]], [[Bahar Doğan]], [[Semiha Mutlu]] and [[Meliz Redif]] were under investigation in bio passport cases.<ref>[http://cep.hurriyet.com.tr/detay/28322144 Bir doping vakası daha Uluslararası Atletizm Federasyonu (IAAF) ve Uluslararası Anti Doping Ajansı (WADA), Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu'na 4 atletin biyolojik pasaportunda doping tespit ettiğini bildirdi. Alınan bilgilere göre bu sayı artabilir...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132431/http://cep.hurriyet.com.tr/detay/28322144 |date=2 April 2015 }}, Hürriyet, 28 February 2015</ref> |
||
== Triathlon == |
== Triathlon == |
||
| Line 1,108: | Line 1,107: | ||
== Football (soccer) == |
== Football (soccer) == |
||
In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]; |
In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the [[Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://fr.m.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=dvorak-le-profil-biologique-une-approche-completement-nouvelle-2354963.html Anti-dopage. Dvorak : "Le profil biologique, une approche complètement nouvelle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312122242/http://fr.m.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=dvorak-le-profil-biologique-une-approche-completement-nouvelle-2354963.html |date=12 March 2017 }}, fifa.com (page visited on 11 June 2014).</ref> |
||
== Notes == |
== Notes == |
||
Latest revision as of 18:33, 12 September 2024
| Part of a series on |
| Doping in sport |
|---|
  |
An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances.[1]
Although the terminology athlete passport is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the Federation Internationale de Ski, to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time.
In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a science journal paper.[2] and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency.[3]
While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all biomarkers developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as to any form of gene doping that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present their passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that they will compete in their natural, unaltered condition.
The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI.[4] In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.[5]
The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect any form of blood doping, the steroid module any form of doping with anabolic steroid and the endocrine module any modification of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules are however at different steps of development, validation and application in sports.
Athlete biological passport testing
[edit]According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating their physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module.
The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.
The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.[6]
The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.[7]
Cycling
[edit].jpg)
Whereabouts rules
[edit]Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the Union Cycliste Internationale daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate the riders for testing on any given day in that period of time.[9]
Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports
[edit]The biological passport programme has allowed the UCI to sanction riders for committing an anti-doping rule violation. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport.
| Name | Team | Country | Event | Start of disqualification | Sanction | Sanction announced |
Ineligibility starting | Ineligibility ending | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| António Amorim |  Portugal
|
Road racing | 24 July 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 10 July 2013 | 14 April 2015 | [10][11] | ||
| Igor Astarloa | Team Milram |  Spain
|
Road racing | 15 Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 1 Dec. 2010 | 26 Nov. 2010 | 25 Nov. 2012 | [12][13][14][15] |
| Carlos Barredo | Quick-Step, Rabobank | Spain
|
Road racing | 17 Oct. 2007 –24 Sept. 2011, only |
2 years ineligibility | July 2014 | 18 Oct 2012 | 17 Oct 2014 | [16] |
| Leonardo Bertagnolli | Liquigas, Androni Giocattoli, Lampre–ISD |  Italy
|
Road racing | 1 Jan. 2003 –18 May 2011 |
2 years and 10 months ineligibility | July 2014 | 24 Nov. 2013 | [16] | |
| Pietro Caucchioli | Crédit Agricole | Italy
|
Road racing | 18 June 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 3 June 2010 | 18 June 2009 | 17 June 2011 | [15][17][18] |
| Francesco De Bonis | Gerolsteiner, Diquigiovanni–Androni | Italy
|
Road racing | 18 June 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | May 2010 | 18 June 2009 | 17 June 2011 | [15][19][20] |
| Leif Hoste | Omega Pharma–Lotto |  Belgium
|
Road racing | 2 years ineligibility | 29 Mar. 2013 | 29 Dec. 2015 | [16] | ||
| Rubén Lobato | Saunier Duval–Scott | Spain
|
Road racing | 16 July 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | July 2010 | 16 July 2010 | 15 July 2012 | [15][21][22] |
| Denis Menchov | Rabobank, Team Katusha |  Russia
|
Road racing | 2009, 2010 & 2012 TdF, only |
2 years ineligibility | July 2014 | 10 April 2014 | 9 April 2015 | [16] |
| Franco Pellizotti | Liquigas | Italy
|
Road racing | 7 May 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | March 2011 | 3 May 2010 | 2 May 2012 | [18][23] |
| Sérgio Ribeiro | Portugal
|
Road racing | 12 years ineligibility (2nd ARDV) | 14 July 2025 | [24] | ||||
| Ricardo Serrano | Tinkoff Credit Systems | Spain
|
Road racing | 7 May 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 17 June 2010 | 7 May 2009 | 6 May 2011 | [15][25] |
| Jonathan Tiernan-Locke | Endura Racing/Team Sky |  United Kingdom
|
Road racing | 2012 Tour of Britain & 2012 UCI Worlds, only |
2 years ineligibility | July 2014 | 31 Dec. 2013 | 31 Dec. 2015 | [26] |
| Tadej Valjavec | Ag2r–La Mondiale |  Slovenia
|
Road racing | 19 April –30 Sept. 2009, only |
2 years ineligibility | April 2011 | 20 Jan. 2011 | 19 Jan. 2013 | [23][27] |
During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test.[28]
- Manuel Beltrán (Liquigas) tested positive for EPO at the 2008 Tour de France in a targeted test after anomalies appeared in a blood sample taken at the start of the Tour. The pre Tour blood samples were collected by the French Anti-doping Agency (AFLD) and the results from the testings were submitted to the UCI to form part of their database of profiles for their biological passport programme.[29]
- Gabriele Bosisio (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in September 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.[30]
- Antonio Colom (Team Katusha) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.[31]
- Thomas Dekker (Rabobank) tested positive for EPO in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007. Dekker's hematological profile led the UCI to review the EPO analyses for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport programme.[15][32]
- Danilo Di Luca (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for CERA twice during the 2009 Giro d'Italia after being targeted under the biological passport programme.[33][34]
- Alberto Fernández de la Puebla (Fuji–Servetto) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in October 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.[35] He received a two-year sanction.[36]
- David George (MTB) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control 29 August 2012, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport (the South African national Anti-doping agency). He admitted to having used EPO and received a two-year sanction.[37][38]
- Massimo Giunti (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in February 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.[39] He received a two-year sanction.[40]
- Eddy Ratti (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in January 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.[41] He received a two-year sanction.[42]
- Manuel Vázquez Hueso (Andalucía-Cajasur) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in March 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.[43] He received a two-year sanction.
Athletics
[edit]The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World Athletics, introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012.[44][45] The Portuguese marathon runner Hélder Ornelas became the first track and field athlete to get suspended for doping based on the biological passport.[44][45][46] He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.[47]
Track and field athletes sanctioned on basis of biological passports
[edit]| Name | Country | Event | Date of infraction/ Start of disqualification |
Sanction | Sanction announced |
Ineligibility starting |
Ineligibility ending |
Reference(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inga Abitova | F | Russia
|
Marathon | 10 Oct. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 7 Nov. 2012 | 11 Oct 2012 | 10 Oct. 2014 | [47][48] |
| Anna Alminova | F | Russia
|
1500 m | 16 Feb. 2009 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 30 July 2014 | 16 Dec. 2011 | 15 May 2014 | [49] |
| Aslı Çakır Alptekin | F |  Turkey
|
1500 m | 29 July 2010 | 8 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV) | 17 Aug. 2015 | 10 Jan. 2013 | 9 Jan. 2021 | [50][51][52] |
| Elena Arzhakova | F | Russia
|
800 m, 1500 m | 12 July 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 30 April 2013 | 29 Jan. 2013 | 28 Jan. 2015 | [47][53] |
| Ahmed Baday | M |  Morocco
|
Long-distance | 26 March 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 6 March 2015 | 31 Dec. 2014 | 30 Dec. 2016 | [54][55] |
| Sergey Bakulin | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 25 Jan. 2011 | 3 years and 2 months ineligibility | 20 Jan. 2015 | 24 Dec. 2012 | [56][57][58] | |
| Yassine Bensghir | M | Morocco
|
Middle-distance | 7 June 2014 | 4 years ineligibility | 25 July 2016 | 12 April. 2016 | 11 April 2020 | [59] |
| Alemitu Bekele | F | Turkey
|
5000 m | 17 Aug. 2009 | 2 years and 9 months ineligibility (Reduced from 4 years[60][61]) | 16 Jan. 2013 | 3 March 2012 | 2 Jan. 2015 | [47][62] |
| Petr Bogatyrev | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 12 July 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 26 March 2014 | 16 Oct. 2013 | 15 Oct. 2015 | [47][62] |
| Valeriy Borchin | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 14 Aug. 2009 | 8 years ineligibility | 20 Jan. 2015 | 15 Oct. 2012 | [56][57][58] | |
| Abderrahime Bouramdane | M | Morocco
|
Marathon | 14 March 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 28 Oct. 2015 | 2 Oct. 2015 | 1 Oct. 2017 | [63][64] |
| Yolanda Caballero | F |  Colombia
|
Middle-/long-distance | 24 Oct. 2011 | 4 years ineligibility | 25 May. 2016 | 28 April. 2014 | 27 April 2018 | [65] |
| Hafid Chani | M | Morocco
|
Long-distance | 19 March 2011 | 4 years ineligibility | 26 June 2015 | 11 March 2015 | 10 March 2019 | [66][67] |
| Bahar Doğan | F | Turkey
|
Marathon | 3 June 2011 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 25 Oct. 2015 | 31 March 2015 | 30 Sept. 2017 | [68][69] |
| Marta Dominguez | F | Spain
|
Steeplechase | 5 Aug. 2009 | 3 years ineligibility | 19 Nov. 2015 | 24 June 2015 | 12 Oct. 2017 | [69][70] |
| Hamza Driouch | M |  Qatar
|
800 m, 1500 m. | 2 Aug. 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 24 Feb. 2015 | 31 Dec. 2014 | 30 Dec. 2016 | [71][72] |
| Aliaksandra Dublia | F |  Belarus
|
Marathon | 11 Oct. 2013 | 2 years ineligibility | 27 Jan. 2016 | 28 Sept. 2015 | 27 Sept. 2017 | [73] |
| Stanislav Emelyanov | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 26 July 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 28 July 2014 | 15 Dec. 2012 | 14 Dec. 2014 | [74][75] |
| Rkia El Moukim | M | Morocco
|
Middle-/long-distance | 19 March 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 19 Feb. 2016 | 19 Feb. 2016 | 18 Feb. 2018 | [76] |
| Najim El Qady | M | Morocco
|
Long-distance | 19 March 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 24 June 2016 | 8 June. 2016 | 7 June 2018 | [77] |
| Meryem Erdoğan | F | Turkey
|
Long-distance | 27 July 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 25 July 2012 | 14 Feb. 2014 | [45][78] | |
| Miguel Ángel Gamonal | M | Spain
|
Half marathon | 3 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV) | 28 Oct. 2015 | 26 Oct. 2015 | 25 Oct. 2018 | [63] | |
| Abderrahim Goumri | M | Morocco
|
Marathon | 22 April 2009 | 4 years ineligibility | 25 July 2012 | 14 March 2016[a] | [45][78] | |
| Yelizaveta Grechishnikova | F | Russia
|
5000 m | 18 Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 3 Dec. 2013 | 16 Oct. 2013 | 15 Oct. 2015 | [47][79] |
| Lidiya Grigoryeva | F | Russia
|
Long-distance | 17 Feb. 2009 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 24 June 2016 | 16 Feb. 2016 | 15 Aug. 2018 | [77] |
| Halima Hachlaf | F | Morocco
|
800 m. | 14 Oct. 2013 | 4 years ineligibility | 24 April 2014 | 19 Dec. 2013 | 18 Dec. 2017 | [47][80] |
| Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko | F |  Ukraine
|
Marathon | 26 Aug. 2011 | 4 years ineligibility | 20 Nov. 2015 | 30 Sept. 2015 | 29 Sept. 2019 | [69][81] |
| Hussain Al-Hamdah | M |  Saudi Arabia
|
5000 m. | 26 March 2009 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 25 Feb. 2015 | 15 Feb. 2013 | 14 Aug. 2015 | [72][82] |
| Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova) | F | Russia
|
1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m. | 12. July 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 3 Dec. 2013 | 23 Oct. 2013 | 22 Oct. 2015 | [47][79] |
| Stéphane Joly | M |  Switzerland
|
Cross country | 14 Oct. 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 5 June 2013 | 29 April 2013 | 28 April 2015 | [83][84] |
| Vladimir Kanaykin | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 25 January 2011 | 8 years | 20 Jan. 2015 | 17 Dec. 2012 | 16 Dec. 2020 | [56][57][58] |
| Olga Kaniskina | F | Russia
|
Race walking | 15 August 2009 | 3 years and 2 months ineligibility | 20 Jan. 2015 | 15 Oct. 2012 | [56][57][58] | |
| Natallia Kareiva | F | Belarus
|
1500 m. | 28 July 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 29 Sept. 2014 | 22 Aug. 2014 | 21 Aug. 2016 | [47][85][86] |
| Ümmü Kiraz | F | Turkey
|
Marathon | 3 June 2011 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 25 Oct. 2015 | 31 March 2015 | 30 Sept. 2017 | [68][69] |
| Svetlana Kireyeva | F | Russia
|
Long-distance | 26 June 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 27 Jan. 2016 | 4 June 2015 | 3 June 2017 | [73] |
| Sergey Kirdyapkin | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 20 August 2009 | 3 years and 2 months ineligibility | 20 Jan. 2015 | 15 Oct. 2012 | [56][57][58] | |
| Svetlana Klyuka | F | Russia
|
800 m. | 15 Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 25 July 2012 | 9 Feb. 2014 | [45][78] | |
| Eirini Kokkinariou | F |  Greece
|
Steeplechase | 2 July 2009 | 4 years ineligibility | 25 July 2012 | 27 Oct. 2011 | 26 Oct. 2015 | [47][48] |
| Mariya Konovalova | F | Russia
|
Marathon | Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 5 Nov. 2015 | 27 Oct. 2015 | 26 Oct. 2017 | [69][87][88] |
| Yekaterina Kostetskaya | F | Russia
|
800 m, 1500 m. | 30 Aug. 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 28 July 2014 | 21 Jan. 2013 | 20 Jan. 2015 | [74][75] |
| Alena Kudashkina | F | Russia
|
Long-distance | 9 July 2012 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 24 June 2016 | 23 Sept. 2015 | 22 March 2018 | [77] |
| Abdelhadi Labäli | M | Morocco
|
Middle-distance | 9 July 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 25 May. 2016 | 27 April. 2016 | 26 April 2018 | [65] |
| Mikhail Lemaev | M | Russia
|
Marathon | 20 Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 26 Feb. 2013 | 30 Jan. 2013 | 29 Jan. 2015 | [47][89] |
| Anna Lukyanova | F | Russia
|
Race walking | 19 July 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 19 Feb. 2016 | 26 Nov. 2015 | 25 Nov. 2017 | [76] |
| Irina Maracheva | F | Russia
|
800 m. | 26 June 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 19 Feb. 2016 | 23 Jan. 2015 | 22 Jan. 2017 | [76] |
| Ildar Minshin | M | Russia
|
Steeplechase | 15 Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 21 Sept. 2016 | 25 Aug. 2016 | 24 Aug. 2018 | [90] |
| Anna Mishchenko | F | Ukraine
|
800 m./1500m./3000 m. | 28 June 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 19 Feb. 2016 | 18 Aug. 2015 | 17 Aug. 2017 | [76] |
| Tatyana Mineeva | F | Russia
|
Race walking | 12 Nov. 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 14 Dec. 2012 | 16 Nov. 2014 | [47] | |
| Marco Morgado | M | Portugal
|
Cross country running | 29 Oct. 2011 | 6 years ineligibility | 25 Feb. 2014 | 24 Feb. 2013 | 24 Feb. 2019 | [47][91] |
| Sergey Morozov | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 25 Feb. 2011 | Life ban | 18 Dec. 2012 | Life ban (2nd ARDV) |
[47] | |
| Semiha Mutlu | F | Turkey
|
Race walking | 20 Aug. 2011 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 25 Oct. 2015 | 3 March 2015 | 2 Sept. 2017 | [68][69] |
| Maria Nikolaeva | F | Russia
|
400 m./800 m. | 18 Feb. 2015 | 4 years ineligibility | 19 Feb. 2016 | 1 Oct. 2015 | 30 Sept. 2019 | [76] |
| Ilja Nikolajev | M |  Estonia
|
Marathon | 16 April 2013 | 2 years ineligibility | 12 May 2015 | 3 Feb. 2015 | 2 Feb. 2017 | [92][93] |
| Maksym Cerrone Obrubanskyy | M | Italy
|
1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m. | 17 Feb. 2013 | 4 years ineligibility | 25 Feb. 2014 | 30 May 2013 | 29 May 2017 | [47][91] |
| Nina Okhotnikova | F | Russia
|
Race walking | 21 June 2011 –17 Nov. 2011 |
2 years ineligibility | 17 March 2015 | 22 Jan. 2015 | 21 Jan. 2017 | [93][94][95] |
| Hélder Ornelas | M | Portugal
|
Marathon | 8 March 2010 | 4 years ineligibility | 2 May 2012 | 12 Jan. 2016 | [45][47] | |
| Hanane Ouhaddou | F | Morocco
|
Steeplechase | 14 August 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 7 June 2014 | [96] | ||
| Tetiana Petlyuk | F | Ukraine
|
800 m. | 18 Aug. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 5 April 2013 | 19 Feb. 2015 | [47] | |
| Meliz Redif | F | Turkey
|
400 m. | 26 June 2012 | 3 years ineligibility | 25 Oct. 2015 | 31 March 2015 | 30 March 2018 | [68][69] |
| José Rocha | M | Portugal
|
Long-distance | 11 Dec. 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 28 Feb. 2014 | 25 March 2013 | 24 March 2015 | [47][97] |
| Yuliya Ruban | F | Ukraine
|
Marathon | 8 March 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 29 May 2015 | 25 Feb. 2015 | 24 Feb. 2017 | [93] |
| Yuliya Rusanova | F | Russia
|
800 m. | 3 March 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 26 Feb. 2013 | 28 Jan. 2013 | 27 Jan. 2015 | [47][89] |
| Andrey Ruzavin | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 18 Dec. 2011 –18 Feb. 2012 13 Sept. 2013 –13 Nov 2013 |
2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 17 March 2015 | 9 Oct. 2014 | 8 April 2017 | [93][94][95][98] |
| Pınar Saka | F | Turkey
|
400 m. | 18 June 2010 | 3 years ineligibility | 28 Jan. 2014 | 3 June 2013 | 2 June 2016 | [47][97] |
| Mohammed Shaween | M | Saudi Arabia
|
1500 m. | 12 June 2011 | 3 years ineligibility | 28 July 2014 | 13 Feb. 2013 | 12 Feb. 2016 | [74][75] |
| Anzhelika Shevchenko | F | Ukraine
|
1500 m. | 2 July 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 5 April 2013 | 17 Feb. 2015 | [47] | |
| Liliya Shobukhova | F | Russia
|
Marathon | 9 Oct. 2009 | 2 years and 7 months (Reduced from 3 years and 2 months by WADA after first being extended from 2 years by CAS) | 29 April 2014 | 22 Jan. 2013 | 23 Aug. 2015 | [99][100][101][102] |
| Fernando Silva | M | Portugal
|
Cross country running | 29 Oct. 2011 | 8 years ineligibility | 26 Feb. 2014 | 24 Sept. 2013 | 23 Sept. 2021 | [47][91] |
| Svitlana Shmidt | F | Ukraine
|
Middle-distance | 8 March 2012 | 4 years ineligibility | 30 April 2015 | 17 March 2015 | 16 March 2019 | [93][103] |
| Olesya Syreva | F | Russia
|
1500 m, 3000 m. | 3 March 2011 | 2 years ineligibility | 26 Feb. 2013 | 1 Feb. 2013 | 31 Jan. 2015 | [47][89] |
| Irina Timofeyeva | F | Russia
|
Marathon | 10 Oct. 2009 | 2 years ineligibility | 21 Sept. 2016 | 6 Sept. 2016 | 5 Sept. 2018 | [90] |
| Wang Jiali | F |  China
|
Marathon | 29 May 2012 | 2 years ineligibility | 25 Feb. 2014 | 26 Feb. 2013 | 25 Feb. 2015 | [47][91] |
| Nevin Yanit | F | Turkey
|
Sprinting, hurdling | 28 June 2012 | 3 years ineligibility | 6 March 2015 | 6 March 2013 | 5 March 2016 | [66][67] |
| Igor Yerokhin | M | Russia
|
Race walking | 25 Feb. 2011 | Life ban | 24 Sept. 2013 | Life ban (2nd ARDV) |
[47][105] | |
| Lyudmyla Yosypenko | F | Ukraine
|
Heptathlon | 25 Aug. 2011 | 4 years ineligibility | 24 Sept. 2013 | 27 March 2013 | 26 March 2017 | [47][105] |
| Nailiya Yulamanova | F | Russia
|
Marathon | 2 years ineligibility | 25 July 2012 | 9 Feb. 2014 | [45][78] | ||
| Yuliya Zaripova | F | Russia
|
Steeplechase | 20 July 2011 | 2 years and 6 months ineligibility | 30 Jan. 2015 | 25 July 2013 | [57][58][106] | |
| Yevgeniya Zinurova | F | Russia
|
800 m. | 6 March 2010 | 2 years ineligibility | 25 July 2012 | 12 Sept. 2013 | [45][78] |
In March 2014, the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in a bio passport case. El País reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS.[107] In February 2014, IAAF announced they would appeal Aslı Çakır Alptekin's ABP-related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally.[108] An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker Sergey Bakulin was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case.[109] IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that Ümmü Kiraz, Bahar Doğan, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif were under investigation in bio passport cases.[110]
Triathlon
[edit]In 2012 USADA sanctioned the American triathlete Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence indicated the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents".[111] Fretta received a four-year ban,[111] and his results from 18 August 2010 onwards were annulled.[112]
Football (soccer)
[edit]In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses.[113]
Notes
[edit]- ^ A. Goumri died in a car crash in January 2013
References
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