China–Turkmenistan relations: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Turkmenistan|China|Turkmenistan |
{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Turkmenistan|China|Turkmenistan}} |
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'''China–Turkmenistan relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]]hip between China and [[Turkmenistan]]. |
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| ⚫ | '''China–Turkmenistan relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]]hip between China and [[Turkmenistan]]. China was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan after it declared independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov on the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Turkmenistan Diplomatic Relations |url=http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/202201/t20220106_10479390.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=lr.china-embassy.org}}</ref> On January 6, 1992, China signed communiqués on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China entered into diplomatic relations with independent former Soviet republics |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/200011/t20001117_697835.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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| ⚫ | China was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov on the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Turkmenistan Diplomatic Relations |url=http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/202201/t20220106_10479390.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=lr.china-embassy.org}}</ref> On January 6, 1992, China signed communiqués on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China entered into diplomatic relations with independent former Soviet republics |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/200011/t20001117_697835.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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China is by far Turkmenistan's largest trading partner. In 2020, the China exports to Turkmenistan were valued at $445 US million and Turkmenistan exports to China were valued at $5.3 US billion.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/tkm | title=China (CHN) and Turkmenistan (TKM) Trade | OEC }}</ref> In 2022, China accounted for 65% of Turkmenistan's total trade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gizitdinov |first=Nariman |date=6 June 2023 |title=China Edging Out Russia as Sanctions Redraw Kazakhstan Trade |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-06/china-edging-out-russia-as-sanctions-redraw-trade-for-kazakhstan |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> |
China is by far Turkmenistan's largest trading partner. In 2020, the China exports to Turkmenistan were valued at $445 US million and Turkmenistan exports to China were valued at $5.3 US billion.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/tkm | title=China (CHN) and Turkmenistan (TKM) Trade | OEC }}</ref> In 2022, China accounted for 65% of Turkmenistan's total trade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gizitdinov |first=Nariman |date=6 June 2023 |title=China Edging Out Russia as Sanctions Redraw Kazakhstan Trade |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-06/china-edging-out-russia-as-sanctions-redraw-trade-for-kazakhstan |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref> |
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In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Turkmenistan, signed a joint letter to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] defending [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|China's persecution of Uyghurs]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2019 |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2019 |title=Saudi Arabia and Russia among 37 states backing China's Xinjiang policy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/saudi-arabia-and-russia-among-37-states-backing-chinas-xinjiang-policy-idUSKCN1U721X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210040248/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/saudi-arabia-and-russia-among-37-states-backing-chinas-xinjiang-policy-idUSKCN1U721X |archive-date=2019-12-10 |access-date=2019-07-13 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Turkmenistan was one of 16 countries that defended China in 2019 but did not do so in 2020.<ref name="axio_Mapp">{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Zachary |date=8 October 2020 |title=Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang |url=https://www.axios.com/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang-6b29dbf5-b93c-4c70-bd4c-333e1c23471f.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101165353/https://www.axios.com/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang-6b29dbf5-b93c-4c70-bd4c-333e1c23471f.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> |
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=== Energy === |
=== Energy === |
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Turkmenistan exports significant amounts of natural gas to China, with more than half of these exports going through the [[Central Asia–China gas pipeline]].<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia]”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, p. 125.</ref> On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on a potential pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.<ref name="rfere">{{cite news |author=Daniel Kimmage |date=2006-04-10 |title=Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/55f9574d-407a-4777-9724-944e6c2ecd7b.html |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.<ref name="downstream">{{cite news |date=2007-07-26 |title=Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence |work=BBC Monitoring Central Asia |publisher=Downstream Today |url=http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=5015 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join the original [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline]] project.<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |date=2007-07-04 |title=Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |agency=[[Thomson Financial|AFX News]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/07/04/afx3883648.html |accessdate=2007-07-27}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009.<ref name="reuters141209">{{cite news |last=Gurt |first=Marat |date=2009-12-14 |title=China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline |work=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSGE5BD0BQ20091214?sp=true |accessdate=2009-12-14}}</ref> |
Turkmenistan exports significant amounts of natural gas to China, with more than half of these exports going through the [[Central Asia–China gas pipeline]].<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia]”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, p. 125.</ref> On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on a potential pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.<ref name="rfere">{{cite news |author=Daniel Kimmage |date=2006-04-10 |title=Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/55f9574d-407a-4777-9724-944e6c2ecd7b.html |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.<ref name="downstream">{{cite news |date=2007-07-26 |title=Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence |work=BBC Monitoring Central Asia |publisher=Downstream Today |url=http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=5015 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join the original [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline]] project.<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |date=2007-07-04 |title=Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |agency=[[Thomson Financial|AFX News]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/07/04/afx3883648.html |accessdate=2007-07-27}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009.<ref name="reuters141209">{{cite news |last=Gurt |first=Marat |date=2009-12-14 |title=China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline |work=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSGE5BD0BQ20091214?sp=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608045946/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSGE5BD0BQ20091214?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 8, 2010 |accessdate=2009-12-14}}</ref> |
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The pipeline project allowed Turkmenistan to significantly decrease its previous dependence on Russia; previously, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.<ref>{{cite news |author=Philip H. de Leon |date=2009-12-22 |title=China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner? |publisher=Resource Investor |url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2009/12/Pages/China-secures-gas-from-Turkmenistan-Whos-the-real-winner.aspx |accessdate=2009-12-23}}</ref> |
The pipeline project allowed Turkmenistan to significantly decrease its previous dependence on Russia; previously, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.<ref>{{cite news |author=Philip H. de Leon |date=2009-12-22 |title=China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner? |publisher=Resource Investor |url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2009/12/Pages/China-secures-gas-from-Turkmenistan-Whos-the-real-winner.aspx |accessdate=2009-12-23}}</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 19:12, 12 September 2024
 | This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. (April 2022) |
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 China |
 Turkmenistan |
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China–Turkmenistan relations are the bilateral relationship between China and Turkmenistan. China was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan after it declared independence.[1] On January 6, 1992, China signed communiqués on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.[2]
History
[edit]China is by far Turkmenistan's largest trading partner. In 2020, the China exports to Turkmenistan were valued at $445 US million and Turkmenistan exports to China were valued at $5.3 US billion.[3] In 2022, China accounted for 65% of Turkmenistan's total trade.[4]
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Turkmenistan, signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending China's persecution of Uyghurs.[5][6] Turkmenistan was one of 16 countries that defended China in 2019 but did not do so in 2020.[7]
Energy
[edit]Turkmenistan exports significant amounts of natural gas to China, with more than half of these exports going through the Central Asia–China gas pipeline.[8] On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on a potential pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.[9] In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.[10] In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join the original Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline project.[11] The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009.[12]
The pipeline project allowed Turkmenistan to significantly decrease its previous dependence on Russia; previously, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ "Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov on the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Turkmenistan Diplomatic Relations". lr.china-embassy.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ "China entered into diplomatic relations with independent former Soviet republics". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ "China (CHN) and Turkmenistan (TKM) Trade | OEC".
- ^ Gizitdinov, Nariman (6 June 2023). "China Edging Out Russia as Sanctions Redraw Kazakhstan Trade". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia and Russia among 37 states backing China's Xinjiang policy". Reuters. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
- ^ Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang". Axios. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation. London: Routledge, p. 125.
- ^ Daniel Kimmage (2006-04-10). "Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ "Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence". BBC Monitoring Central Asia. Downstream Today. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ "Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO". Forbes. AFX News. 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-07-27.[dead link]
- ^ Gurt, Marat (2009-12-14). "China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ^ Philip H. de Leon (2009-12-22). "China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner?". Resource Investor. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
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