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{{Short description|French scientist}}
⚫
'''Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart''' (February 20, 1837 – August 24, 1908) was a noted [[France|French]] [[physicist]], a researcher in [[optics]] and [[electricity]].
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Eleuthère-Elie-Nicolas Mascart, ante 1908 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0147 B.jpg|thumb|Éleuthère Mascart]]
[[File:Eleuthere Mascart buste.jpg|thumb|Bust of Éleuthère Mascart]]
⚫
'''Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart''' (20 February 1837 – 24 August 1908) was a French [[physicist]], a researcher in [[optics]], [[electricity]], [[magnetism]], and [[meteorology]].


== Life ==
Mascart was born in [[Quarouble]], [[Nord (department)|Nord]]. He attended the [[École normale supérieure]] (rue d'Ulm). He became a Professor at the [[Collège de France]].
Mascart was born in [[Quarouble]], [[Nord (French department)|Nord]]. Starting in 1858, he attended the [[École normale supérieure]] (rue d'Ulm), earning his ''[[agrégé-préparateur]]'' three years later. He acquired his doctoral degree in science in 1864. After serving at various posts in secondary education, in 1868 he moved to the [[Collège de France]] to become [[Henri Victor Regnault]]'s assistant.
Mascart was appointed to succeed Régnault as the tenured Régnault chair in 1872, which he held until his death. In 1878 he also became the first director of the Bureau Central Météorologique.


He won the Bordin Prize of the [[Académie française]] in 1866 and the Grand prix of the [[Académie des sciences]] in 1874.
He won the Bordin Prize of the [[Académie française]] in 1866 and the Grand prix of the [[Académie des sciences]] in 1874. He was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1890.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1890&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-28|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>


He was elected Perpetual Member and Secretary of the [[Académie des Sciences]] and Foreign Member of the [[British Royal Society]]. Mascart founded [[Supélec]] in 1894.
He was elected Perpetual Member (1884), Secretary, and in 1904 President, of the [[Académie des Sciences]], and in 1892, Foreign Member of the [[British Royal Society]]. Mascart was elected vice president of the British [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]] in 1900, the first non-Briton to hold the post. He was also a ''grand officier'' of the [[Legion of Honor|Légion d'Honneur]].
Mascart founded [[Supélec]] in 1894.


Mascart's graduate student [[Henri Bénard]] carried out groundbreaking experiments in thermal convection, as part of his dissertation research, in Mascart's laboratory. Bénard's doctoral thesis was defended in 1901.
He died in [[Paris]] at the age of 71. His son-in-law [[Marcel Brillouin]] and his grandson [[Léon Brillouin]] were also noted scientists.

Mascart died in [[Paris]] at the age of 71. Obituaries were published in the ''Journal de Physique théorique et appliquée''<ref>''J. de Phys.'', 4th series, vol. 7, pp. 745-746 (1908).</ref> and in ''Nature''.<ref>''Nature'', vol. 78, pp. 446-448 (1908).</ref> Mascart's son-in-law [[Marcel Brillouin]] and his grandson [[Léon Brillouin]] were also noted scientists.

[[Cape Mascart]] is named for him.

== Works ==
* E. Mascart, ''Recherches sur le spectre solaire ultra-violet et sur la détermination des longueurs d'onde'', Thunot, Paris, 1864.
* E. Mascart, ''Éléments de Mécanique'', Paris, 1866, 9th ed. in 1910.
* {{Cite book|author=E. Mascart|title=Traité d'électricité statique|volume=1|publisher=Masson|location=Paris|year=1876|language=fr|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12003160}}
** {{Cite book|title=Traité d'électricité statique|volume=2|publisher=Masson|location=Paris|year=1876|language=fr|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12004741}}
* E. Mascart and J. Joubert, ''A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'', Translated by E. Atkinson, 2 volumes, T. De La Rue, London, 1883-1888.
* E. Mascart, ''Notice sur les travaux scientifiques de M. Éleuthère Mascart'', Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1884.
* E. Mascart, ''The Age of Electricity'', Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, pp.&nbsp;153–172, 1894.
* E. Mascart, ''Traité d'Optique'', 3 volumes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1889-1893.
* {{Cite book|author=E. Mascart|title=Leçons sur l'éléctricité et le magnetisme|volume=1|publisher=Masson|location=Paris|year=1896|language=fr|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6598961}}
** {{Cite book|title=Leçons sur l'éléctricité et le magnetisme|volume=2|publisher=Masson|location=Paris|year=1897|language=fr|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7163279}}
* E. Mascart, ''Introduction à la physique expérimentale'', 1888.
* E. Mascart, ''Traité de Magnétisme Terrestre'', Paris, 1900.

== Bibliography ==
* P. Janet, ''La vie et les oeuvres d'Eleuthère Mascart'', Revue générales des sciences pures et appliquées, vol. 20, pp.&nbsp;574–593, 1909.
* [[Paul Langevin|P. Langevin]], ''Eleuthère Mascart par Paul Langevin'', 1909.
* [[Roger H. Stuewer|R.H. Stuewer]], ''Mascart, Éleuthère Élie Nicolas'', Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, vol. 9, pp.&nbsp;154–156, 1981.
* Electricians International Society, ''Travaux du Laboratoire central d'électricité'', tome I, 1884-1905.
* Girolamo Ramunni and Michel Savio, ''Cent ans d'histoire de l'École Supérieure d'Electricité'', 1894-1994, 1995.

==See also==
*[[Fizeau experiment]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wikisource author-inline}}

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Mascart, Eleuthere
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 20, 1837
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = August 24, 1908
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascart, Eleuthere}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascart, Eleuthere}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nord (French department)]]
[[Category:People from Nord (French department)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the École Normale Supérieure]]
[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
[[Category:French physicists]]
[[Category:French physicists]]
[[Category:French meteorologists]]
[[Category:French meteorologists]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Collège de France faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Collège de France]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Optical physicists]]
[[Category:Optical physicists]]
[[Category:Magneticians]]
[[Category:Magneticians]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]

[[Category:Météo-France staff]]

{{france-physicist-stub}}

[[de:Eleuthère Mascart]]
[[fr:Éleuthère Mascart]]
[[ja:エルテール・マスカール]]
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Latest revision as of 09:06, 13 September 2024

Éleuthère Mascart
Bust of Éleuthère Mascart

Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart (20 February 1837 – 24 August 1908) was a French physicist, a researcher in optics, electricity, magnetism, and meteorology.

Life

[edit]

Mascart was born in Quarouble, Nord. Starting in 1858, he attended the École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm), earning his agrégé-préparateur three years later. He acquired his doctoral degree in science in 1864. After serving at various posts in secondary education, in 1868 he moved to the Collège de France to become Henri Victor Regnault's assistant. Mascart was appointed to succeed Régnault as the tenured Régnault chair in 1872, which he held until his death. In 1878 he also became the first director of the Bureau Central Météorologique.

He won the Bordin Prize of the Académie française in 1866 and the Grand prix of the Académie des sciences in 1874. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1890.[1]

He was elected Perpetual Member (1884), Secretary, and in 1904 President, of the Académie des Sciences, and in 1892, Foreign Member of the British Royal Society. Mascart was elected vice president of the British Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1900, the first non-Briton to hold the post. He was also a grand officier of the Légion d'Honneur. Mascart founded Supélec in 1894.

Mascart's graduate student Henri Bénard carried out groundbreaking experiments in thermal convection, as part of his dissertation research, in Mascart's laboratory. Bénard's doctoral thesis was defended in 1901.

Mascart died in Paris at the age of 71. Obituaries were published in the Journal de Physique théorique et appliquée[2] and in Nature.[3] Mascart's son-in-law Marcel Brillouin and his grandson Léon Brillouin were also noted scientists.

Cape Mascart is named for him.

Works

[edit]
  • E. Mascart, Recherches sur le spectre solaire ultra-violet et sur la détermination des longueurs d'onde, Thunot, Paris, 1864.
  • E. Mascart, Éléments de Mécanique, Paris, 1866, 9th ed. in 1910.
  • E. Mascart (1876). Traité d'électricité statique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Masson.
  • E. Mascart and J. Joubert, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Translated by E. Atkinson, 2 volumes, T. De La Rue, London, 1883-1888.
  • E. Mascart, Notice sur les travaux scientifiques de M. Éleuthère Mascart, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1884.
  • E. Mascart, The Age of Electricity, Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 153–172, 1894.
  • E. Mascart, Traité d'Optique, 3 volumes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1889-1893.
  • E. Mascart (1896). Leçons sur l'éléctricité et le magnetisme (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Masson.
  • E. Mascart, Introduction à la physique expérimentale, 1888.
  • E. Mascart, Traité de Magnétisme Terrestre, Paris, 1900.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • P. Janet, La vie et les oeuvres d'Eleuthère Mascart, Revue générales des sciences pures et appliquées, vol. 20, pp. 574–593, 1909.
  • P. Langevin, Eleuthère Mascart par Paul Langevin, 1909.
  • R.H. Stuewer, Mascart, Éleuthère Élie Nicolas, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, vol. 9, pp. 154–156, 1981.
  • Electricians International Society, Travaux du Laboratoire central d'électricité, tome I, 1884-1905.
  • Girolamo Ramunni and Michel Savio, Cent ans d'histoire de l'École Supérieure d'Electricité, 1894-1994, 1995.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  2. ^ J. de Phys., 4th series, vol. 7, pp. 745-746 (1908).
  3. ^ Nature, vol. 78, pp. 446-448 (1908).
[edit]
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