Jump to content

Johannes Peter Müller: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
add advisor
 
(38 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|German zoologist}}
{{short description|German zoologist (1801–1858)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Johannes Peter Müller
| name = Johannes Peter Müller
|image = Johannes Peter Müller.jpg
| image = Johannes Peter Müller.jpg
⚫
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1801|7|14|df=y}}
|caption = Johannes Peter Müller
⚫
| birth_place = [[Koblenz]], [[Rhin-et-Moselle]], [[First French Republic]]
⚫
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1801|7|14|df=y}}
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1858|4|28|1801|7|14|df=y}}
⚫
|birth_place = [[Koblenz]], [[Rhin-et-Moselle]], [[First French Republic]]
| death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Confederation]]
⚫
|death_date = {{death date and age|1858|4|28|1801|7|14|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Confederation]]
| citizenship = [[First French Republic]]<br />[[First French Empire]]<br />[[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| nationality = [[Germans|German]]
|citizenship = [[First French Republic]]<br />[[First French Empire]]<br />[[Kingdom of Prussia]]
|nationality = [[Germans|German]]
| field = [[Physiology]]
⚫
| work_institutions = [[University of Bonn]]<br>[[University of Berlin]]
|field = [[Physiology]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Bonn]]<br>[[University of Berlin]]
| education = [[University of Bonn]] (PhD, 1822)<br>[[University of Berlin]] (Dr. med. hab., 1824)
⚫
| thesis_title = Commentarii de phoronomia animalium
⚫
|education = [[University of Bonn]] (PhD, 1822)<br>[[University of Berlin]] (Dr. med. hab., 1824)
⚫
| thesis_URL =
⚫
|thesis_title = Commentarii de phoronomia animalium
|thesis_URL =
| thesis_year = 1822
⚫
| doctoral_advisor = [[August Franz Josef Karl Mayer|A. F. J. K. Mayer]]<ref>Gregor Schiemann, ''Hermann von Helmholtz's Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty: A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature'', Springer, 2008, p. 70.</ref><br>[[Karl Rudolphi]]
|thesis_year = 1822
⚫
| academic_advisors = [[Philipp Franz von Walther]]<ref>Thomas Fuchs, ''The Mechanization of the Heart: Harvey and Descartes'', University Rochester Press, 2001, 212.</ref>
⚫
|doctoral_advisor = [[August Franz Josef Karl Mayer|A. F. J. K. Mayer]]<ref>Gregor Schiemann, ''Hermann von Helmholtz's Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty: A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature'', Springer, 2008, p. 70.</ref><br>[[Karl Rudolphi]]
⚫
| doctoral_students = [[Hermann von Helmholtz]]<br />[[Rudolf Virchow]]
⚫
|academic_advisors = [[Philipp Franz von Walther]]<ref>Thomas Fuchs, ''The Mechanization of the Heart: Harvey and Descartes'', University Rochester Press, 2001, 212.</ref>
| notable_students = [[Ferdinand Julius Cohn]]<ref name="autogenerated1">Chung, King-Thom. [http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828-1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727180844/http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf}}. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis.</ref><br />[[Friedrich Anton Schneider]]
⚫
|doctoral_students = [[Hermann von Helmholtz]]<br />[[Rudolf Virchow]]
| known_for = [[Law of specific nerve energies]]<br>[[Bell–Magendie law#Müller's frog experiment|Müller's frog experiment]]<br>[[Müller's larva]]<br>[[Paramesonephric duct|Müllerian ducts]]<br>[[Horopter#Theoretical Binocular Horopter|Vieth-Müller circle]]
|known_for =
| awards = [[List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts|Pour le Mérite]] (1842)<br>[[List of fellows of the Royal Society M, N, O#Foreign members|ForMemRS]] (1840)
⚫
|influences =
|influenced = [[Charles Scott Sherrington]]<br>[[Jakob von Uexküll]]
}}
}}
'''Johannes Peter Müller''' (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858) was a German [[physiologist]], [[comparative anatomy|comparative anatomist]], [[ichthyology|ichthyologist]], and [[herpetology|herpetologist]], known not only for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge, [[paramesonephric duct]] ([[Paramesonephric duct|Mullerian duct]]) was also named in his honor.
'''Johannes Peter Müller''' (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858) was a German [[physiologist]], [[comparative anatomy|comparative anatomist]], [[ichthyology|ichthyologist]], and [[herpetology|herpetologist]], known not only for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge. The [[paramesonephric duct]] (Müllerian duct) was named in his honor.


==Life==
==Life==


===Early years and education===
===Early years and education===
Müller was born in [[Koblenz]]. He was the son of a poor [[shoemaker]], and was about to be apprenticed to a [[saddle]]r when his talents attracted the attention of his teacher, and he prepared himself to become a Roman Catholic Priest.<ref name=amcyc/> During his [[Secondary school|college]] course in Koblenz, he devoted himself to the [[classics]] and made his own translations of [[Aristotle]]. At first, his intention was to become a priest.<ref name=ce/>
Müller was born in [[Koblenz|Coblenz]]. He was the son of a poor [[shoemaker]], and was about to be apprenticed to a [[saddle]]r when his talents attracted the attention of his teacher, and he prepared himself to become a Roman Catholic Priest.<ref name=amcyc/> During his [[Secondary school|college]] course in Koblenz, he devoted himself to the [[classics]] and made his own translations of [[Aristotle]]. At first, his intention was to become a priest.<ref name=ce/>


When he was 18 though, his love for natural science became dominant, and he turned to medicine,<ref name=ce>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Johann Müller (1)}}</ref> entering the [[University of Bonn]] in 1819. There he received his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1822. He then studied at the [[University of Berlin]]. There, under the influence of [[Georg Hegel]] and [[Karl Rudolphi]], he was induced to reject all systems of physiology which were not founded upon a strict observation of nature.<ref name=amcyc>{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Müller, Johannes}}</ref> He [[habilited]] there in 1824.
When he was eighteen, his love for natural science became dominant, and he turned to medicine,<ref name=ce>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Johann Müller (1)}}</ref> entering the [[University of Bonn]] in 1819. There he received his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1822. He then studied at the [[University of Berlin]]. There, under the influence of [[G. W. F. Hegel]] and [[Karl Rudolphi]], he was induced to reject all systems of physiology which were not founded upon a strict observation of nature.<ref name=amcyc>{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Müller, Johannes}}</ref> He [[Habilitation|habilited]] there in 1824.


===Career summary===
===Career summary===
He became ''[[Privatdozent]]'' of physiology and comparative anatomy at the University of Bonn in 1824, extraordinary professor of physiology in 1826, and ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he went to the University of Berlin, where he filled the chair of anatomy and physiology until his death.
He became ''[[Privatdozent]]'' of physiology and comparative anatomy at the University of Bonn in 1824, extraordinary professor of physiology in 1826, and ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he went to the University of Berlin, where he filled the chair of anatomy and physiology until his death.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


===Early research===
===Early research===
Line 41: Line 40:
In the century preceding Müller's work, many contributions to physiological science had been made. Müller gave order to these facts, developed general principles and showed physiologists how recent discoveries in physics and chemistry could be applied to their work.<ref>{{Cite EB9|wstitle=Müller, Johannes|volume=17}}</ref>
In the century preceding Müller's work, many contributions to physiological science had been made. Müller gave order to these facts, developed general principles and showed physiologists how recent discoveries in physics and chemistry could be applied to their work.<ref>{{Cite EB9|wstitle=Müller, Johannes|volume=17}}</ref>


The appearance of his ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'', ''Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen'', between 1833 and 1840 (translated into English as ''Elements of Physiology'' by [[William Baly]], and published in London 1837–1843) marked the beginning of a new period in the study of physiology. In it, for the first time, the results of human and comparative anatomy, as well as of [[chemistry]] and other departments of physical science, and tools like the [[microscope]], were brought to bear on the investigation of physiological problems.
The appearance of his ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'', ''Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen'', between 1833 and 1840 (translated into English as ''Elements of Physiology'' by [[William Baly]], and published in London 1837–1843) marked the beginning of a new period in the study of physiology. In it, for the first time, the results of human and comparative anatomy, as well as of [[chemistry]] and other departments of physical science, and tools like the [[microscope]], were brought to bear on the investigation of physiological problems.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


The most important portion of the work was that dealing with nervous action and the mechanism of the senses. Here he stated the principle, previously recognized but not stated as clearly, that the kind of sensation following stimulation of a sensory nerve does not depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense organ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology|last=Boring|first=Edwin|publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts|year=1942|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Thus light, pressure, or mechanical stimulation acting on the retina and optic nerve invariably produces luminous impressions. This he termed the [[Law of specific nerve energies|law of specific energies]] of the sense.
The most important portion of the work was that dealing with nervous action and the mechanism of the senses. Here he stated the principle, previously recognized but not stated as clearly, that the kind of sensation following stimulation of a sensory nerve does not depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense organ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology|last=Boring|first=Edwin|publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts|year=1942}}</ref> Thus light, pressure, or mechanical stimulation acting on the retina and optic nerve invariably produces luminous impressions. This he termed the [[Law of specific nerve energies|law of specific energies]] of the sense.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


The book became the leading textbook in physiology for much of the nineteenth century. It manifests Müller's interests in [[vitalism]], philosophy and scientific rigor. He discusses the difference between inorganic and organic matter. He considers in detail various physiological systems of a wide variety of animals, but attributes the indivisible whole of an organism to the presence of a soul. He also proposes that living organisms possess a life-energy for which physical laws can never fully account.<ref>[http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/pdfgen/essays/enc22.pdf Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858)]. mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de</ref>
The book became the leading textbook in physiology for much of the nineteenth century. It manifests Müller's interests in [[vitalism]], philosophy and scientific rigor. He discusses the difference between inorganic and organic matter. He considers in detail various physiological systems of a wide variety of animals, but attributes the indivisible whole of an organism to the presence of a soul. He also proposes that living organisms possess a life-energy for which physical laws can never fully account.<ref>[http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/pdfgen/essays/enc22.pdf Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111233639/http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/pdfgen/essays/enc22.pdf |date=2015-01-11 }}. mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de</ref>


[[Edward Forbes]] F.R.S. in his '' A History of British Starfishes, and Other Animals of the Class Echinodermata '' (1841) in his preface refers to Muller as the "one of the greatest living physiologists, Muller of Berlin".
[[Edward Forbes]] F.R.S. in his '' A History of British Starfishes, and Other Animals of the Class Echinodermata '' (1841) in his preface refers to Muller as "one of the greatest living physiologists, Muller of Berlin".


===Later years===
===Later years===
In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrata were his favorite subjects. He took 19 trips to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[North Sea]], the [[Adriatic]] and the [[Mediterranean]] to investigate salt-water life.
In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrates were his favorite subjects.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He took 19 trips to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and [[North Sea]], the [[Adriatic]] and the [[Mediterranean]] to investigate salt-water life.


He authored a comprehensive work on the anatomy of [[amphibians]], which in his era including [[reptiles]]. Also, he described several new species of [[snakes]].<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
He authored a comprehensive work on the anatomy of [[amphibians]], which in his era including [[reptiles]]. Also, he described several new species of [[snakes]].<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>


Müller coined the term ''[[desmoid]]'', from the Greek {{Lang|grc-latn|desmos}} 'tendon-like', in 1838.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hajdu |first=Steven I. |date=2007-05-01 |title=Soft tissue sarcomas |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22608 |journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]] |volume=109 |issue=9 |pages=1697–1704 |doi=10.1002/cncr.22608|pmid=17366588 |s2cid=39827598 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Ravi |first1=Vinod |last2=Patel |first2=Shreyaskumar R. |last3=Raut |first3=Chandrajit P. |last4=Baldini |first4=Elizabeth H. |date=January 2022 |title=Desmoid tumors: Epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and local therapy |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/desmoid-tumors-epidemiology-molecular-pathogenesis-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-local-therapy |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=[[UpToDate]]}}</ref> The same year, he also described [[phyllodes tumor]]s, which he called cystosarcoma phyllodes.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rakha |first=Emad A. |title=Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast |date=2012-02-22 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118464557.ch17 |work=Textbook of Uncommon Cancer |pages=243–256 |editor-last=Raghavan |editor-first=Derek |access-date=2023-10-30 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118464557.ch17 |isbn=978-1-118-08373-4 |last2=Ellis |first2=Ian O. |editor2-last=Blanke |editor2-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Johnson |editor3-first=David H. |editor4-last=Moots |editor4-first=Paul L.}}</ref>
⚫
Müller mentored such distinguished scientists and physiologists as [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[Emil du Bois-Reymond]], [[Theodor Schwann]], [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle]], [[Ernst Wilhelm Brücke]], [[Carl Ludwig]] and [[Ernst Haeckel]]. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].

⚫
Müller mentored such distinguished scientists and physiologists as [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[Emil du Bois-Reymond]], [[Fritz Müller]], [[Theodor Schwann]], [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle]], [[Ernst Wilhelm Brücke]], [[Carl Ludwig]] and [[Ernst Haeckel]]. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In 1846, the [[American Philosophical Society]] elected him an international Member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Johannes P. Muller |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=johannes+muller&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |website=American Philosophical Society Member History Database |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>


Müller died in Berlin in 1858. In 1899, a bronze statue by [[Joseph Uphues]] was erected in his memory in Koblenz.
Müller died in Berlin in 1858. In 1899, a bronze statue by [[Joseph Uphues]] was erected in his memory in Koblenz.
Line 60: Line 61:
==Works==
==Works==
In addition to his [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/concepts/browse?source=Müller ''Handbuch der Physiologie''] (translated by Baly in 1843: [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit39606/index_html?pn=3&ws=1.5''Elements of Physiology'']), his publications include:
In addition to his [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/concepts/browse?source=Müller ''Handbuch der Physiologie''] (translated by Baly in 1843: [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit39606/index_html?pn=3&ws=1.5''Elements of Physiology'']), his publications include:
*''De Respiratione Fœtus'' (Leipzig, 1823), a prize dissertation
*{{Lang|la|De Respiratione Fœtus}} (Leipzig, 1823), a prize dissertation
*''Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinns'' (1826)
*{{Lang|de|Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinns}} (1826)
*''Über die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen'' (1826)
*{{Lang|de|Über die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen}} (1826)
*''Bildungsgeschichte der Genitalien'' (1830), in which he traced the development of the [[Müllerian duct]]
*{{Lang|de|Bildungsgeschichte der Genitalien}} (1830), in which he traced the development of the [[Müllerian duct]]
*''De glandularum secernentium structura penitiori'' (1830)
*{{Lang|la|De glandularum secernentium structura penitiori}} (1830)
*''Beiträge zur Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der Amphibien'' (1832)
*{{Lang|de|Beiträge zur Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der Amphibien}} (1832)
*''Der Tabak in geschichtlicher, botanischer, chemischer und medizinischer Hinsicht'' (Berlin, 1832)
*{{Lang|de|Der Tabak in geschichtlicher, botanischer, chemischer und medizinischer Hinsicht}} (Berlin, 1832)
*''Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden'' (1834–1843)
*{{Lang|de|Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden}} (1834–1843)
*''Ueber die organischen Nerven der erectilen männlichen Geschlechtsorgane . . .'' (Berlin, 1835)
*{{Lang|de|Ueber die organischen Nerven der erectilen männlichen Geschlechtsorgane…}} (Berlin, 1835)
*''Ueber den feineren Bau der krankhaften Geschwülste'' (''On the structural details of malignant tumors'', Coblenz, 1838), unfinished — a pioneering use of microscopical research in the investigation of pathological anatomy
*{{Lang|de|Ueber den feineren Bau der krankhaften Geschwülste}} (''On the structural details of malignant tumors'', Coblenz, 1838), unfinished — a pioneering use of microscopical research in the investigation of pathological anatomy
*''Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen'' (1841) with [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|F. G. J. Henle]]
*{{Lang|de|Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen}} (1841) with [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|F. G. J. Henle]]
*{{cite book |title=System der Asteriden |url= {{Google books|SDwb-runOSQC|System der Asteriden|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn |location=Braunschweig }} (1842) with [[Franz Hermann Troschel|F. H. Troschel]]
*{{cite book |title=System der Asteriden |url= {{Google books|SDwb-runOSQC|System der Asteriden|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn |location=Braunschweig }} (1842) with [[Franz Hermann Troschel|F. H. Troschel]]
*''Horae ichthyologicae'' (1845–1849) with Troschel
*{{Lang|la|Horae ichthyologicae}} (1845–1849) with Troschel
*''Über die fossilen Reste der Zeuglodonten . . .'' (1848)
*{{Lang|de|Über die fossilen Reste der Zeuglodonten…}} (1848)
*''Über Synopta digitata und über die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Holothurien'' (1852)
*{{Lang|de|Über Synopta digitata und über die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Holothurien}} (1852)
After the death of [[J. F. Meckel]] (1781–1833) he edited the ''Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie''.
After the death of [[J. F. Meckel]] (1781–1833) he edited the {{Lang|de|Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie}}.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Connective tissue]]
*[[Hering's law of equal innervation]]
*[[List of German inventors and discoverers]]
*[[List of German inventors and discoverers]]

⚫
*[[:Category:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller]]
==Taxon described by him==
⚫
*See [[:Category:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 91: Line 96:
*{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Müller, Johannes}}
*{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Müller, Johannes}}


;Attribution
'''Attribution:'''
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Müller, Johannes Peter}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Müller, Johannes Peter|volume=18|page=962}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* [[Rudolf Virchow|Virchow]], ''Johannes Müller, Eine Gedächtnisrede'' (Berlin, 1858)
* [[Rudolf Virchow|Virchow, Rudolf]], ''Johannes Müller, Eine Gedächtnisrede'' (Berlin, 1858)
* [[Emil du Bois-Reymond|De Bois-Reymond]], (''Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie'', Berlin, 1859), containing a list of his works
* [[Emil du Bois-Reymond|du Bois-Reymond, Emil]], “Gedächtnisrede auf Johannes Müller. Gehalten in der Leibniz-Sitzung der Akademie der Wissenschaften am 8. Juli 1858,” In ''Reden,'' 2 volumes, (Leipzig, 1912), 1: 135-317
* [[Emil du Bois-Reymond|du Bois-Reymond, Emil]] (''Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie'', Berlin, 1859), containing a list of his works
* [[Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff|Bischoff]], ''Ueber Johannes Müller und sein Verhältnis zum jetztigen Standpunkt der Physiologie'' (Munich, 1858)
* [[Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff|Bischoff, Theodor]], ''Ueber Johannes Müller und sein Verhältnis zum jetztigen Standpunkt der Physiologie'' (Munich, 1858)
* ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London]]'', vol. ix., p.&nbsp;556.
* ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London]]'', volume ix., p.&nbsp;556.
* Holmes, Frederick L., “The Role of Johannes Müller in the Formation of Helmholtz’s Physiological Career,” in ''Universalgenie Helmholtz. Rückblick nach 100 Jahren'', ed. Lorenz Krüger (Berlin, 1994), 3-21
* Jardine, Nicholas, “The Mantle of Müller and the Ghost of Goethe: Interactions between the Sciences and Their Histories,” in ''History and the Disciplines: The Reclassification of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe'', ed. Donald R. Kelley (Rochester, 1997), 297-317
* Otis, Laura, ''Müller's Lab: The Story of Jakob Henle, Theodor Schwann, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Hermann von Helmholtz, Rudolf Virchow, Robert Remak, Ernst Haeckel, and Their Brilliant, Tormented Advisor'' (Oxford; New York, 2007)
* Finkelstein, Gabriel, ''Emil du Bois-Reymond: Neuroscience, Self, and Society in Nineteenth-Century Germany'' (Cambridge; London, 2013), 39–50


==External links==
==External links==
Line 112: Line 122:
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German scientists]]
[[Category:German physiologists]]
[[Category:19th-century German zoologists]]
[[Category:19th-century German zoologists]]
[[Category:German zoologists]]
[[Category:German herpetologists]]
⚫
[[Category:German ichthyologists]]
[[Category:German taxonomists]]
[[Category:German taxonomists]]
⚫
[[Category:German physiologists]]
[[Category:German biologists]]
[[Category:History of neuroscience]]
[[Category:History of neuroscience]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin]]
[[Category:University of Bonn faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bonn]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:People from Koblenz]]
[[Category:Scientists from Koblenz]]
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:Scientists from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Vitalists]]
[[Category:Vitalists]]
[[Category:Biologists from the Kingdom of Prussia]]

Latest revision as of 09:07, 13 September 2024

Johannes Peter Müller
Born(1801-07-14)14 July 1801
Koblenz, Rhin-et-Moselle, First French Republic
Died28 April 1858(1858-04-28) (aged 56)
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation
NationalityGerman
CitizenshipFirst French Republic
First French Empire
Kingdom of Prussia
EducationUniversity of Bonn (PhD, 1822)
University of Berlin (Dr. med. hab., 1824)
Known forLaw of specific nerve energies
Müller's frog experiment
Müller's larva
Müllerian ducts
Vieth-Müller circle
AwardsPour le Mérite (1842)
ForMemRS (1840)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysiology
InstitutionsUniversity of Bonn
University of Berlin
Thesis Commentarii de phoronomia animalium  (1822)
Doctoral advisorA. F. J. K. Mayer[1]
Karl Rudolphi
Other academic advisorsPhilipp Franz von Walther[2]
Doctoral studentsHermann von Helmholtz
Rudolf Virchow
Other notable studentsFerdinand Julius Cohn[3]
Friedrich Anton Schneider

Johannes Peter Müller (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858) was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist, known not only for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge. The paramesonephric duct (Müllerian duct) was named in his honor.

Life

[edit]

Early years and education

[edit]

Müller was born in Coblenz. He was the son of a poor shoemaker, and was about to be apprenticed to a saddler when his talents attracted the attention of his teacher, and he prepared himself to become a Roman Catholic Priest.[4] During his college course in Koblenz, he devoted himself to the classics and made his own translations of Aristotle. At first, his intention was to become a priest.[5]

When he was eighteen, his love for natural science became dominant, and he turned to medicine,[5] entering the University of Bonn in 1819. There he received his M.D. in 1822. He then studied at the University of Berlin. There, under the influence of G. W. F. Hegel and Karl Rudolphi, he was induced to reject all systems of physiology which were not founded upon a strict observation of nature.[4] He habilited there in 1824.

Career summary

[edit]

He became Privatdozent of physiology and comparative anatomy at the University of Bonn in 1824, extraordinary professor of physiology in 1826, and ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he went to the University of Berlin, where he filled the chair of anatomy and physiology until his death.[6]

Early research

[edit]

Müller made contributions in numerous domains of physiology, in particular increasing understanding of the voice, speech and hearing, as well as the chemical and physical properties of lymph, chyle and blood. His first important works, Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinns (On the comparative physiology of sight, Leipzig, 1826) and Über die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen (On visual hallucination, Coblenz, 1826), are of a subjective philosophical tendency. The first work concerns the most important facts as to human and animal sight, the second sounds depths of difficult psychological problems. He soon became the leader in the science of the morphological treatment of zoology as well as of experimental physiology. To his research (1830) is due the settlement of the theory of reflex action.

Elements of Physiology

[edit]

In the century preceding Müller's work, many contributions to physiological science had been made. Müller gave order to these facts, developed general principles and showed physiologists how recent discoveries in physics and chemistry could be applied to their work.[7]

The appearance of his magnum opus, Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, between 1833 and 1840 (translated into English as Elements of Physiology by William Baly, and published in London 1837–1843) marked the beginning of a new period in the study of physiology. In it, for the first time, the results of human and comparative anatomy, as well as of chemistry and other departments of physical science, and tools like the microscope, were brought to bear on the investigation of physiological problems.[6]

The most important portion of the work was that dealing with nervous action and the mechanism of the senses. Here he stated the principle, previously recognized but not stated as clearly, that the kind of sensation following stimulation of a sensory nerve does not depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense organ.[8] Thus light, pressure, or mechanical stimulation acting on the retina and optic nerve invariably produces luminous impressions. This he termed the law of specific energies of the sense.[6]

The book became the leading textbook in physiology for much of the nineteenth century. It manifests Müller's interests in vitalism, philosophy and scientific rigor. He discusses the difference between inorganic and organic matter. He considers in detail various physiological systems of a wide variety of animals, but attributes the indivisible whole of an organism to the presence of a soul. He also proposes that living organisms possess a life-energy for which physical laws can never fully account.[9]

Edward Forbes F.R.S. in his A History of British Starfishes, and Other Animals of the Class Echinodermata (1841) in his preface refers to Muller as "one of the greatest living physiologists, Muller of Berlin".

Later years

[edit]

In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrates were his favorite subjects.[6] He took 19 trips to the Baltic and North Sea, the Adriatic and the Mediterranean to investigate salt-water life.

He authored a comprehensive work on the anatomy of amphibians, which in his era including reptiles. Also, he described several new species of snakes.[10]

Müller coined the term desmoid, from the Greek desmos 'tendon-like', in 1838.[11][12] The same year, he also described phyllodes tumors, which he called cystosarcoma phyllodes.[13]

Müller mentored such distinguished scientists and physiologists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Fritz Müller, Theodor Schwann, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Ernst Wilhelm Brücke, Carl Ludwig and Ernst Haeckel. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1846, the American Philosophical Society elected him an international Member.[14]

Müller died in Berlin in 1858. In 1899, a bronze statue by Joseph Uphues was erected in his memory in Koblenz.

Works

[edit]

In addition to his Handbuch der Physiologie (translated by Baly in 1843: Elements of Physiology), his publications include:

  • De Respiratione Fœtus (Leipzig, 1823), a prize dissertation
  • Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinns (1826)
  • Über die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen (1826)
  • Bildungsgeschichte der Genitalien (1830), in which he traced the development of the Müllerian duct
  • De glandularum secernentium structura penitiori (1830)
  • Beiträge zur Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der Amphibien (1832)
  • Der Tabak in geschichtlicher, botanischer, chemischer und medizinischer Hinsicht (Berlin, 1832)
  • Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden (1834–1843)
  • Ueber die organischen Nerven der erectilen männlichen Geschlechtsorgane… (Berlin, 1835)
  • Ueber den feineren Bau der krankhaften Geschwülste (On the structural details of malignant tumors, Coblenz, 1838), unfinished — a pioneering use of microscopical research in the investigation of pathological anatomy
  • Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (1841) with F. G. J. Henle
  • System der Asteriden. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. (1842) with F. H. Troschel
  • Horae ichthyologicae (1845–1849) with Troschel
  • Über die fossilen Reste der Zeuglodonten… (1848)
  • Über Synopta digitata und über die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Holothurien (1852)

After the death of J. F. Meckel (1781–1833) he edited the Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie.

See also

[edit]

Taxon described by him

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Gregor Schiemann, Hermann von Helmholtz's Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty: A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature, Springer, 2008, p. 70.
  2. ^ Thomas Fuchs, The Mechanization of the Heart: Harvey and Descartes, University Rochester Press, 2001, 212.
  3. ^ Chung, King-Thom. Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828-1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis.
  4. ^ a b Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Müller, Johannes" . The American Cyclopædia.
  5. ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Johann Müller (1)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  7. ^ Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1884). "Müller, Johannes" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  8. ^ Boring, Edwin (1942). Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  9. ^ Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858) Archived 2015-01-11 at the Wayback Machine. mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
  10. ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  11. ^ Hajdu, Steven I. (2007-05-01). "Soft tissue sarcomas". Cancer. 109 (9): 1697–1704. doi:10.1002/cncr.22608. PMID 17366588. S2CID 39827598.
  12. ^ Ravi, Vinod; Patel, Shreyaskumar R.; Raut, Chandrajit P.; Baldini, Elizabeth H. (January 2022). "Desmoid tumors: Epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and local therapy". UpToDate. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  13. ^ Rakha, Emad A.; Ellis, Ian O. (2012-02-22), Raghavan, Derek; Blanke, Charles D.; Johnson, David H.; Moots, Paul L. (eds.), "Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast", Textbook of Uncommon Cancer (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 243–256, doi:10.1002/9781118464557.ch17, ISBN 978-1-118-08373-4, retrieved 2023-10-30
  14. ^ "Johannes P. Muller". American Philosophical Society Member History Database. Retrieved 17 February 2021.

References

[edit]

Attribution:

Further reading

[edit]
  • Virchow, Rudolf, Johannes Müller, Eine Gedächtnisrede (Berlin, 1858)
  • du Bois-Reymond, Emil, “Gedächtnisrede auf Johannes Müller. Gehalten in der Leibniz-Sitzung der Akademie der Wissenschaften am 8. Juli 1858,” In Reden, 2 volumes, (Leipzig, 1912), 1: 135-317
  • du Bois-Reymond, Emil (Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, Berlin, 1859), containing a list of his works
  • Bischoff, Theodor, Ueber Johannes Müller und sein Verhältnis zum jetztigen Standpunkt der Physiologie (Munich, 1858)
  • Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume ix., p. 556.
  • Holmes, Frederick L., “The Role of Johannes Müller in the Formation of Helmholtz’s Physiological Career,” in Universalgenie Helmholtz. Rückblick nach 100 Jahren, ed. Lorenz Krüger (Berlin, 1994), 3-21
  • Jardine, Nicholas, “The Mantle of Müller and the Ghost of Goethe: Interactions between the Sciences and Their Histories,” in History and the Disciplines: The Reclassification of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe, ed. Donald R. Kelley (Rochester, 1997), 297-317
  • Otis, Laura, Müller's Lab: The Story of Jakob Henle, Theodor Schwann, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Hermann von Helmholtz, Rudolf Virchow, Robert Remak, Ernst Haeckel, and Their Brilliant, Tormented Advisor (Oxford; New York, 2007)
  • Finkelstein, Gabriel, Emil du Bois-Reymond: Neuroscience, Self, and Society in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge; London, 2013), 39–50
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Peter_Müller&oldid=1245494441"