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{{Short description|American epidemiologist (1859–1934)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Theobald Smith
| name = Theobald Smith
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Prof '''Theobald Smith''' [[Royal Society of London|FRS(For)]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nuttall | first1 = G. H. F. | authorlink = George Nuttall| title = Theobald Smith. 1859-1934 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1935.0014 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 514 | year = 1935 | jstor = 768981| pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> H[[FRSE]] (July 31, 1859 – December 10, 1934) was a pioneering [[epidemiology|epidemiologist]], [[bacteriologist]], [[pathology|pathologist]] and professor. He is widely considered to be America's first internationally significant medical research scientist.<ref name=Dolman_2003>{{cite book |last=Dolman |first=C.E. |last2=Wolfe |first2=R.J. | title = Suppressing the Diseases of Animals and Man: Theobald Smith, Microbiologist | publisher = Boston Medical Library| year = 2003| isbn= 0-674-01220-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Middleton |first=James |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=July 1914 |title=A Great American Scientist: Dr. Theobald Smith, Head of The New Department Of Animal Diseases At The Rockefeller Institute |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XLIV |issue=2 |pages=299–302 |id= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=zegeQtMn9JsC&pg=PA299 |accessdate=2009-08-04 |quote= |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. }}</ref> His work included the study of [[Texas cattle fever]] and the epidemiology of cattle infected by ticks transmitting protozoa. He also discovered a species of [[Salmonella]], named for his chief, and studied [[anaphylaxis]], then referred to as Theobald Smith phenomenon.<ref name=du>{{cite web|url=http://cornelldu.org/?page=notableDUs|title=1869 - 1930 - Cornell DU Alumni|website=cornelldu.org|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref> Smith taught at Columbian University (now George Washington University) and established the school's department of bacteriology, the first at a medical school in the United States.<ref name=du/> He also worked at [[Harvard University]] and the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute]].
'''Theobald Smith''' [[Royal Society of London|FRS(For)]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nuttall | first1 = G. H. F. | author-link = George Nuttall| title = Theobald Smith. 1859-1934 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1935.0014 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 514–521 | year = 1935 | jstor = 768981| bibcode = 1935SciMo..40..196W | url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbm.1935.0014 |accessdate=17 March 2022}}</ref> H[[FRSE]] (July 31, 1859 – December 10, 1934) was a pioneering [[epidemiology|epidemiologist]], [[bacteriologist]], [[pathology|pathologist]] and professor. Smith is widely considered to be America's first internationally-significant medical research scientist.<ref name=Dolman_2003>{{cite book |last1=Dolman |first1=C.E. |last2=Wolfe |first2=R.J. | title = Suppressing the Diseases of Animals and Man: Theobald Smith, Microbiologist | publisher = Boston Medical Library| year = 2003| isbn= 0-674-01220-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Middleton |first=James |date=July 1914 |title=A Great American Scientist: Dr. Theobald Smith, Head of The New Department Of Animal Diseases At The Rockefeller Institute |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XLIV |issue=2 |pages=299–302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zegeQtMn9JsC&pg=PA299 |accessdate=17 March 2022 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. }}</ref>
Smith's research work included the study of [[babesiosis]] (originally known as ''Texas cattle fever'') and the more-general epidemiology of cattle diseases caused by [[tick borne disease]]s. He also described the bacterium ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' (formerly called ''Salmonella choleraesuis''), a species of ''[[Salmonella]]'', named for the [[Bureau of Animal Industry]] chief [[Daniel Elmer Salmon|Daniel E. Salmon]]. Additional work in studying the phenomena of [[anaphylaxis]] led to it being referred to as the ''Theobald Smith phenomenon''.<ref name="frs" />
Smith taught at Columbian University (now [[George Washington University]]) and established the school's department of bacteriology, the first at a medical school in the United States.<ref name="frs" /> He later worked at [[Harvard University]] and the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute]].


== Education ==
== Education ==
⚫
Smith was born in [[Albany, New York]], the son of Philip Smith and his wife, Theresa Kexel.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=2018-07-28|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


He received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from [[Cornell University]] in 1881, followed by an MD from [[Albany Medical College]] in 1883.<ref name=Dolman_2003/>
⚫
Smith was born in [[Albany, New York]], the son of Philip Smith and his wife, Theresa Kexel.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}</ref>


He received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from [[Cornell University]] in 1881, followed by an MD from [[Albany Medical College]] in 1883.<ref name=Dolman_2003/> After his graduation from medical school, Smith held a variety of temporary positions which might broadly be considered under the modern heading of "medical laboratory technician". After some prodding by his former professors, Smith secured a new research lab assistant position with the Veterinary Division of the [[US Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) in [[Washington, D.C.]], beginning his position there in December 1883.<ref name=deKruif_2002>{{cite book |last= Kruif |first=Paul De | title = Microbe Hunters | publisher = Harvest Books| year = 2002 |origyear=1926 |isbn = 0-15-602777-1}}</ref>
After his graduation from medical school, Smith held a variety of temporary positions which might broadly be considered under the modern heading of "medical laboratory technician". After some prodding by his former professors, Smith secured a new research lab assistant position with the Veterinary Division of the [[US Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) in [[Washington, D.C.]], beginning his position there in December 1883.<ref name="deKruif_2002">{{cite book |last= Kruif |first=Paul De | title = Microbe Hunters | publisher = Harvest Books| year = 2002 |orig-year=1926 |isbn = 0-15-602777-1}}</ref>


== Research ==
== Research ==
⚫
Smith became the Inspector of the newly created [[Bureau of Animal Industry]] (BAI) in 1884. Established by Congress to combat a wide range of animal diseases—from infectious disease of [[swine]] to [[Mycobacterium bovis|bovine pneumonia]], [[Babesia|Texas cattle fever]] to [[glanders]]—Smith worked under [[Daniel Elmer Salmon|Daniel E. Salmon]], a veterinarian and Chief of the BAI.<ref name=Brown_1935>{{cite journal |last=J.H. |first=Brown | title = Theobald Smith 1859-1934| journal = J Bacteriol | date=1 July 1935| volume = 30| issue = 1|pages=1–3 |doi=10.1128/JB.30.1.1-3.1935 | pmid = 16559815 | pmc = 543631 |bibcode=1935SciMo..40..196W }}</ref> Smith also discovered the bacterial [[type species]] which would eventually form the [[genus]] ''[[Salmonella]]''. After two years of work studying the efficacy of bacterial vaccination in pigs, Smith erroneously believed he had found the causative agent of hog cholera.<ref name=ASM_1984>{{cite journal| title = Theobald Smith, 1859-1934: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute| journal = ASM News| year = 1984| volume = 50| pages = 577–80| url = http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/newindex/wswfzjs/pdf/501284p577.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040907103430/http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/newindex/wswfzjs/pdf/501284p577.pdf| archive-date = 2004-09-07}}</ref>


⚫
Smith turned his attention to Texas fever, a debilitating cattle disease; this work is detailed in a chapter in ''[[Microbe Hunters]]'', by [[Paul de Kruif]]. In 1889, he along with the veterinarian [[F.L. Kilbourne]] discovered ''[[Babesia|Babesia bigemina]]'', the [[tick]]-borne [[protozoa]]n [[parasite]] responsible for Texas fever. This marked the first time that an [[arthropod]] had been definitively linked with the transmission of an infectious disease and presaged the eventual discovery of insects such as [[Tick-borne disease|ticks]] and [[Mosquito-borne disease|mosquitoes]] as important [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]]s in a number of diseases.
⚫
Smith became the Inspector of the newly created Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) in 1884. Established by Congress to combat a wide range of animal diseases—from infectious disease of [[swine]] to [[Mycobacterium bovis|bovine pneumonia]], [[Babesia|Texas cattle fever]] to [[glanders]]—Smith worked under [[Daniel Elmer Salmon|Daniel E. Salmon]], a veterinarian and Chief of the BAI.<ref name=Brown_1935>{{cite journal |last=J.H. |first=Brown | title = Theobald Smith 1859-1934| journal = J Bacteriol | date=1 July 1935| volume = 30| issue = 1| pages = 1–3 | pmid = 16559815 | pmc = 543631 }}</ref> Smith also discovered the bacterial species which would eventually form the [[genus]] ''[[Salmonella]]''. After two years of work studying the efficacy of bacterial vaccination in pigs, Smith erroneously believed he had found the causative agent of hog cholera.<ref name=ASM_1984>{{cite journal| title = Theobald Smith, 1859-1934: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute| journal = ASM News| year = 1984| volume = 50| issue = | pages = 577–80| url = http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/newindex/wswfzjs/pdf/501284p577.pdf| format = PDF| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040907103430/http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/newindex/wswfzjs/pdf/501284p577.pdf| archivedate = 2004-09-07| df = }}</ref>


⚫
Smith also taught at Columbian University in Washington, D.C. (now [[George Washington University]]) from 1886 to 1895, establishing the school's Department of [[Bacteriology]]. In 1887, Smith began research on [[sanitation|water sanitation]] in his spare time, investigating the level of [[fecal coliform]] contamination in the nearby [[Potomac River]]. Over the next five years, Smith expanded his studies to include the [[Hudson River]] and its tributaries.<ref name=Smtih_1893>{{cite journal |last=T. |first=Smith | title = A new method for determining quantitatively the pollution of water by fecal bacteria | journal = 13th Annual Report of the State Board of Health of New York for 1892 | year = 1893| pages = 712–22 }}</ref>
⚫
Smith turned his attention to Texas fever, a debilitating cattle disease; this work is detailed in a chapter in ''[[Microbe Hunters]]'', by [[Paul De Kruif]]. In 1889, he along with the veterinarian [[F.L. Kilbourne]] discovered ''[[Babesia|Babesia bigemina]]'', the [[tick]]-borne [[protozoa]]n [[parasite]] responsible for Texas fever. This marked the first time that an [[arthropod]] had been definitively linked with the transmission of an infectious disease and presaged the eventual discovery of insects as important [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]]s in a number of diseases (see [[yellow fever]], [[malaria]]).


⚫
While Smith's work at the BAI had been highly productive, he found the rigid federal government bureaucracy stiffing and complained about the lack of leadership from his supervisor. In 1895 Smith moved to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] to accept a dual appointment serving as professor of comparative [[pathology]] at [[Harvard University]] as well as directing the pathology lab at the Massachusetts State Board of Health.<ref name=deKruif_2002/>
⚫
Smith also taught at Columbian University in Washington, D.C. (now [[George Washington University]]) from 1886 to 1895, establishing the school's Department of [[Bacteriology]]. In 1887, Smith began research on water [[sanitation]] in his spare time, investigating the level of [[fecal coliform]] contamination in the [[Potomac River]]. Over the next five years, Smith expanded his studies to include the [[Hudson River]] and its tributaries.<ref name=Smtih_1893>{{cite journal |last=T. |first=Smith | title = A new method for determining quantitatively the pollution of water by fecal bacteria | journal = 13th Annual Report of the State Board of Health of New York for 1892 | year = 1893| pages = 712–22 | url= }}</ref>


⚫
Smith joined the [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]] as Director of the Department of Animal Pathology in 1915 and remained there until his retirement in 1929.
⚫
While Smith's work at the BAI had been highly productive, he chafed against the federal government bureaucracy and the lack of leadership from his supervisor. In 1895 Smith moved to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] to accept a dual appointment: serve as professor of comparative [[pathology]] at [[Harvard University]], and direct the pathology lab at the Massachusetts State Board of Health.<ref name=deKruif_2002/>


He was a trustee of the [[Carnegie Institution]] from 1914 until his death in 1934.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://shelf2.library.cmu.edu/Tech/01116801N47.pdf |title=Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year Book No. 47, July 1, 1947 – June 30, 1948 |year=1948 |location=Washington, DC |page=vi}}</ref>
⚫
Smith joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research as Director of the Department of Animal Pathology in 1915 and remained there until his retirement in 1929.


==Law of declining virulence==
In 1933, Smith was awarded the [[Royal Society]]'s prestigious [[Copley Medal]] ''"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man."''.
{{More medical citations needed|section|date=August 2023}}
Smith's best-known contribution was the notion, long since disproved, that there would be a “delicate equilibrium” between [[Host (biology)|hosts]] and [[Pathogen|pathogens]] such that they would develop a "mutually benign relationship" over time.<ref name="TC-20210201"/> This was at most an [[educated guess]] and never became a [[scientific theory]], but it became accepted as [[conventional wisdom]] and was even called the '''law of declining virulence'''. It has been disproved and replaced by the [[trade-off]] model, which explains that each [[Host–pathogen interaction|host–pathogen relationship]] must be considered separately, that there is no general pattern that predicts how all of these relationships will develop, and that there is definitely no inevitability of decreased [[virulence]].<ref name="TC-20210201">{{cite news |last1=Fall |first1=Ed |last2=Yates |first2=Christian |title=Will coronavirus really evolve to become less deadly? |url=https://theconversation.com/will-coronavirus-really-evolve-to-become-less-deadly-153817 |date=1 February 2021 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |accessdate=29 November 2021|quote=The trade-off model is now widely accepted. It emphasises that each host-pathogen combination must be considered individually. There is no general evolutionary law for predicting how these relationships will pan out, and certainly no justification for evoking the inevitability of decreased virulence. <br>There is little or no direct evidence that virulence decreases over time. While newly emerged pathogens, such as HIV and Mers, are often highly virulent, the converse is not true. There are plenty of ancient diseases, such as tuberculosis and gonorrhoea, that are probably just as virulent today as they ever were. }}</ref><ref name="SM-20201116">{{cite news |last=Orent |first=Wendy |authorlink=Wendy Orent |title=Will the Coronavirus Evolve to Be Less Deadly? - History and science suggesting many possible pathways for pandemics, but questions remain about how this one will end |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/will-coronavirus-evolve-be-less-deadly-180976288/ |date=16 November 2020 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]] |accessdate=29 November 2020 }}</ref>


==Awards and Honors==
⚫
==Publications==
Smith was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1896,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Theobald Smith |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/theobald-smith |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1908,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theobald Smith |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000714.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Theobald+Smith&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> In 1933, Smith was awarded the [[Royal Society]]'s prestigious [[Copley Medal]] ''"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man."''.


⚫
==Publications==
*''Parasitism and Disease'' (1934)
*''Parasitism and Disease'' (1934)


== Other discoveries ==
== Other discoveries ==

* Observed differences between human and bovine tuberculosis (1895).
* Observed differences between human and bovine tuberculosis (1895).
* Discussed the possibility of mosquitos as a malaria transmission vector (1899).
* Discussed the possibility of mosquitos as a malaria transmission vector (1899).
Line 59: Line 69:
* ''[[Brucellosis]]'' infections
* ''[[Brucellosis]]'' infections
* Used toxin/antitoxin as a vaccine for diphtheria (1909).
* Used toxin/antitoxin as a vaccine for diphtheria (1909).
* In the process of investigating an epidemic of infectious abortions of cattle in 1919, Smith described the bacteria responsible for fetal membrane disease in cows now known as ''[[Campylobacter fetus]]''.<ref name=Smith_1919>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=T. |last2=Taylor |first2=M.S. | title = Some morphological and biological characters of the ''Spirilla'' (''Vibrio fetus'', n. sp.) associated with the disease of the fetal membranes in cattle | journal = J Exp Med| year = 1919| volume = 30 | pages = 299–311| url= http://www.jem.org/cgi/reprint/30/4/299 | doi = 10.1084/jem.30.4.299 |pmid=19868360 | issue = 4|pmc=2126685}}</ref>
* In the process of investigating an epidemic of infectious abortions of cattle in 1919, Smith described the bacteria responsible for fetal membrane disease in cows now known as ''[[Campylobacter fetus]]''.<ref name=Smith_1919>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=T. |last2=Taylor |first2=M.S. | title = Some morphological and biological characters of the ''Spirilla'' (''Vibrio fetus'', n. sp.) associated with the disease of the fetal membranes in cattle | journal = J Exp Med| year = 1919| volume = 30 | pages = 299–311| url= http://www.jem.org/cgi/reprint/30/4/299 | doi = 10.1084/jem.30.4.299 |pmid=19868360 | issue = 4|pmc=2126685}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 66: Line 76:
== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Smith, Theobald |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Smith, Theobald |short=x}}
* [[Paul de Kruif]] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221187/page/n3/mode/2up ''Microbe Hunters''] (Blue Ribbon Books) Harcourt Brace & Company Inc., New York 1926: ch. VIII Theobald Smith: Ticks and Texas Fever (pp. 234-251)


{{Copley Medallists 1901–1950}}
{{Copley Medallists 1901–1950}}
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[[Category:George Washington University faculty]]
[[Category:George Washington University faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
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[[Category:Environmental health practitioners]]
[[Category:Environmental health practitioners]]
[[Category:Scientists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Scientists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Latest revision as of 09:13, 13 September 2024

Theobald Smith
Born(1859-07-31)July 31, 1859
Albany, New York
DiedDecember 10, 1934(1934-12-10) (aged 75)
New York City, New York
NationalityAmerican
Alma materCornell University, Albany Medical College
Known forTexas cattle fever, Salmonella
AwardsManson Medal (1932)
Copley Medal (1933)
Scientific career
FieldsEpidemiology
InstitutionsUS Department of Agriculture, Harvard University, Rockefeller University

Theobald Smith FRS(For)[1] HFRSE (July 31, 1859 – December 10, 1934) was a pioneering epidemiologist, bacteriologist, pathologist and professor. Smith is widely considered to be America's first internationally-significant medical research scientist.[2][3]

Smith's research work included the study of babesiosis (originally known as Texas cattle fever) and the more-general epidemiology of cattle diseases caused by tick borne diseases. He also described the bacterium Salmonella enterica (formerly called Salmonella choleraesuis), a species of Salmonella, named for the Bureau of Animal Industry chief Daniel E. Salmon. Additional work in studying the phenomena of anaphylaxis led to it being referred to as the Theobald Smith phenomenon.[1]

Smith taught at Columbian University (now George Washington University) and established the school's department of bacteriology, the first at a medical school in the United States.[1] He later worked at Harvard University and the Rockefeller Institute.

Education

[edit]

Smith was born in Albany, New York, the son of Philip Smith and his wife, Theresa Kexel.[4]

He received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from Cornell University in 1881, followed by an MD from Albany Medical College in 1883.[2]

After his graduation from medical school, Smith held a variety of temporary positions which might broadly be considered under the modern heading of "medical laboratory technician". After some prodding by his former professors, Smith secured a new research lab assistant position with the Veterinary Division of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in Washington, D.C., beginning his position there in December 1883.[5]

Research

[edit]

Smith became the Inspector of the newly created Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) in 1884. Established by Congress to combat a wide range of animal diseases—from infectious disease of swine to bovine pneumonia, Texas cattle fever to glanders—Smith worked under Daniel E. Salmon, a veterinarian and Chief of the BAI.[6] Smith also discovered the bacterial type species which would eventually form the genus Salmonella. After two years of work studying the efficacy of bacterial vaccination in pigs, Smith erroneously believed he had found the causative agent of hog cholera.[7]

Smith turned his attention to Texas fever, a debilitating cattle disease; this work is detailed in a chapter in Microbe Hunters, by Paul de Kruif. In 1889, he along with the veterinarian F.L. Kilbourne discovered Babesia bigemina, the tick-borne protozoan parasite responsible for Texas fever. This marked the first time that an arthropod had been definitively linked with the transmission of an infectious disease and presaged the eventual discovery of insects such as ticks and mosquitoes as important vectors in a number of diseases.

Smith also taught at Columbian University in Washington, D.C. (now George Washington University) from 1886 to 1895, establishing the school's Department of Bacteriology. In 1887, Smith began research on water sanitation in his spare time, investigating the level of fecal coliform contamination in the nearby Potomac River. Over the next five years, Smith expanded his studies to include the Hudson River and its tributaries.[8]

While Smith's work at the BAI had been highly productive, he found the rigid federal government bureaucracy stiffing and complained about the lack of leadership from his supervisor. In 1895 Smith moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to accept a dual appointment serving as professor of comparative pathology at Harvard University as well as directing the pathology lab at the Massachusetts State Board of Health.[5]

Smith joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research as Director of the Department of Animal Pathology in 1915 and remained there until his retirement in 1929.

He was a trustee of the Carnegie Institution from 1914 until his death in 1934.[9]

Law of declining virulence

[edit]

Smith's best-known contribution was the notion, long since disproved, that there would be a “delicate equilibrium” between hosts and pathogens such that they would develop a "mutually benign relationship" over time.[10] This was at most an educated guess and never became a scientific theory, but it became accepted as conventional wisdom and was even called the law of declining virulence. It has been disproved and replaced by the trade-off model, which explains that each host–pathogen relationship must be considered separately, that there is no general pattern that predicts how all of these relationships will develop, and that there is definitely no inevitability of decreased virulence.[10][11]

Awards and Honors

[edit]

Smith was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1896,[12] the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1908,[13] and the American Philosophical Society in 1915.[14] In 1933, Smith was awarded the Royal Society's prestigious Copley Medal "For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man.".

Publications

[edit]
  • Parasitism and Disease (1934)

Other discoveries

[edit]
  • Observed differences between human and bovine tuberculosis (1895).
  • Discussed the possibility of mosquitos as a malaria transmission vector (1899).
  • Variation and bacterial pathogenesis (1900).
  • Discovered anaphylaxis (1903), which is also sometimes referred to as "Theobald Smith's phenomenon".[15]
  • Brucellosis infections
  • Used toxin/antitoxin as a vaccine for diphtheria (1909).
  • In the process of investigating an epidemic of infectious abortions of cattle in 1919, Smith described the bacteria responsible for fetal membrane disease in cows now known as Campylobacter fetus.[16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Nuttall, G. H. F. (1935). "Theobald Smith. 1859-1934". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (4): 514–521. Bibcode:1935SciMo..40..196W. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0014. JSTOR 768981. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b Dolman, C.E.; Wolfe, R.J. (2003). Suppressing the Diseases of Animals and Man: Theobald Smith, Microbiologist. Boston Medical Library. ISBN 0-674-01220-8.
  3. ^ Middleton, James (July 1914). "A Great American Scientist: Dr. Theobald Smith, Head of The New Department Of Animal Diseases At The Rockefeller Institute". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV (2). Doubleday, Page & Co.: 299–302. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  4. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  5. ^ a b Kruif, Paul De (2002) [1926]. Microbe Hunters. Harvest Books. ISBN 0-15-602777-1.
  6. ^ J.H., Brown (1 July 1935). "Theobald Smith 1859-1934". J Bacteriol. 30 (1): 1–3. Bibcode:1935SciMo..40..196W. doi:10.1128/JB.30.1.1-3.1935. PMC 543631. PMID 16559815.
  7. ^ "Theobald Smith, 1859-1934: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute" (PDF). ASM News. 50: 577–80. 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-07.
  8. ^ T., Smith (1893). "A new method for determining quantitatively the pollution of water by fecal bacteria". 13th Annual Report of the State Board of Health of New York for 1892: 712–22.
  9. ^ Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year Book No. 47, July 1, 1947 – June 30, 1948 (PDF). Washington, DC. 1948. p. vi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ a b Fall, Ed; Yates, Christian (1 February 2021). "Will coronavirus really evolve to become less deadly?". The Conversation. Retrieved 29 November 2021. The trade-off model is now widely accepted. It emphasises that each host-pathogen combination must be considered individually. There is no general evolutionary law for predicting how these relationships will pan out, and certainly no justification for evoking the inevitability of decreased virulence.
    There is little or no direct evidence that virulence decreases over time. While newly emerged pathogens, such as HIV and Mers, are often highly virulent, the converse is not true. There are plenty of ancient diseases, such as tuberculosis and gonorrhoea, that are probably just as virulent today as they ever were.
  11. ^ Orent, Wendy (16 November 2020). "Will the Coronavirus Evolve to Be Less Deadly? - History and science suggesting many possible pathways for pandemics, but questions remain about how this one will end". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Theobald Smith". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  13. ^ "Theobald Smith". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  14. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  15. ^ "Whonamedit - dictionary of medical eponyms". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  16. ^ Smith, T.; Taylor, M.S. (1919). "Some morphological and biological characters of the Spirilla (Vibrio fetus, n. sp.) associated with the disease of the fetal membranes in cattle". J Exp Med. 30 (4): 299–311. doi:10.1084/jem.30.4.299. PMC 2126685. PMID 19868360.
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