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[[File:Electrical Power Grid - Poland.png|thumb|Power grid of 400/220/110 kV power lines in 2022]]
{{short description|Overview of the production, consumption, import and export of energy and electricity in Poland}}
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->


The '''Polish energy sector''' is the fifth largest in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/regions/europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529002049/https://www.iea.org/regions/europe |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> By the end of 2023, the [[Nameplate capacity|installed generation capacity]] had reached 55.216 GW,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Installed Capacity per Production Type |url=https://transparency.entsoe.eu/generation/r2/installedGenerationCapacityAggregation/show?name=&defaultValue=false&viewType=TABLE&areaType=CTY&atch=false&dateTime.dateTime=01.01.2023+00:00&#124;UTC&#124;YEAR&dateTime.endDateTime=&area.values=CTY&#124;10YPL-AREA-----S!CTY&#124;10YPL-AREA-----S&productionType.values=B01&productionType.values=B02&productionType.values=B03&productionType.values=B04&productionType.values=B05&productionType.values=B06&productionType.values=B07&productionType.values=B08&productionType.values=B09&productionType.values=B10&productionType.values=B11&productionType.values=B12&productionType.values=B13&productionType.values=B14&productionType.values=B20&productionType.values=B15&productionType.values=B16&productionType.values=B17&productionType.values=B18&productionType.values=B19 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=ENTSO-E Transparency Platform}}</ref> while [[Electric energy consumption|electricity consumption]] for that year was 167.52 TWh and [[Electricity generation|generation]] was 163.63 TWh,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=PSE: Krajowe zużycie energii elektrycznej spadło o 3,44% r/r w 2023 r. - WysokieNapiecie.pl |url=https://wysokienapiecie.pl/krotkie-spiecie/pse-krajowe-zu-ycie-energii-elektrycznej-spad-o-o-3-44-r-r-w-2023-r/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115141549/https://wysokienapiecie.pl/krotkie-spiecie/pse-krajowe-zu-ycie-energii-elektrycznej-spad-o-o-3-44-r-r-w-2023-r/ |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=wysokienapiecie.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> with 26% of this coming from [[Renewable energy|renewables]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Alicja |date=2024-01-03 |title=Poland produced record 26% of electricity from renewables in 2023 |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/01/03/poland-produced-record-26-of-electricity-from-renewables-in-2023/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>
The Polish energy sector is the fifth largest in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/regions/europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529002049/https://www.iea.org/regions/europe |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2022, the country consumed 13.16 TWh of electricity, importing 3 114 GWh thereof.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spada konsumpcja i produkcja prądu w Polsce |url=https://energia.rp.pl/elektroenergetyka/art38977791-spada-konsumpcja-i-produkcja-pradu-w-polsce |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Rzeczpospolita |language=pl}}</ref>


In detail, the data presents as follows (year-over-year changes from 2022 in brackets):<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />
The Polish [[energy mix]] in 2021 is dominated by hard coal (approx. 48%) and lignite (24%). When it comes to [[renewable energy|green energy]], wind installations had the highest contribution of 9%, with other sources playing a smaller part, but growing at a faster pace.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Produkcja energii elektrycznej w Polsce {{!}} Rynek Elektryczny|url=https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/produkcja-energii-elektrycznej-w-polsce/|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> The future plan is to generate at least 50% of electricity from renewable sources by 2040, by which time coal will cease to generate electricity.

* '''Installed generation capacity:''' 55.216&nbsp;GW ({{Increase}} 9.82%)
* '''Electricity consumption:''' 167.52&nbsp;TWh ({{DecreasePositive|}} 3.44%)
* '''Electricity generation:''' 163.63&nbsp;TWh ({{DecreaseNeutral}} 6.58%)
** '''Renewables:''' 39.42&nbsp;TWh ({{Increase}} 34.72%)
*** '''Wind:''' 22.12&nbsp;TWh ({{Increase}} 20.18%)
*** '''Solar:''' 13.22&nbsp;TWh
*** '''Biomass:''' 2.12&nbsp;TWh
*** '''Hydropower:''' 1.81&nbsp;TWh
** '''Fossil:'''
*** '''Hard-coal:''' 76.61&nbsp;TWh ({{DecreasePositive|}} 12.71%)
*** '''Lignite:''' 34.57&nbsp;TWh ({{DecreasePositive|}} 26.41%)
*** '''Gas:''' 13.65&nbsp;TWh ({{IncreaseNegative}} 36.48%)
*** '''Oil:''' 2.54&nbsp;TWh


== Poland's 2040 energy plan==
== Poland's 2040 energy plan==
Poland's energy and climate policies are primarily outlined in two documents: the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), which is mandatory for all countries in the [[European Union]] (EU), and the country-specific Energy Policy of Poland 2040 (EPP2040). The NECP lays out the necessary policies and measures for Poland to meet its [[energy sector]] goals as established by EU directives. Meanwhile, the EPP2040 serves as the national framework for the country's energy transition, aligned with the NECP, with the aim of putting the country on a path to a [[zero-carbon economy]].<ref name=":5" />
PEP2040 is a government plan for the Polish fuel and energy sector, which aims for 50% zero-emissions by 2040. It envisions building offshore wind farms and commissioning a nuclear power plant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Kurtyka: "Polityka energetyczna Polski do 2040 r." udziela odpowiedzi na najważniejsze wyzwania stojące przed krajową energetyką w najbliższych dziesięcioleciach|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/klimat/minister-kurtyka-polityka-energetyczna-polski-do-2040-r-udziela-odpowiedzi-na-najwazniejsze-wyzwania-stojace-przed-polska-energetyka-w-najblizszych-dziesiecioleciach}}</ref> The draft was presented in September 2020, aiming to tackle climate change, energy security, and a [[just transition]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zaktualizowany projekt Polityki energetycznej Polski do 2040 r.|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/aktywa-panstwowe/zaktualizowany-projekt-polityki-energetycznej-polski-do-2040-r}}</ref> Poland aims to build 6–9 GW of nuclear power by 2040,<ref>{{cite web |last1=S.A |first1=PGE Systemy |title=About the Company |url=https://ppej.pl/en/about-the-company |website=ppej.pl}}</ref> with the first reactor operational by 2032 or 2033.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Koniec czekania. Polska będzie miała elektrownię jądrową. Atomowy kontrakt podpisany |url=https://next.gazeta.pl/next/7,151003,30235655,koniec-czekania-polska-bedzie-miala-elektrownie-jadrowa-atomowy.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=nextgazetapl |language=pl}}</ref>

PEP2040 is a government plan for the Polish fuel and energy sector, which envisions expanding renewables capacity, building offshore wind farms, and commissioning a nuclear power plant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Kurtyka: "Polityka energetyczna Polski do 2040 r." udziela odpowiedzi na najważniejsze wyzwania stojące przed krajową energetyką w najbliższych dziesięcioleciach|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/klimat/minister-kurtyka-polityka-energetyczna-polski-do-2040-r-udziela-odpowiedzi-na-najwazniejsze-wyzwania-stojace-przed-polska-energetyka-w-najblizszych-dziesiecioleciach}}</ref> The plan was adopted in February 2021,<ref name=":5" /> aiming to tackle climate change, energy security, and a [[just transition]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zaktualizowany projekt Polityki energetycznej Polski do 2040 r.|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/aktywa-panstwowe/zaktualizowany-projekt-polityki-energetycznej-polski-do-2040-r}}</ref> Poland aims to build 6–9 GW of nuclear power by 2040,<ref>{{cite web |last1=S.A |first1=PGE Systemy |title=About the Company |url=https://ppej.pl/en/about-the-company |website=ppej.pl}}</ref> with the first reactor operational by 2032 or 2033.<ref name="gaz2611">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Koniec czekania. Polska będzie miała elektrownię jądrową. Atomowy kontrakt podpisany |url=https://next.gazeta.pl/next/7,151003,30235655,koniec-czekania-polska-bedzie-miala-elektrownie-jadrowa-atomowy.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=nextgazetapl |language=pl}}</ref>


== Energy statistics ==
== Energy statistics ==
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|
|
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|+Production capacities for electricity<br>(billion kWh)
|+Production capacities for electricity<br>(TWh)
!Type!!Amount
!Type!!Amount
|-
|-
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|valign=top|
|valign=top|
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|+Electricity<br>(billion kWh)
|+Electricity<br>(TWh)
!Category!!Amount
!Category!!Amount
|-
|-
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'''CO<sub>2</sub> emissions:'''<br>279.22 million tons
'''CO<sub>2</sub> emissions:'''<br>279.22 million tons
|}
|}

[[File:Polish-electricity-mix.svg|center|thumb|Poland electricity generation by source|600px]]


== Fossil fuels ==
== Fossil fuels ==
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In 2009 Poland produced 78 [[megatonne]]s (Mt) of hard coal and 57 Mt of [[Lignite|brown coal]]. As of 2020, extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive so reliant on government subsidies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poland to subsidise coal power amid high CO2 prices – deputy PM|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-to-subsidise-coal-power-amid-high-co2-prices---deputy-pm-21215|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.thefirstnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=Polish govt, unions initial plan to phase out coal by 2049|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-poland-coal-mining-katowice-state-budgets-2f5b222e47418657b42ffb568c7038dc|access-date=2021-12-20|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> In September 2020, the government and mining unions agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049,<ref name=telegraph-20201022>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/environment/2020/10/22/can-poland-dirty-man-europe-end-love-affair-coal/ |title=Can Poland, the dirty man of Europe, end its love affair with coal? |last1=Gatten |first1=Emma |last2=Suszko |first2=Agnieszka |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> with coal used in power generation falling to negligible levels in 2032.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economics to Drive Coal Decline, Renewables Growth in Poland |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/economics-to-drive-coal-decline-renewables-growth-in-poland/ |date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
In 2009 Poland produced 78 [[megatonne]]s (Mt) of hard coal and 57 Mt of [[Lignite|brown coal]]. As of 2020, extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive so reliant on government subsidies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poland to subsidise coal power amid high CO2 prices – deputy PM|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-to-subsidise-coal-power-amid-high-co2-prices---deputy-pm-21215|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.thefirstnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=Polish govt, unions initial plan to phase out coal by 2049|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-poland-coal-mining-katowice-state-budgets-2f5b222e47418657b42ffb568c7038dc|access-date=2021-12-20|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> In September 2020, the government and mining unions agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049,<ref name=telegraph-20201022>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/environment/2020/10/22/can-poland-dirty-man-europe-end-love-affair-coal/ |title=Can Poland, the dirty man of Europe, end its love affair with coal? |last1=Gatten |first1=Emma |last2=Suszko |first2=Agnieszka |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> with coal used in power generation falling to negligible levels in 2032.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economics to Drive Coal Decline, Renewables Growth in Poland |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/economics-to-drive-coal-decline-renewables-growth-in-poland/ |date=6 February 2023}}</ref>


The [[Bełchatów Power Station]] in the [[Łódź]] region supplies almost 20% of Poland's energy. It is the largest brown coal power plant in the EU, and also the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bełchatów wciąż emituje najwięcej dwutlenku węgla w Europie |url=https://klimat.rp.pl/emisje/art36069631-belchatow-wciaz-emituje-najwiecej-dwutlenku-wegla-w-europie |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Rzeczpospolita |language=pl}}</ref>
==== Coal and the environment====
Coal mining has far-reaching effects on local water resources. Coal mining requires large amounts of water. Mining activities have dropped the water level of Lake [[Ostrowskie Lake|Ostrowskie]] by almost two meters in the [[Kuyavia]]–[[Pomerania]] and the lakes in the [[Powidz Landscape Park]]. According to Poznań's [[Poznań University of Agriculture|University of Agriculture]], the water drainage in the [[Kleczew]] brown coal mining areas has formed craters in the area.<ref name="truecost" /> Statistics from Eurostat shows that Poland accounts for 30% of the European Union's annual consumption of coal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/poland-accounts-for-almost-a-third-of-the-eus-coal-consumption/ |title=Poland accounts for almost a third of the EU's coal consumption|date=2019-08-26 |website=Emerging Europe {{!}} News, Intelligence, Community|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>


In 2020, coal played a significant role in Poland's [[energy mix]], making up 69.5% of the nation's [[energy production]] and 68.5% of its [[electricity generation]]. It accounted for 40.2% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The largest portion of coal consumption was in electricity and heat generation, representing 75.6% of the total demand. The industrial sector followed, utilizing 14.5%, and buildings were responsible for 9.9% of coal usage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland 2022 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/poland-2022 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
Ten coal power stations in Poland and Germany account for 13 per cent of the EU’s total emissions and 25% of all emissions from the power sector in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Repeat offenders’: These are the top 10 most polluting power plants in Europe |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/05/23/repeat-offenders-these-are-the-top-10-most-polluting-power-plants-in-europe |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

====Coal and the public====

In April 2008, five thousand people demonstrated in [[Kruszwica]] to protect cultural heritage and the nature reserve at Lake [[Gopło]]. This was the first protest of its kind in the country's history. [[Gopło Landscape Park|Gopło Millennium Park]] (''Nadgoplański Park Tysiąclecia'') is protected by the European Union's [[Natura 2000]] program and includes a major [[bird sanctuary]]. The [[Tomisławice, Łódź Voivodeship|Tomisławice]] [[Open-pit mining|opencast mine]] (less than 10 kilometers away from the Kruszwica mine) was due to open in 2009.<ref name="truecost" />

In 2021 demonstrations took place with coal workers protesting against the EU plans to close coal as an energy source<ref>{{cite web |title=Polish miners, power workers, protest shift away from coal |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-government-and-politics-environment-and-nature-business-be04247b5ffd9967fd096161e9456b21 |date=9 June 2021}}</ref> and later to close the Turow brown coal mine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Polish miners protest EU court order to close Turow coal mine |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/10/22/polish-miners-protest-eu-court-order-to-close-turow-coal-mine |date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

==== Coal and business====
The [[Bełchatów Power Station]] in the [[Łódź]] region supplies almost 20% of Poland's energy. It is the largest brown coal power plant in the EU, and also the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bełchatów wciąż emituje najwięcej dwutlenku węgla w Europie |url=https://klimat.rp.pl/emisje/art36069631-belchatow-wciaz-emituje-najwiecej-dwutlenku-wegla-w-europie |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Rzeczpospolita |language=pl}}</ref>


=== Gas ===
=== Gas ===
During the April [[2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute]], Russia cut off natural gas deliveries to Poland after demanding to be paid in [[Russian ruble]]s during currency disruptions caused by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia cuts gas supplies to Poland and Bulgaria |website=[[NPR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064506/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/27/1095099692/russia-cuts-gas-supplies-to-poland-and-bulgaria |archive-date=2023-04-18 |url-status=live |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/27/1095099692/russia-cuts-gas-supplies-to-poland-and-bulgaria}}</ref>
During the April [[2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute]], Russia cut off natural gas deliveries to Poland after demanding to be paid in [[Russian ruble]]s during currency disruptions caused by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia cuts gas supplies to Poland and Bulgaria |website=[[NPR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064506/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/27/1095099692/russia-cuts-gas-supplies-to-poland-and-bulgaria |archive-date=2023-04-18 |url-status=live |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/27/1095099692/russia-cuts-gas-supplies-to-poland-and-bulgaria}}</ref>


In September 2022 a gas pipeline connecting Poland with Denmark, allowing gas from Norway to pass through to Poland was commissioned.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEF Energy: the Baltic Pipe celebrates its commissioning in Poland |url=https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/cef-energy-baltic-pipe-celebrates-its-commissioning-poland-2022-09-27_en |date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
In September 2022 a gas pipeline connecting Poland with [[Denmark]], allowing gas from Norway to pass through to Poland was commissioned.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEF Energy: the Baltic Pipe celebrates its commissioning in Poland |url=https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/cef-energy-baltic-pipe-celebrates-its-commissioning-poland-2022-09-27_en |date=27 September 2022}}</ref>


In 2020, [[natural gas]] constituted a notable component of Poland's energy mix, representing 6% of energy production and 17% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The industrial sector emerged as the primary consumer, consuming 49% of the total natural gas. Residential buildings followed with a 23% share, co-generation processes accounted for 19%, service sector buildings utilized 7%, and the transport sector comprised the smallest share at 2%.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Poland 2022 - Energy Policy Review |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b9ea5a7d-3e41-4318-a69e-f7d456ebb118/Poland2022.pdf |website=International Energy Agency}}</ref>
== Electricity ==
[[File:Poland-electricity-sources.svg|center|thumb|Poland electricity generation by source|600px]]
In 2018 48% of electricity produced in Poland came from hard coal, 29% from [[brown coal]], 13% from renewable sources (mostly wind power) and 7% from natural gas.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5485/4/14/1/gospodarka_paliwowo-energetyczna_w_latach_2017_i_2018.pdf |title=Energy statistics in 2017 and 2018|access-date=2020-03-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200223205634/https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5485/4/14/1/gospodarka_paliwowo-energetyczna_w_latach_2017_i_2018.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In parts of 2020, electricity [[cost]]s in Poland were the highest in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poland's wholesale electricity prices rise to the highest in Europe |url=https://ember-climate.org/commentary/2020/10/23/polands-electricity-prices-rise-to-the-highest-in-europe/ |website=Ember |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104232242/https://ember-climate.org/commentary/2020/10/23/polands-electricity-prices-rise-to-the-highest-in-europe/ |archive-date=4 November 2020 |date=23 October 2020 |quote=In April 2020, Poland’s wholesale electricity prices exceeded Greece’s and since then have continued to be the most expensive |url-status=live}}</ref>


==Renewable energy==
==Renewable energy==
[[File:Elektrownia Wiatrowa w Wałdowie.JPG|thumb|Wind turbines in [[Wałdowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Wałdowo]]]]


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|+
|+Years in which the last three renewable power levels achieved
|-
!Achievement!!Year !!Achievement!!Year !!Achievement!!Year
|-
| 5% || 1993|| 10% || 2011 ||15% || 2019<ref name="wor20"/>
|-
|-

|}
|}
Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources.

A binding European Union resolution, the [[Renewable Energy Directive 2009]], stipulates a 15% [[renewable energy]] target for total energy use in Poland by 2020. According to the Polish [[National Renewable Energy Action Plan]], the 2020 figure is set to exceed this target by 0.5% at 15.5% of overall energy use, broken down as 19.1% of total electricity consumption, 17% in the heating and cooling sector, and 10.1% in the transport sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans|title=National action plans – Energy – European Commission|website=Energy|date=31 July 2014|language=en|access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>

As of 2014–2015 renewable energy provided around 10% of total primary energy supply in Poland as well as around 13% of total electricity generation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/energy-policies-of-iea-countries---poland-2016-review.html|title=Publication: Energy Policies of IEA Countries – Poland 2016 Review|website=www.iea.org|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

=== Progress towards targets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; text-align: right&quot"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; text-align: right&quot"
|+
|+Renewable energy progress report
Renewable energy as part of the energy mix
!
!
!2013<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports|title=Progress reports – Energy – European Commission|website=Energy|date=31 July 2014|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref>
!2013<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports|title=Progress reports – Energy – European Commission|website=Energy|date=31 July 2014|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref>
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!2020<ref name="15-19" />
!2020<ref name="15-19" />
!2021<ref name="15-19" />
!2021<ref name="15-19" />
!2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energia ze źródeł odnawialnych w 2022 r. |url=https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5485/10/6/1/energia_ze_zrodel_odnawialnych_w_2022_r..pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224170321/https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5485/10/6/1/energia_ze_zrodel_odnawialnych_w_2022_r..pdf |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
| align="left" |Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector
| align="left" |Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector
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|22,00%
|22,00%
|22.14%
|22.14%
|21.03%
|21.00%
|22.71%
|-
|-
| align="left" |Renewable energy share of electricity sector
| align="left" |Renewable energy share of electricity sector
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|16.24%
|16.24%
|17.17%
|17.17%
|21.01%
|-
|-
| align="left" |Renewable energy share of transport sector
| align="left" |Renewable energy share of transport sector
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|6.58%
|6.58%
|5.66%
|5.66%
|5.53%
|-
|-
| align="left" |'''Renewable energy share of total energy consumption'''
| align="left" |'''Renewable energy share of total energy consumption'''
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|'''15.38%'''
|'''15.38%'''
|'''16.13%'''
|'''16.13%'''
|'''15.62%'''
|'''15.61%'''
|'''16.81%'''
|}
|}
As of year end 2014 Poland had achieved an 11.45% share of renewable energy use as a percentage of overall energy usage. The overall 2014 share breaks down as 13.95% of the heating and cooling sector, 12.40% of the electricity sector and 5.67% of the transport sector.

=== Sources ===
=== Sources ===


==== Biomass and waste ====
==== Biomass and waste ====
As of 2015 Biomass and waste was the largest source of renewable energy in Poland providing an estimated 8.9% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in that year and an estimated 6.1% of electricity generation.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019 there were 1,142 MW installed capacity power.<ref name="irena2020">{{cite book |last1=IRENA |title=Renewable capacity statistics 2020 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) |date=2020 |isbn=978-92-9260-239-0 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2020.pdf}}</ref>
As of 2015 Biomass and waste was the largest source of renewable energy in Poland providing an estimated 8.9% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in that year and an estimated 6.1% of electricity generation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Publication: Energy Policies of IEA Countries – Poland 2016 Review |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/energy-policies-of-iea-countries---poland-2016-review.html |access-date=2017-06-03 |website=www.iea.org}}</ref> In 2019 there were 1,142 MW installed capacity power.<ref name="irena2020">{{cite book |last1=IRENA |title=Renewable capacity statistics 2020 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) |date=2020 |isbn=978-92-9260-239-0 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2020.pdf}}</ref>


Solid biomass is the most important source by volume, providing fuel for heat and power plants or consumed directly for industrial or household heat requirements. Biogasses are also used in heat and power plants as well whilst waste is mainly used as a fuel in industry.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014 0.7 Mtoe of biofuels were used in transport, 81% as biodiesel and 19% as biogasoline, making up 5% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector in 2014.<ref name=":0" />
Solid biomass is the most important source by volume, providing fuel for heat and power plants or consumed directly for industrial or household heat requirements. Biogasses are also used in heat and power plants as well whilst waste is mainly used as a fuel in industry.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014 0.7 Mtoe of biofuels were used in transport, 81% as biodiesel and 19% as biogasoline, making up 5% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector in 2014.<ref name=":0" />


==== Wind power ====
==== Wind power ====
{{Main |Wind power in Poland}}As of December 31, 2023, Poland had a total of 9,428.3 MW in [[wind power]] grid-connected capacity.<ref name="rynekelektryczny.pl">{{Cite web |title=Moc zainstalowana farm wiatrowych w Polsce &#124; Rynek Elektryczny |url=https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-farm-wiatrowych-w-polsce/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-oze-w-polsce/]</ref> Poland's 2040 energy plan (PEP2040) forecasts that that the country will install up to 20 GW of land-based grid-connected wind power.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Perzyński |first=Jacek |date=2023-06-13 |title=Do 2040 roku Polska na transformację energetyczną wyda ponad 726 mld zł |url=https://biznesalert.pl/polska-transformacja-energetyczna-oze-atom-wegiel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627100454/https://biznesalert.pl/polska-transformacja-energetyczna-oze-atom-wegiel/ |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=BiznesAlert.pl}}</ref>
{{Main |Wind power in Poland}}


However, a report from April 2024 highlights that Poland's integration of wind power into the national grid has encountered significant challenges. Despite ambitious plans for expansion, the practical implementation faces operational difficulties. For instance, due to favorable weather conditions leading to an electricity oversupply, wind farms with a capacity of about 1.9 gigawatts had to be shut down on a specific Sunday. This curtailment was part of a broader adjustment affecting 4.5 gigawatts of renewable energy, necessitated by low demand at the time, even though renewables were supplying over half of the national power demand, which stood at 17.7 gigawatts. This incident underscores the complex challenges of managing intermittent energy sources within a grid that still relies significantly on coal. With a current installed capacity of 10.1 gigawatts, Poland continues to navigate the intricacies of integrating a growing share of renewable energy into its power infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-14 |title=Poland Curbs Output From Wind and Solar Farms Amid Oversupply |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-14/poland-curbs-output-from-wind-and-solar-farms-amid-oversupply |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Elektrownia Wiatrowa w Wałdowie.JPG|thumb|Wind turbines in [[Wałdowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Wałdowo]]]]
Wind power is becoming more important, passing 1,000MW capacity in 2010 and 5,000MW in 2015. The Polish [[National Renewable Energy Action Plan|NREAP]] plan of 6,700 MW of wind power by 2020 was almost met, whilst EWEA's 2009 forecast suggests a higher wind capacity of 10–12&nbsp;GW is possible.<ref name="EWEA2050" />

Wind power is estimated to have provided 6.6% of total electricity generation in 2015.<ref name=":0" /> The total [[wind power]] grid-connected capacity in Poland was 8,857.2 MW as of 30 june 2023.<ref>[https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-oze-w-polsce/]</ref><ref name="rynekelektryczny.pl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-farm-wiatrowych-w-polsce/|title = Moc zainstalowana farm wiatrowych w Polsce &#124; Rynek Elektryczny}}</ref>


'''Offshore wind'''
'''Offshore wind'''
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Poland's "Offshore Wind Act" came into force in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=The birth of offshore wind in Poland|url=https://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/the-birth-of-offshore-wind-in-poland/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=WindEurope}}</ref> The main purpose of the Act is to set the framework for a dedicated subsidy scheme for offshore wind projects. However, it also addresses other relevant issues pertaining to the development and operation of offshore projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish Offshore Wind Act – current status|url=https://www.cms-lawnow.com/ealerts/2020/09/polish-offshore-wind-act-current-status|access-date=2020-11-22|website=www.cms-lawnow.com|language=en}}</ref>
Poland's "Offshore Wind Act" came into force in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=The birth of offshore wind in Poland|url=https://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/the-birth-of-offshore-wind-in-poland/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=WindEurope}}</ref> The main purpose of the Act is to set the framework for a dedicated subsidy scheme for offshore wind projects. However, it also addresses other relevant issues pertaining to the development and operation of offshore projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish Offshore Wind Act – current status|url=https://www.cms-lawnow.com/ealerts/2020/09/polish-offshore-wind-act-current-status|access-date=2020-11-22|website=www.cms-lawnow.com|language=en}}</ref>


According to Polish Wind Energy Association (PWEA), offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea with an overall capacity of 5.9 GW are set to "receive support under a two-sided contract for difference between the investor and the regulator. Awarding support under this formula will be time-limited until the end of June 2021." In a second phase, contracts are planned to be awarded by auctions. The first is to take place in 2025. The PWEA said that support will be available for projects with a total capacity of 2.5 GW in each of the auctions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poland creates legal framework for offshore wind development in the Baltic Sea|url=https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/news/poland-creates-legal-framework-for-offshore-wind|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Pinsent Masons|language=en-GB}}</ref> By 2050, Poland wants a massive 28 GW in offshore sector, which would make Poland the largest operator of offshore wind in the Baltic Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://windeurope.org/newsroom/news/poland-adopts-historic-offshore-wind-act/|title=Poland adopts historic Offshore Wind Act|website=WindEurope|date=14 January 2021|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
According to Polish Wind Energy Association (PWEA), offshore wind farms in the [[Baltic Sea]] with an overall capacity of 5.9 GW are set to "receive support under a two-sided contract for difference between the investor and the regulator. Awarding support under this formula will be time-limited until the end of June 2021." In a second phase, contracts are planned to be awarded by auctions. The first is to take place in 2025. The PWEA said that support will be available for projects with a total capacity of 2.5 GW in each of the auctions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poland creates legal framework for offshore wind development in the Baltic Sea|url=https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/news/poland-creates-legal-framework-for-offshore-wind|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Pinsent Masons|language=en-GB}}</ref> By 2050, Poland wants a massive 28 GW in offshore sector, which would make Poland the largest operator of offshore wind in the Baltic Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://windeurope.org/newsroom/news/poland-adopts-historic-offshore-wind-act/|title=Poland adopts historic Offshore Wind Act|website=WindEurope|date=14 January 2021|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>


On 1 July 2020 representatives of the Polish government and Polish wind energy industry signed a “Letter of Intent on cooperation for development of offshore wind power in Poland”. The letter acknowledges the role of offshore wind in meeting the European Union's Green Deal objectives while increasing the security of energy supply and reducing Poland's CO2 emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=Polish Govt and Wind Energy Industry Sign Offshore Wind Co-Op Deal|url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/07/02/polish-govt-and-wind-energy-industry-sign-offshore-wind-co-op-deal/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Offshore Wind|language=en-US}}</ref>
On 1 July 2020 representatives of the Polish government and Polish wind energy industry signed a “Letter of Intent on cooperation for development of offshore wind power in Poland”. The letter acknowledges the role of offshore wind in meeting the European Union's Green Deal objectives while increasing the security of energy supply and reducing Poland's CO2 emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=Polish Govt and Wind Energy Industry Sign Offshore Wind Co-Op Deal|url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/07/02/polish-govt-and-wind-energy-industry-sign-offshore-wind-co-op-deal/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Offshore Wind|language=en-US}}</ref>


In its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) Poland identified offshore wind as one of key technologies to meet its goals for renewable energy for 2030. Offshore wind has also been described as strategic in the draft of Poland's Energy Policy until 2040. It will help diversifying the Polish national power generation structure that today heavily depends on coal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vizzuality|title=Energy Policy of Poland unt... – Poland – Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/geographies/poland/policies/energy-policy-of-poland-until-2030-and-2040-pep-2030-and-pep-2040|access-date=2020-11-22|website=climate-laws.org}}</ref>
In its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) Poland identified offshore wind as one of key technologies to meet its goals for renewable energy for 2030. Offshore wind has also been described as strategic in the draft of Poland's Energy Policy until 2040, with around 19 GW forecast to be constructed.<ref name=":4" /> It will help with diversifying Poland's national power generation structure that today heavily depends on coal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vizzuality|title=Energy Policy of Poland unt... – Poland – Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/geographies/poland/policies/energy-policy-of-poland-until-2030-and-2040-pep-2030-and-pep-2040|access-date=2020-11-22|website=climate-laws.org}}</ref>


==== Hydroelectric power ====
==== Hydroelectric power ====
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|92.75
|92.75
|pumped storage
|pumped storage
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zzw-niedzica.com.pl/elektrownia.htm#niedzica_dane_tech|title=ZEW Niedzica S.A.|language=pl|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.energoprojekt.pl/en/completed-projects/hydro-power-plants|title=Hydro Power Plants|last=Administrator|website=www.energoprojekt.pl|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zzw-niedzica.com.pl/elektrownia.htm#niedzica_dane_tech|title=ZEW Niedzica S.A.|language=pl|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065229/http://www.zzw-niedzica.com.pl/elektrownia.htm#niedzica_dane_tech|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.energoprojekt.pl/en/completed-projects/hydro-power-plants|title=Hydro Power Plants|last=Administrator|website=www.energoprojekt.pl|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-06-25|archive-date=2017-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231207/https://www.energoprojekt.pl/en/completed-projects/hydro-power-plants|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Dychów
|Dychów
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|50
|50
|run of the river
|run of the river
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tauron-ekoenergia.pl/elektrownie/energia-wodna/zew-krakow/Strony/elektrownia-wodna-roznow.aspx#ad-image-0|title=TAURON Ekoenergia Sp. z o.o.|language=pl|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030014421/http://www.tauron-ekoenergia.pl/elektrownie/energia-wodna/zew-krakow/Strony/elektrownia-wodna-roznow.aspx#ad-image-0|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kpmg.de/docs/central_and_eastern_european_hydro_power_outlook_web_secured.pdf|title=Central and Eastern European Hydroelectric Power Outlook, KPMG}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tauron-ekoenergia.pl/elektrownie/energia-wodna/zew-krakow/Strony/elektrownia-wodna-roznow.aspx#ad-image-0|title=TAURON Ekoenergia Sp. z o.o.|language=pl|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030014421/http://www.tauron-ekoenergia.pl/elektrownie/energia-wodna/zew-krakow/Strony/elektrownia-wodna-roznow.aspx#ad-image-0|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kpmg.de/docs/central_and_eastern_european_hydro_power_outlook_web_secured.pdf|title=Central and Eastern European Hydroelectric Power Outlook, KPMG|access-date=2017-06-25|archive-date=2013-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228025630/http://www.kpmg.de/docs/central_and_eastern_european_hydro_power_outlook_web_secured.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Grajówka
|Grajówka
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! colspan="6" |Future planned plants
! colspan="6" |Future planned plants
|-
|-
|Młoty (slated to be completed by 2030)
|Mloty
|''[[Dolnośląskie]]''
|''[[Dolnośląskie]]''
|
|
|1050
|750
|pumped storage
|pumped storage
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Na śląsku powstanie nowa elektrownia szczytowo-pompowa! |url=https://globenergia.pl/na-slasku-powstanie-nowa-elektrownia-szczytowo-pompowa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224200731/https://globenergia.pl/na-slasku-powstanie-nowa-elektrownia-szczytowo-pompowa/ |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=GLOBENERGIA |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
|<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forumees.pl/gfx/ees/userfiles/files/28_forum/3_stanislaw_blach.pdf|title=Mloty PSPS Project, EDF Polska}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}
|}


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==== Solar power ====
==== Solar power ====
{{Main |Solar power in Poland}}In 2019, the Polish government launched a scheme called "Mój Prąd",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Informacje szczegółowe o programie|url=https://mojprad.gov.pl/informacje-szczeg%C3%B3%C5%82owe-o-programie-m%C3%B3j-pr%C4%85d/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Mój Prąd|language=pl}}</ref> which is dedicated to supporting the development of prosumer energy, and specifically supporting the segment of photovoltaic (PV) micro-installations. The budget of the program is currently PLN 1.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Fotowoltaika: w listopadzie koniec budżetu "Mój prąd". Będzie bonus?|url=https://wysokienapiecie.pl/33094-fotowoltaika-w-listopadzie-koniec-budzetu-moj-prad-bedzie-bonus/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=WysokieNapiecie.pl|language=pl-PL}}</ref>
{{Main |Solar power in Poland}}In 2019, the Polish government launched a scheme called "Mój Prąd",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Informacje szczegółowe o programie|url=https://mojprad.gov.pl/informacje-szczeg%C3%B3%C5%82owe-o-programie-m%C3%B3j-pr%C4%85d/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Mój Prąd|language=pl|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128012141/https://mojprad.gov.pl/informacje-szczeg%C3%B3%C5%82owe-o-programie-m%C3%B3j-pr%C4%85d/|url-status=dead}}</ref> which is dedicated to supporting the development of prosumer energy, and specifically supporting the segment of photovoltaic (PV) micro-installations. The budget of the program is currently PLN 1.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=Fotowoltaika: w listopadzie koniec budżetu "Mój prąd". Będzie bonus?|url=https://wysokienapiecie.pl/33094-fotowoltaika-w-listopadzie-koniec-budzetu-moj-prad-bedzie-bonus/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=WysokieNapiecie.pl|language=pl-PL}}</ref>
As a result, in recent years there has been a significant increase in power in this segment of the energy sector. The total [[solar photovoltaics]] (PV) grid-connected capacity in Poland was 14,668.1 MW as of 31 July 2023.<ref>[https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-oze-w-polsce/]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce/ | title=Moc zainstalowana fotowoltaiki w Polsce &#124; Rynek Elektryczny }}</ref>
As a result, in recent years there has been a significant increase in power in this segment of the energy sector. The total [[solar photovoltaics]] (PV) grid-connected capacity in Poland was 17,057.1 MW as of 31 December 2023.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce/ | title=Moc zainstalowana fotowoltaiki w Polsce &#124; Rynek Elektryczny }}</ref><ref>[https://www.rynekelektryczny.pl/moc-zainstalowana-oze-w-polsce/]</ref>
{| class="wikitable nonsortable"
{| class="wikitable nonsortable"
|+PV in Poland (MW<sub>peak</sub>)<ref name="BaroPhoto2009">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro190.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2007">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro178.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2010">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2011">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro208.asp|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2012 – EurObserv'ER|website=eurobserv-er.org}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2013">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jdp11_en.pdf Photovoltaic energy barometer 2013 – EurObserv’ER]</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2014">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/EurObservER-barojdpv13-Photovoltaic-Barometer-2015-EN.pdf Photovoltaic energy barometer 2014 – EurObserv’ER]</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2016/|title=Photovoltaic barometer 2016 - EurObserv'ER|website=www.eurobserv-er.org|date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2017/|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2017 – EurObserv'ER|date=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2018/|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2018 – EurObserv'ER|date=28 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2019/|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2019 – EurObserv'ER|date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moc fotowoltaiki w Polsce przekroczyła 3 GW |url=https://wysokienapiecie.pl/33493-moc-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce-przekroczyla-3-gw/ |website=WysokieNapiecie.pl |language=pl-PL |date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moc fotowoltaiki w Polsce wyniosła 3,1 GW – Stowarzyszenie Energii Odnawialnej |url=http://seo.org.pl/moc-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce-wynsiosla-31-gw/ |language=pl-PL |date=6 November 2020|website=SEO.org.pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Polish solar capacity grows 9% in September |url=https://www.montelnews.com/fr/news/1164189/polish-solar-capacity-grows-9-in-september- |website=Montel |access-date=14 August 2021 |language= |date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Łączna moc zainstalowana w fotowoltaice sięga 3960 MW |url=https://globenergia.pl/3960-mw-fotowoltaika-oze-energetyka-are/ |website=GLOBEnergia |language=pl-PL |date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|+PV in Poland (MW<sub>peak</sub>)<ref name="BaroPhoto2009">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro190.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2007">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro178.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2010">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2011">[http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.asp Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro208.asp|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2012 – EurObserv'ER|website=eurobserv-er.org}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2013">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jdp11_en.pdf Photovoltaic energy barometer 2013 – EurObserv’ER]</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2014">[http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/EurObservER-barojdpv13-Photovoltaic-Barometer-2015-EN.pdf Photovoltaic energy barometer 2014 – EurObserv’ER]</ref><ref name="BaroPhoto2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2016/|title=Photovoltaic barometer 2016 - EurObserv'ER|website=www.eurobserv-er.org|date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2017/|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2017 – EurObserv'ER|date=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2018/|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2018 – EurObserv'ER|date=28 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2019/|title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2019 – EurObserv'ER|date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moc fotowoltaiki w Polsce przekroczyła 3 GW |url=https://wysokienapiecie.pl/33493-moc-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce-przekroczyla-3-gw/ |website=WysokieNapiecie.pl |language=pl-PL |date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moc fotowoltaiki w Polsce wyniosła 3,1 GW – Stowarzyszenie Energii Odnawialnej |url=http://seo.org.pl/moc-fotowoltaiki-w-polsce-wynsiosla-31-gw/ |language=pl-PL |date=6 November 2020|website=SEO.org.pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Polish solar capacity grows 9% in September |url=https://www.montelnews.com/fr/news/1164189/polish-solar-capacity-grows-9-in-september- |website=Montel |access-date=14 August 2021 |language= |date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Łączna moc zainstalowana w fotowoltaice sięga 3960 MW |url=https://globenergia.pl/3960-mw-fotowoltaika-oze-energetyka-are/ |website=GLOBEnergia |language=pl-PL |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802141720/https://globenergia.pl/3960-mw-fotowoltaika-oze-energetyka-are/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

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<!-- vertical bar chart -->
==Global warming==
{{Image frame
On November 4, 2021, Poland signed the 'Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement.
|width = 600
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|content=<div style="margin: 15px 5px -40px -50px; border: 0px red dotted; font-size:80%">{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| width = 600
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| group 1 = 1 : 2 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 30 : 111 : 3960 : 7670 : 12189 : 17057
| colors = #ffb612
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| units suffix = _MW
| x legends = 2009 : 2010 : 2011 : 2012 : 2013 : 2014 : 2015 : 2020 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023
}}</div>
|caption = '''PV in Poland (MW<sub>peak</sub>)'''
}}
{{clear}}

== Nuclear power ==
Poland is planning to have its first [[nuclear reactor]] built by 2032-33.<ref name="gaz2611"/>

Poland aims to integrate nuclear energy into its Energy Policy of Poland 2040, with plans to operationalize its first nuclear reactor, having a capacity of 1-1.6 gigawatts (GW), by 2033, and to establish six reactors with a combined capacity of 6-9 GW by 2043. This initiative is expected to enable [[nuclear power]] to contribute up to 16% of the nation's energy generation by 2040. The Polish Nuclear Power Programme (PNPP), launched in 2014 and updated in 2020, details these objectives, including safety, decommissioning, and waste management.<ref name=":5" />


== Pumped hydro and battery storage ==
April 2022 Jacek Sasin, minister for state assets and a deputy prime minister, said that the Russia-Ukraine war made it necessary for Poland to review an earlier energy strategy which assumed the closedown of coal energy
As of 2020, Poland had 1.7GW of pumped hydro capacity and 9MW of battery storage capacity. Those systems are mainly used for system balancing. As part of its 2040 energy plan, Poland aims to build an additional 1 GW of energy storage (which does not include any additional [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped hydro]] capacities).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland Electricity Security Policy – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/poland-electricity-security-policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926184350/https://www.iea.org/articles/poland-electricity-security-policy |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=Poland for energy transition but will continue coal |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-for-energy-transition-but-will-continue-coal-official-says-29407 |date= 2022-04-04|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="truecost">{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf |title=The True Cost of Coal |publisher=Greenpeace |date=November 27, 2008 |pages=6, 54–57 |access-date=2011-05-22 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230003323/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-30 }}</ref>


<!-- <ref name="IEA2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2009.pdf|title=Key World Energy Statistics|publisher=International Energy Agency|year=2009|format=PDF|access-date=2011-05-22}}</ref> -->
<!-- <ref name="IEA2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2009.pdf|title=Key World Energy Statistics|publisher=International Energy Agency|year=2009|format=PDF|access-date=2011-05-22}}</ref> -->
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<ref name="Sverigetab49">{{cite web|url=http://webbshop.cm.se/System/ViewResource.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&rl=default:/Resources/Permanent/enwiki/static/e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f/ET2010_46.pdf|title=Energy in Sweden Facts and Figures|year=2010|publisher=The Swedish Energy Agency|page=12|access-date=2011-05-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317175211/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/ViewResource.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&rl=default%3A%2FResources%2FPermanent%2FStatic%2Fe0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f%2FET2010_46.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Sverigetab49">{{cite web|url=http://webbshop.cm.se/System/ViewResource.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&rl=default:/Resources/Permanent/enwiki/static/e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f/ET2010_46.pdf|title=Energy in Sweden Facts and Figures|year=2010|publisher=The Swedish Energy Agency|page=12|access-date=2011-05-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317175211/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/ViewResource.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&rl=default%3A%2FResources%2FPermanent%2FStatic%2Fe0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f%2FET2010_46.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref>
-->
-->

<ref name="EWEA2050">
{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/reports/EWEA_EU_Energy_Policy_to_2050.pdf|title=EU Energy Police to 2050|date=March 2011|publisher=The European Wind Energy Association|access-date=2011-05-22}}</ref>


<!-- <ref name="yle-fi">{{cite web|url=http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/luonto_ja_ymparisto/2009/10/puola_ei_suostu_ilmastotalkoisiin_1050905.html|title=Puola ei suostu ilmastotalkoisiin|publisher=YLE|date=October 2, 2009|access-date=2011-05-22|language=fi}}</ref> -->
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* [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports European Commission renewable energy Progress Reports]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports European Commission renewable energy Progress Reports]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-directive/national-energy-efficiency-action-plans European Commission National Energy Efficiency Energy Action Plans]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-directive/national-energy-efficiency-action-plans European Commission National Energy Efficiency Energy Action Plans]
* [http://www.agora-energiewende.org/service/publikationen/publikation/pub-action/show/pub-title/report-on-the-polish-power-system/ Report on the Polish power system (PDF 1.44 MB), February 2014 ]
* [http://www.agora-energiewende.org/service/publikationen/publikation/pub-action/show/pub-title/report-on-the-polish-power-system/ Report on the Polish power system (PDF 1.44 MB), February 2014 ]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


{{Poland topics}}
{{Poland topics}}
{{Energy in Europe}}
{{Energy in Europe}}
{{Europe topic|Energy policy of}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}


Latest revision as of 11:58, 13 September 2024

Power grid of 400/220/110 kV power lines in 2022

The Polish energy sector is the fifth largest in Europe.[1] By the end of 2023, the installed generation capacity had reached 55.216 GW,[2] while electricity consumption for that year was 167.52 TWh and generation was 163.63 TWh,[3] with 26% of this coming from renewables.[4]

In detail, the data presents as follows (year-over-year changes from 2022 in brackets):[2][3][4]

  • Installed generation capacity: 55.216 GW (Increase 9.82%)
  • Electricity consumption: 167.52 TWh ( 3.44%)
  • Electricity generation: 163.63 TWh (Neutral decrease 6.58%)
    • Renewables: 39.42 TWh (Increase 34.72%)
      • Wind: 22.12 TWh (Increase 20.18%)
      • Solar: 13.22 TWh
      • Biomass: 2.12 TWh
      • Hydropower: 1.81 TWh
    • Fossil:
      • Hard-coal: 76.61 TWh ( 12.71%)
      • Lignite: 34.57 TWh ( 26.41%)
      • Gas: 13.65 TWh (Negative increase 36.48%)
      • Oil: 2.54 TWh

Poland's 2040 energy plan

[edit]

Poland's energy and climate policies are primarily outlined in two documents: the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), which is mandatory for all countries in the European Union (EU), and the country-specific Energy Policy of Poland 2040 (EPP2040). The NECP lays out the necessary policies and measures for Poland to meet its energy sector goals as established by EU directives. Meanwhile, the EPP2040 serves as the national framework for the country's energy transition, aligned with the NECP, with the aim of putting the country on a path to a zero-carbon economy.[5]

PEP2040 is a government plan for the Polish fuel and energy sector, which envisions expanding renewables capacity, building offshore wind farms, and commissioning a nuclear power plant.[6] The plan was adopted in February 2021,[5] aiming to tackle climate change, energy security, and a just transition.[7] Poland aims to build 6–9 GW of nuclear power by 2040,[8] with the first reactor operational by 2032 or 2033.[9]

Energy statistics

[edit]
2020 energy statistics[10]
Production capacities for electricity
(TWh)
Type Amount
Fossil fuel 330.43
Wind power 44.72
Biomass 24.84
Hydro 8.28
Solar 5.80
Total 414.07
     
Electricity
(TWh)
Category Amount
Consumption 149.20
Production 145.93
Import 20.62
Export 7.36
     
Natural Gas
(billion m3)
Consumption 21.46
Produce 5.67
Import 16.63
Export 0.70
     
Crude Oil
(barrels per day)
Consumption 254,660,000
Production 10,370,000
Import 197,870,000
Export 2,190,000

CO2 emissions:
279.22 million tons

Poland electricity generation by source

Fossil fuels

[edit]

Coal

[edit]
Main article: Coal mining in Poland

In 2009 Poland produced 78 megatonnes (Mt) of hard coal and 57 Mt of brown coal. As of 2020, extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive so reliant on government subsidies.[11][12] In September 2020, the government and mining unions agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049,[13] with coal used in power generation falling to negligible levels in 2032.[14]

The Bełchatów Power Station in the Łódź region supplies almost 20% of Poland's energy. It is the largest brown coal power plant in the EU, and also the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the region.[15]

In 2020, coal played a significant role in Poland's energy mix, making up 69.5% of the nation's energy production and 68.5% of its electricity generation. It accounted for 40.2% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The largest portion of coal consumption was in electricity and heat generation, representing 75.6% of the total demand. The industrial sector followed, utilizing 14.5%, and buildings were responsible for 9.9% of coal usage.[16][5]

Gas

[edit]

During the April 2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute, Russia cut off natural gas deliveries to Poland after demanding to be paid in Russian rubles during currency disruptions caused by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[17]

In September 2022 a gas pipeline connecting Poland with Denmark, allowing gas from Norway to pass through to Poland was commissioned.[18]

In 2020, natural gas constituted a notable component of Poland's energy mix, representing 6% of energy production and 17% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The industrial sector emerged as the primary consumer, consuming 49% of the total natural gas. Residential buildings followed with a 23% share, co-generation processes accounted for 19%, service sector buildings utilized 7%, and the transport sector comprised the smallest share at 2%.[5]

Renewable energy

[edit]
Renewable energy as part of the energy mix
2013[19] 2014[19] 2015[20] 2016[20] 2017[20] 2018[20] 2019[21] 2020[21] 2021[21] 2022[22]
Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector 14.07% 13.95% 14.54% 14.68% 14.48% 14.56% 22,00% 22.14% 21.00% 22.71%
Renewable energy share of electricity sector 10.73% 12.40% 13.43% 13.36% 13.09% 13.03% 14.36% 16.24% 17.17% 21.01%
Renewable energy share of transport sector 6.03% 5.67% 5.62% 3.92% 4.20% 5.63% 6.20% 6.58% 5.66% 5.53%
Renewable energy share of total energy consumption 11.34% 11.45% 11.74% 11.27% 10.90% 11.16% 15.38% 16.13% 15.61% 16.81%

Sources

[edit]

Biomass and waste

[edit]

As of 2015 Biomass and waste was the largest source of renewable energy in Poland providing an estimated 8.9% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in that year and an estimated 6.1% of electricity generation.[23] In 2019 there were 1,142 MW installed capacity power.[24]

Solid biomass is the most important source by volume, providing fuel for heat and power plants or consumed directly for industrial or household heat requirements. Biogasses are also used in heat and power plants as well whilst waste is mainly used as a fuel in industry.[23] In 2014 0.7 Mtoe of biofuels were used in transport, 81% as biodiesel and 19% as biogasoline, making up 5% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector in 2014.[23]

Wind power

[edit]
Main article: Wind power in Poland

As of December 31, 2023, Poland had a total of 9,428.3 MW in wind power grid-connected capacity.[25][26] Poland's 2040 energy plan (PEP2040) forecasts that that the country will install up to 20 GW of land-based grid-connected wind power.[27] However, a report from April 2024 highlights that Poland's integration of wind power into the national grid has encountered significant challenges. Despite ambitious plans for expansion, the practical implementation faces operational difficulties. For instance, due to favorable weather conditions leading to an electricity oversupply, wind farms with a capacity of about 1.9 gigawatts had to be shut down on a specific Sunday. This curtailment was part of a broader adjustment affecting 4.5 gigawatts of renewable energy, necessitated by low demand at the time, even though renewables were supplying over half of the national power demand, which stood at 17.7 gigawatts. This incident underscores the complex challenges of managing intermittent energy sources within a grid that still relies significantly on coal. With a current installed capacity of 10.1 gigawatts, Poland continues to navigate the intricacies of integrating a growing share of renewable energy into its power infrastructure.[28]

Wind turbines in Wałdowo

Offshore wind

In September 2020, the government announced a 130 billion zloty (£26.5 billion) plan to invest in offshore wind.[13]

Poland's "Offshore Wind Act" came into force in 2020.[29] The main purpose of the Act is to set the framework for a dedicated subsidy scheme for offshore wind projects. However, it also addresses other relevant issues pertaining to the development and operation of offshore projects.[30]

According to Polish Wind Energy Association (PWEA), offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea with an overall capacity of 5.9 GW are set to "receive support under a two-sided contract for difference between the investor and the regulator. Awarding support under this formula will be time-limited until the end of June 2021." In a second phase, contracts are planned to be awarded by auctions. The first is to take place in 2025. The PWEA said that support will be available for projects with a total capacity of 2.5 GW in each of the auctions.[31] By 2050, Poland wants a massive 28 GW in offshore sector, which would make Poland the largest operator of offshore wind in the Baltic Sea.[32]

On 1 July 2020 representatives of the Polish government and Polish wind energy industry signed a “Letter of Intent on cooperation for development of offshore wind power in Poland”. The letter acknowledges the role of offshore wind in meeting the European Union's Green Deal objectives while increasing the security of energy supply and reducing Poland's CO2 emissions.[33]

In its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) Poland identified offshore wind as one of key technologies to meet its goals for renewable energy for 2030. Offshore wind has also been described as strategic in the draft of Poland's Energy Policy until 2040, with around 19 GW forecast to be constructed.[27] It will help with diversifying Poland's national power generation structure that today heavily depends on coal.[34]

Hydroelectric power

[edit]
Name Location Coordinates Capacity (MWe) Type Ref
Żarnowiec Pomorskie 680 pumped storage [35]
Żar Śląskie 500 pumped storage [36]
Solina Solina 200 pumped storage [37]
Włocławek Kujawsko-Pomorskie 160 river dam [38]
Żydowo Zachodniopomorskie 150 pumped storage [39]
Niedzica Małopolskie 92.75 pumped storage [40][41]
Dychów Lubuskie 90 pumped storage [42]
Rożnów Małopolskie 50 run of the river [43][44]
Grajówka Lubuskie 2.79 run of the river [45][46]
Future planned plants
Młoty (slated to be completed by 2030) Dolnośląskie 1050 pumped storage [47]

A 2023 study suggested that Poland is currently only using around 15% of its total hydroelectric power capacity.[48] Poland currently has 786 hydroelectric power plants, the vast majority of which (705) are relatively small, generating no more than 1 MW. Many of the smaller power plants are privately owned by small firms and family businesses, with the bigger ones owned by major electricity producers or the state.[48]

Solar power

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Poland

In 2019, the Polish government launched a scheme called "Mój Prąd",[49] which is dedicated to supporting the development of prosumer energy, and specifically supporting the segment of photovoltaic (PV) micro-installations. The budget of the program is currently PLN 1.1 billion.[50]

As a result, in recent years there has been a significant increase in power in this segment of the energy sector. The total solar photovoltaics (PV) grid-connected capacity in Poland was 17,057.1 MW as of 31 December 2023.[51][52]

PV in Poland (MWpeak)[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][51]
2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023
0.3 2 110.9 193.9 287 486.5 3,960 7,670 12,189 17,057
PV in Poland (MWpeak)
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2020
2021
2022
2023

Nuclear power

[edit]

Poland is planning to have its first nuclear reactor built by 2032-33.[9]

Poland aims to integrate nuclear energy into its Energy Policy of Poland 2040, with plans to operationalize its first nuclear reactor, having a capacity of 1-1.6 gigawatts (GW), by 2033, and to establish six reactors with a combined capacity of 6-9 GW by 2043. This initiative is expected to enable nuclear power to contribute up to 16% of the nation's energy generation by 2040. The Polish Nuclear Power Programme (PNPP), launched in 2014 and updated in 2020, details these objectives, including safety, decommissioning, and waste management.[5]

Pumped hydro and battery storage

[edit]

As of 2020, Poland had 1.7GW of pumped hydro capacity and 9MW of battery storage capacity. Those systems are mainly used for system balancing. As part of its 2040 energy plan, Poland aims to build an additional 1 GW of energy storage (which does not include any additional pumped hydro capacities).[68]

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "Europe – Countries & Regions". IEA. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  2. ^ a b "Installed Capacity per Production Type". ENTSO-E Transparency Platform. 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
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  4. ^ a b Ptak, Alicja (2024-01-03). "Poland produced record 26% of electricity from renewables in 2023". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
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  7. ^ "Zaktualizowany projekt Polityki energetycznej Polski do 2040 r."
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  46. ^ "Grajówka". www.pgeeo.pl. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
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  54. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link‍] Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007
  55. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link‍]
  56. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER[permanent dead link‍]
  57. ^ "Photovoltaic energy barometer 2012 – EurObserv'ER". eurobserv-er.org.[permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2013 – EurObserv’ER
  59. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2014 – EurObserv’ER
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  61. ^ "Photovoltaic energy barometer 2017 – EurObserv'ER". 28 November 2016.
  62. ^ "Photovoltaic energy barometer 2018 – EurObserv'ER". 28 April 2018.
  63. ^ "Photovoltaic energy barometer 2019 – EurObserv'ER". 7 May 2019.
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  68. ^ "Poland Electricity Security Policy – Analysis". IEA. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
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