Grand Isle, Louisiana: Difference between revisions

Grand Isle, Louisiana
Grand Isle, Louisiana
Town
	Town of Grand Isle
	Lighthouse Christian Fellowship Church
	Seal
	Location of Grand Isle in Jefferson Parish
	Location of Louisiana in the United States
	Coordinates: 29°14′N 90°00′W / 29.233°N 90.000°W
Country	United States
State	Louisiana
Parish	Jefferson
Government
• Mayor	David Camardelle Sr. (D)
Area
• Total	8.17 sq mi (21.17 km2)
• Land	6.40 sq mi (16.59 km2)
• Water	1.77 sq mi (4.58 km2)
Elevation	7 ft (2 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	1,005
• Rank	JE: 6th
• Density	156.93/sq mi (60.59/km2)
Time zone	UTC-6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP Code	70358
Area code	985
FIPS code	22-30830
Website	www.townofgrandisle.com

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Grand Isle is a town in Jefferson Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana, located on a barrier island of the same name in the Gulf of Mexico. The island is at the mouth of Barataria Bay where it meets the Gulf. The town of Grand Isle is statistically part of the New Orleans−Metairie−Kenner metropolitan statistical area, though it is not connected to New Orleans' continuous urbanized area.

The population was 1,005 as of the 2020 U.S. census,^[3] down from 1,296 from the previous 2010 U.S. census.

Grand Isle's main street is the seaside start of Louisiana Highway 1 (LA 1), which stretches 436.2 miles (702.0 km) away to the northwest corner of the state, ending near Shreveport. LA 1's automobile causeway at the west end of the island is the only land access to or from Grand Isle. Direct access to Grand Isle's seat of parish government is 95 miles (153 km) away in suburban Jefferson Parish.

History

Grand Isle has been repeatedly pummeled by hurricanes throughout its history. On average, the town and barrier island of Grand Isle has been affected by tropical storms or hurricanes every 2.68 years (since 1877), with direct hits on average every 7.88 years.^[4] Some of the more severe are listed here.

In 1860, a 6-foot (2 m) storm surge and great winds resulted in the total devastation of the island. In the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season Grand Isle was devastated by a 16-foot (5 m) storm surge. In the 1909 Atlantic hurricane season the island was hit with a second 16-foot (5 m) storm surge. A category 4 hurricane devastated Grand Isle on September 29 during the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season. Grand Isle was hit by a 3.6-foot (1.1 m) storm surge on August 22 during the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season. In 1956, Hurricane Flossy damaged the island.

Hurricane Betsy in September 1965 and Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 put the entire island under water. On September 26, 2002, Grand Isle was hit by Hurricane Isidore, soon followed by Hurricane Lili passing to the west of the island, causing significant damage. Hurricane Cindy made a direct hit on Grand Isle on July 5, 2005. Even though damage was essentially limited to power outages and beach erosion, the storm's strength still caught residents by surprise.

Storm damage from Hurricane Katrina in September 2005

Hurricane Katrina pounded Grand Isle for two days, August 28–29, 2005, destroying or damaging homes and camps along the entire island. Katrina's surge reached 5 ft (1.5 m) at Grand Isle. Large waves severely damaged the only bridge linking Grand Isle to the mainland.^[5] A news report published less than two days after the hurricane hit falsely noted, however, that the area had been completely destroyed, reporting a scene similar to that which befell Last Island in 1856.^[6] Less than a month later, Grand Isle was further affected by Hurricane Rita. By mid October, a number of businesses were again open on the island.

Hurricane Gustav reached shore west of the island on September 1, 2008, at 9 am CDT, and hit it with a measured wind speed of 105 mph (169 km/h). It was one of the few locations in Louisiana affected while the storm was still classified as a major hurricane. While both storms' eyes passed the island at similar distances, Katrina's eastern passing caused the greatest damage on the bay side. The Gustav surge that washed over the island caused less damage than Katrina, in part due to the most vulnerable structures having already been destroyed by Katrina. Current construction codes prevented the rebuilding of such vulnerable structures. Barataria Pass water levels peaked at 5 ft (1.5 m) above recent high tide. Homes along Louisiana Highway 1 had 2 ft (0.6 m) of water below them. Large sections of levee/dunes were washed onto the highway.

Hurricane Ike passed far south of the island on September 11, 2008, while crews worked to restore power and repair the levee/dune damage caused by Gustav. Some sections of LA 1 west of the island were covered by 1 ft (0.3 m) of water. Wind gusts reached 50 mph (80 km/h) and Barataria Pass water levels reached 3 ft (0.9 m) above recent high tide while Ike was 200 miles (320 km) away.

Hurricane Ida's eastern eye wall hit the area on August 29, 2021, on the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, causing widespread damage. It was reported that 100 percent of Grand Isle's structures were damaged, and around 40–50 percent of structures were completely destroyed.^[7]^[8] Nearly all of the town's utility poles had either bent or collapsed from the extreme winds. Entergy decided to fully rebuild and strengthen the island's power grid instead of repairing it like most communities north of Grand Isle had received.^[9]

Restoration

In 1998, the state of Louisiana and its federal and local partners approved a coastal restoration project called Coast 2050: Toward a Sustainable Coast.^[10] It is a $14 billion fund that is hoped to be allocated over 50 years in around 77 restoration projects with the aim of creating a sustainable ecosystem of coastal Louisiana.^[11] While the plan focuses on all of Louisiana, restoration of the Barataria Basin was the first priority and Grand Isle is at the mouth of Barataria Bay.^[10] On February 18, 2000, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources signed an agreement to initiate a restoration plan to this basin. The loss of wetland in Barataria Bay is estimated at 11 square miles per year from 1978 to 1990 (Fuller et al. 1995).^[10] Most strategies in the Barataria Basin region depend on the overall input, movement, and circulation of water, sediment, and nutrients in the basin.^[10] Other strategies can be implemented independently of these considerations.^[10] These include barrier shoreline restoration, marsh creation in the southwestern basin, and a delta-building diversion from the lower Mississippi.^[10] The completion of Coast 2050 was to restore and protect 450,000 acres of wetland.^[12] U.S. Congress had not approved the Coast 2050 plan, and when Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hit, the federal government was studying a less costly, scaled down proposal which could be initiated in the span of a decade.^[12]

In April 2009, the Mississippi River Sediment Delivery System was proposed to channel dredged sediment from the Mississippi River to the wetlands in South Louisiana to restore 474 acres (192 ha) of tidal marsh.^[11] Approximately 200 million tons of sediment flows down the Mississippi River annually, of which the Army Corps of Engineers dredges about 60 million cubic yards of the sediment to maintain Louisiana's waterways.^[11] According to the project documents, if successful, the Sediment Delivery system could potentially create 18 square miles (47 km²) of marsh a year and reduce wetland losses by as much as two-thirds.^[11] The dredged sediment will be piped to Bayou Dupont via a 1-meter (3 ft 3 in) pipe, to a 500-acre (200 ha) area of open water and broken marsh.^[11] Once the area has been adequately filled, it will be planted with marsh grasses.^[13] It is estimated that the project will cost $28 million and be completed by August 2009.^[11]

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration put up $3 million in the summer of 2009 in federal stimulus grants to restore a protective marsh that will shield the island from backwater flooding.^[14] The money will help Grand Isle strengthen its natural defenses, provide better hurricane protection, while also preserving a critical barrier island that buffers inland parishes from the full force of hurricanes.^[14] In 2009, the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources used $3 million to dredge sediment from the Mississippi River and create 50 acres (20 ha) of tidal marsh.^[14] Not only will the marsh help support recreational and commercial fisheries by providing a healthy habitat, officials said, but it will also buffer the island and reduce storm surge and flooding.^[14]

Also in 2009, the Nature Conservancy received a $4 million grant for its Grand Isle shoreline-restoration project, which will create four miles of oyster reefs along the beach in Grand Isle and Biloxi Marsh.^[14] (see oyster reef restoration) The frames eventually grow into 2-to-3-foot-high (0.61–0.91 m) oyster reefs that buffer the shore and create productive ocean habitats for fish.^[14] Once these reefs have fully restored themselves, they will also help filter the water.^[15] The Nature Conservancy hope that these oysters colonize on breakwater structures and that the space on these breakwater structures increase biodiversity.^[16]

In response the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, the Coalition and the National Wildlife Foundation organized the planting of more than 1,600 mangroves in Grand Isle State Park on June 25, 2011.^[17] They hope that this planting will help stabilize the sediment and sand and provide habitat for wildlife, specifically pelicans.^[17]

On September 29, 2012, the Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana (CRCL) and the Abita Brewing Company partnered together to bring out more than 100 volunteers to help restore and protect the beach dunes at Grand Isle State Park in response to Hurricane Isaac.^[18] It was the first project undertaken in Grand Isle since Hurricane Issac made landfall.^[18] Volunteers installed dune fences and planted more than 12,000 plugs of dune grass. This will help stabilize the fragile beach along Grand Isle.^[18] Abita Beer and CRCL together implemented this and other restoration projects which will directly restore dune habitat and strengthen Grand Isle State Park and other sites in the future.^[18]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town covered a total area of 7.8 square miles (20 km²), of which 6.1 square miles (16 km²) is land and 1.7 square miles (4.4 km²) (20.88%) is water.

Climate

Grand Island has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers.

Climate data for Grand Isle, Louisiana
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	83 (28)	82 (28)	86 (30)	91 (33)	95 (35)	99 (37)	100 (38)	100 (38)	97 (36)	94 (34)	86 (30)	82 (28)	100 (38)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	63 (17)	66 (19)	71 (22)	77 (25)	84 (29)	88 (31)	90 (32)	90 (32)	87 (31)	79 (26)	72 (22)	65 (18)	78 (25)
Daily mean °F (°C)	54 (12)	57 (14)	62 (17)	69 (21)	77 (25)	81 (27)	83 (28)	83 (28)	81 (27)	72 (22)	64 (18)	56 (13)	70 (21)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	44 (7)	47 (8)	53 (12)	60 (16)	69 (21)	74 (23)	76 (24)	76 (24)	74 (23)	63 (17)	56 (13)	47 (8)	62 (16)
Record low °F (°C)	14 (−10)	12 (−11)	16 (−9)	35 (2)	48 (9)	50 (10)	65 (18)	62 (17)	52 (11)	34 (1)	24 (−4)	10 (−12)	10 (−12)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	5.1 (130)	4.9 (120)	4.7 (120)	2.2 (56)	4.5 (110)	7.2 (180)	8.0 (200)	7.6 (190)	6.2 (160)	4.7 (120)	3.4 (86)	4.7 (120)	63.2 (1,592)
Source: The Weather Channel (Monthly Averages) ^[19]

Coastal protections

In 2010, the United States Army Corps of Engineers installed an artificial levee along the island's southern coast that cost $52 million and measures 7.7 miles (12.4 km) long, 13 feet (4.0 m) tall, and 80 feet (24 m) wide.^[20] The core of the levee consists of an 8+1⁄2-by-30-foot (2.6 m × 9.1 m) geotextile tube core that gives the levee its nickname of the "Burrito Levee". The tube is filled with 760,000 cubic yards (580,000 m³) of sand pumped from the gulf floor.^[21] In 2017, Jefferson Parish declared a state of emergency over the levee's disrepair and exposed core.^[22] The levee has been damaged by multiple storms, including Tropical Storm Cristobal and Hurricane Zeta in 2020 and Hurricane Ida in 2021.^[20]^[21]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1960	2,074	—
1970	2,236	7.8%
1980	1,982	−11.4%
1990	1,455	−26.6%
2000	1,541	5.9%
2010	1,296	−15.9%
2020	1,005	−22.5%
U.S. Decennial Census^[23]

Grand Isle racial composition as of 2020^[24]
Race	Number	Percentage
White (non-Hispanic)	929	92.44%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	2	0.2%
Native American	15	1.49%
Asian	6	0.6%
Other/Mixed	23	2.29%
Hispanic or Latino	30	2.99%

At the 2000 U.S. census,^[25] 1,541 people, 622 households, and 436 families lived in the town.

The population density was 251.1 inhabitants per square mile (97.0/km²). There were 1,875 housing units at an average density of 305.6 per square mile (118.0/km²). In 2000, there were 622 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. The U.S. Census Bureau tabulated that 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.89.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,548, and the median income for a family was $35,517. Males had a median income of $34,000 versus $19,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,330. About 9.1% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

At the 2019 American Community Survey, there were 2,038 housing units and 214 were owner-occupied; there were 184 families in the town.^[26] The average household size was 2.06 for owner-occupied housing units, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units was $203,600.^[27] Residents of Grand Isle had a median household income of $43,333 in 2019,^[28] and an estimated 22.3% of the population lived at or below the poverty line.^[29] A year later by the 2020 United States census, there were 1,005 people, 330 households, and 184 families residing in the town.

In 2000, the racial makeup of the town was 96.04% White, 2.27% Native American, 0.19% African American, 0.19% Asian, 0.39% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race were 1.49% of the population. In 2019, 94.9% of Grand Isle's population were non-Hispanic white, 0.8% Black or African American, 2.0% multiracial, and 2.3% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.^[30] By 2020, the composition was 92.44% non-Hispanic white, 0.2% Black or African American, 1.49% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 2.29% multiracial or some other race, and 2.99% Hispanic or Latino American.^[24]

Government

The United States Postal Service operates a post office in Grand Isle.^[31]

Arts and culture

Fishing is an important part of Grand Isle's culture, with more than 280 species of fish in the surrounding waters. In 1928, the annual Grand Isle Tarpon Rodeo, fishing tournament, was established on the island and is now one of the premier salt water fishing rodeos in the United States. The Cajun rodeo draws over 15,000 people annually.^{[citation needed]}

The island also has well maintained beaches. Grand Isle State Park, on the east end of the island, is the only state-owned and operated beach on the Louisiana Gulf Coast. The beach is a popular destination for people living in South Louisiana, and is also one of the only locations in Louisiana where people surf. A local surf club also exists, established in 2017, and rents out surf boards and gives surf lessons.^[32]

The island is home to the Coast Guard Station Grand Isle located on the eastern end of the island.

Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival

The Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival, held annually in April, was first established in 1997 by several nature organizations dedicated to the preservation and restoration of the Grand Isle's chenier habitat.^[33] The idea for the project of preserving and establishing the chenier habitat in order for tourists and bird watchers to see the migratory birds was first established by the Grand Isle Community Development Team. The project was then picked up a year later by the Barataria-Terrebonne Nation Estuary Program to help in the development and preservation of the habitat as well as the advertisement of the Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival.

Originally, the festival was held on a single day, but due to increased popularity and funding, the festival has grown into a three-day event.^[33] Sponsors of the Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival believe that future efforts will be more successful if more people are educated about not only the identification of the birds that migrate through the island, but also the identification and importance of the plants the birds utilize. Each day during the festival, multiple tours are given throughout the diverse habitats of Grand Isle where experienced guides instruct beginner birders on the different techniques used to find and identify birds as well as the ecological aspects of the island. Other tours are offered that guide visitors through the chenier forests and teach them about the native plants found on the island, including the species that are not only edible to birds but to people as well. Other features of the festival include bird banding and mist netting demonstrations, seminars on what to look for when choosing a pair of binoculars or a spotting scope, as well as games and other activities.

Described as a barrier island, Grand Isle consists of mainly marsh habitat, beaches and chenier forests which attract numerous species of migratory birds.^[34] The presence of these hardwood forests allows for the seasonal arrival and departure of major flocks of birds that migrate across the Gulf of Mexico to South America during both the fall and spring migrations.^[35] The Migratory Bird Festival is held annually and coincides with the arrival of the spring migrants returning from their winter habitat in the south.

Chenier habitat

Chenier habitats are not limited to Grand Isle, but were historically found in wetlands throughout the southeastern coasts of Louisiana called the Chenier Plain.^[34] Today, the Chenier Plain consists of uplands, wetlands, and open water that extends from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana to East Bay, Texas. Of the original 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) that had existed, an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 square acres^{[clarification needed]} remain.^[36] Chenier forests consist of hardwood trees, primarily oaks and hackberries, as well as a variety of other vegetation such as mulberry, honeylocust, water oak, green ash, and American elm, all which grow along slightly elevated ridges. These ridges are the result of the build-up of sediment from periodic shifts of the Mississippi River's delta and can range in size from 1–3 metres (3.3–9.8 ft) high and between 30–450 metres (98–1,476 ft) wide.^[34] Because of the slightly higher elevation, chenier forests not only allow for the growth of hardwood trees that support the variety of migratory birds that pass through Grand Isle, but also act as a barrier for salt water intrusion into a marsh during storm surges.^[37] Typically, marshes that are north of a chenier are less saline than marshes that are closer to the gulf.

The cover of a chenier forest provides for migratory birds a place to rest before or after making the flight across the Gulf of Mexico and in some species of birds, the habitat is essential for breeding.^[38] However, some studies suggest that it is not just the cover that habitats like chenier forests provide that attract migratory birds, but it is the food availability that is the principal factor in migratory bird stopover. Stopover is a term used for when flocks of migratory birds pause in a certain area to rest and/or feed.^[39] Studies have shown that significant stopover occurs more frequently as flocks of migratory birds near the coast.^[40] There is a correlation between large densities of birds occurring in continuous hardwood forests, such as old-growth cheniers. Studies done on forest cover indicate that as the amount of cover increased, arthropod abundance and the presence of fleshy, fruit bearing vegetation increased as well, and that migratory birds use forest cover as an indicator of greater habitat quality, thus a better food source per impending journey across the Gulf of Mexico.^[38]

Grand Isle Birding Trail

The birding trails along Grand Isle consists of nearly sixty acres of marsh and chenier habitat and are divided up into six tracts that are managed by the Louisiana Nature Conservancy and the Grand Isle Community Development Team.^[41] The trails mainly consist of tracts procured by the Grand Isle Nature Conservancy or donated by local landowners. However, because some of the boundaries of the tracts are partially fragmented, the chenier habitat can sometimes expand into private property. But due to the increased popularity of the Migratory Bird Festival, private landowners will generally allow bird watchers and ornithologists permission onto their land. Some residents will go as far as to post signs that say "Bird Friendly" as a way to invite bird watchers onto their property.^[41]

The Grilleta Tract was established by a donation of ten acres by the Xavier Grilleta of B&G Services in 1998.^[33] In 2001, an additional three acres were acquired that were adjacent to the original property. Although slightly smaller than the Port Commission Marsh, the Grilleta Tract is mostly chenier habitat and is considered the center of the Grand Isle Birding Trail. This stand of forest is one of only two undisturbed chenier forests that still exist on the island. In addition to live oaks, in which a few are over 125 years old, the area supports a variety of trees and shrubs, including red mulberry, black willow, and red bay.

The Grand Isle Port Commission Tract is roughly 22 acres and is located on the western part of the island at the corner of Ludwig Lane.^[33] Two hundred eighty feet of boardwalk allow access to the salt marsh tidal ponds that dominate the area. In this tract, birders can spot a variety of passerines, raptors, colonial birds roosting in the sparse chenier habitat, and wading birds.^[42] The second largest stretch of forest is a combination of the Maples tract and the Landry-Leblanc tract. It is locally called the Sureway Woods, as it is near the Sureway Supermarket. Together, the Maples tract and the Landry-LeBlanc tract comprise twenty acres of chenier forest.

The remaining two tracts on the island consist of the Cemetery Woods, which is property of Louisiana State University, and the Govan Tract.^[33] The Cemetery Woods is roughly four and a half acres and, like the Grilleta Tract, it contains old growth trees that are over 125 years old. In addition to the hardwood forest, the property contains salt flats and marshland, which promote the habitation of ducks, moorhens, grebes, and other wading birds. The Govan Tract was donated to the Nature Conservancy in 2003 by the Govan family, who had owned it since the late 1800s. The tract only consists of half an acre, but within it, the mass availability of lives oaks, hackberries, dewberry, and poison oak attracts birds such as painted buntings, red-winged blackbirds, warblers, and other passerines that can be seen during the migratory season.

In addition to the Grand Isle Birding Trail, bird watchers can also see marine birds such as gulls, terns, pelicans, and other shorebirds from the Grand Isle State Park at the northeast end of the island.^[38]

Education

Grand Isle is served by Jefferson Parish Public Schools.^[43] The Grand Isle School serves pre-kindergarten through 12th grade.

Grand Isle Library is a small public library responding to the needs of local residents and visitors. The new Grand Isle Library opened on Wednesday, November 14, 2012.^[44]

Jefferson Parish is in the area of Delgado Community College.^[45]

In popular culture

Grand Isle was the setting for the novel The Awakening (1899) by Kate Chopin. Chopin spent her summers in Grand Isle for over a decade.
The second episode of Route 66 was filmed on Grand Isle in 1960. The plot involved the local shrimp-fishing community imperiled by an approaching hurricane.

References

^ ^a ^b "Grand Isle, Louisiana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. June 4, 1980. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ "Grand Isle, Louisiana hurricanes". www.hurricanecity.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
^ "NBC5.com - Katrina: At A Glance" (September 15, 2005), NBC5.com WMAQ TV Chicago, web: NBC5-Chicago Archived October 29, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Beitler, Stu. "Last Island, LA Hurricane, Aug 1856". Louisiana Disasters. gendisasters.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
^ "Grand Isle, Louisiana "uninhabitable" as Hurricane Ida leaves every building either damaged or destroyed". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ Eric Levenson and Gary Tuchman. "Louisiana's last inhabited barrier island bore the brunt of Hurricane Ida. Here's what it looks like now". CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
^ "Entergy Louisiana Strengthening Electric System in Hard-Hit Coastal Communities". T&D World. October 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Coast2050". Archived from the original on March 23, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Uplifting the Coast". Uplifiting the Coast. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration" (PDF). Report from Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2013.
^ "Bayou Dupont Sediment Delivery System (BA-39)". CWPPRA. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Federal money to help Grand Isle coastal restoration projects". NOAA and the NC. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014.
^ "Oyster Restoration". The Nature Conservancy Camp. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
^ "Grand Isle Oyster Reef Project" (PDF). The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Restoration efforts underway in oil spill-impacted Grand Isle State Park". Archived from the original on August 15, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "CRCL and Abita Beer Partner on Grand Isle Restoration Project". CRCL and Abita Beer Partner. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014.
^ "Climate Statistics for Grand Isle, Louisiana". Retrieved December 7, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Childs, Jan Wesner (November 5, 2020). "Burrito Levee in Grand Isle, Louisiana, Battered By Multiple Storms". weather.com. The Weather Company. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Reckdahl, Katy; Tarnowski, Bryan (September 5, 2021). "On Grand Isle, a Fragile Spot Off Louisiana, Vast Damage". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
^ Bacon-Blood, Littice (April 27, 2017). "Grand Isle's 'burrito levee' needs emergency repairs, mayor says". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "2020 Race and Population Totals". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "2019 American Community Survey Households and Families". data.census.gov.
^ "2019 American Community Survey Selected Housing Characteristics". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
^ "2019 American Community Survey Financial Characteristics". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
^ "2019 American Community Survey Poverty Status". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
^ "2019 American Community Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
^ "GRAND ISLE — Post Office™". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 14, 2024. 3393 HIGHWAY 1 GRAND ISLE, LA 70358-9998
^ "Info". Pontcha Surf Club. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "The Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival". Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neyland, R; Meyer H. (1997). "Species Diversity of Louisiana Chenier Woody Vegetation Remnants". Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 124 (3): 254–261. doi:10.2307/2996613. JSTOR 2996613.
^ Lincoln, FC; SR Peterson. "Migration of Birds". U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 16: 119–124. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006.
^ Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (2005). "Conservation Habitats and Species Assessments" (PDF). LACWCS. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2011.
^ Russell, RJ; HV Howe (1935). "Cheniers of Southwestern Louisiana". Geographical Review. 25 (3): 449–461. doi:10.2307/209313. JSTOR 209313.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wilson, Scott; Shannon LaDeau; Anders Tottrup; Peter Marra (2011). "Range-wide effects of breeding- and nonbreeding-season climate on the abundance of a Neotropical migrant songbird". Ecology. 92 (9): 1789–1798. doi:10.1890/10-1757.1. PMID 21939075.
^ Buler, Jeffrey; Frank R. Moore; Stefan Woltmann (2007). "A Multi-Scale Examination of Stopover Habitat Use By Birds". Ecology. 88 (7): 1789–1802. doi:10.1890/06-1871.1. JSTOR 27651296. PMID 17645025.
^ Deppe, Jill L.; John T. Rotenberry (2008). "Scale-Dependent Habitat Use by Fall Migratory Birds: Vegetation Structure, Floristics, and Geography". Ecological Monographs. 78 (3): 461–487. doi:10.1890/07-0163.1. JSTOR 27646145.
^ ^a ^b Galliano, Sue. "President of the Grand Isle Development Team". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ "Grand Isle". Orleans Audubon Society. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Jefferson Parish, LA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 14, 2014. - Text list.
^ Grand Isle Library Archived January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jefferson Parish Library. Retrieved on September 28, 2010.
^ "The Economic Value of Delgado Community College" (PDF). Delgado Community College. Retrieved March 9, 2024. For the purposes of this analysis, the Delgado Service Area is comprised of Jefferson,[...]
Also the map at: "Our Colleges". Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges. Retrieved March 9, 2024. shows Jefferson Parish in the service area of Delgado CC.

External links

Town of Grand Isle
Island community all but vanishes in hurricane's wake, an August 31, 2005, article about the damage from Hurricane Katrina
Grand Isle, Louisiana: Voices From a Community Devastated by BP Oil Spill - video report by Democracy Now!
GrandIsle.us History of Grand Isle, old and modern photographs, things to do in Grand Isle

[gnis-1] "Grand Isle, Louisiana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. June 4, 1980. Retrieved December 12, 2007.

[CenPopGazetteer2020-2] "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.

[3] "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2021.

[4] "Grand Isle, Louisiana hurricanes". www.hurricanecity.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.

[5] "NBC5.com - Katrina: At A Glance" (September 15, 2005), NBC5.com WMAQ TV Chicago, web: NBC5-Chicago Archived October 29, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.

[6] Beitler, Stu. "Last Island, LA Hurricane, Aug 1856". Louisiana Disasters. gendisasters.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.

[7] "Grand Isle, Louisiana "uninhabitable" as Hurricane Ida leaves every building either damaged or destroyed". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved September 3, 2021.

[8] Eric Levenson and Gary Tuchman. "Louisiana's last inhabited barrier island bore the brunt of Hurricane Ida. Here's what it looks like now". CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2021.

[9] "Entergy Louisiana Strengthening Electric System in Hard-Hit Coastal Communities". T&D World. October 14, 2021.

[Coast2050-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Coast2050". Archived from the original on March 23, 2013.

[UpliftingtheCoast-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Uplifting the Coast". Uplifiting the Coast. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012.

[ReportfromCongress-12] "Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration" (PDF). Report from Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2013.

[CWPPRA-13] "Bayou Dupont Sediment Delivery System (BA-39)". CWPPRA. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013.

[NOAAandtheNC-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Federal money to help Grand Isle coastal restoration projects". NOAA and the NC. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014.

[OysterRestoration-15] "Oyster Restoration". The Nature Conservancy Camp. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2013.

[The_Nature_Conservancy-16] "Grand Isle Oyster Reef Project" (PDF). The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012.

[Restorationeff-17] "Restoration efforts underway in oil spill-impacted Grand Isle State Park". Archived from the original on August 15, 2014.

[CRCLandAbita-18] "CRCL and Abita Beer Partner on Grand Isle Restoration Project". CRCL and Abita Beer Partner. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014.

[19] "Climate Statistics for Grand Isle, Louisiana". Retrieved December 7, 2021.

[Weather_Childs-20] Childs, Jan Wesner (November 5, 2020). "Burrito Levee in Grand Isle, Louisiana, Battered By Multiple Storms". weather.com. The Weather Company. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

[NYT_Reckdahl-21] Reckdahl, Katy; Tarnowski, Bryan (September 5, 2021). "On Grand Isle, a Fragile Spot Off Louisiana, Vast Damage". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

[22] Bacon-Blood, Littice (April 27, 2017). "Grand Isle's 'burrito levee' needs emergency repairs, mayor says". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

[DecennialCensus-23] "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

[:0-24] "2020 Race and Population Totals". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2021.

[GR2-25] "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

[26] "2019 American Community Survey Households and Families". data.census.gov.

[27] "2019 American Community Survey Selected Housing Characteristics". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

[28] "2019 American Community Survey Financial Characteristics". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

[29] "2019 American Community Survey Poverty Status". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

[30] "2019 American Community Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

[31] "GRAND ISLE — Post Office™". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 14, 2024. 3393 HIGHWAY 1 GRAND ISLE, LA 70358-9998

[32] "Info". Pontcha Surf Club. Retrieved May 21, 2021.

[Bird_Festival-33] "The Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival". Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.

[Neyland-34] Neyland, R; Meyer H. (1997). "Species Diversity of Louisiana Chenier Woody Vegetation Remnants". Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 124 (3): 254–261. doi:10.2307/2996613. JSTOR 2996613.

[DeptInter-35] Lincoln, FC; SR Peterson. "Migration of Birds". U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 16: 119–124. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006.

[WildlifeDept-36] Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (2005). "Conservation Habitats and Species Assessments" (PDF). LACWCS. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2011.

[Cheniers-37] Russell, RJ; HV Howe (1935). "Cheniers of Southwestern Louisiana". Geographical Review. 25 (3): 449–461. doi:10.2307/209313. JSTOR 209313.

[BreedingSeason-38] Wilson, Scott; Shannon LaDeau; Anders Tottrup; Peter Marra (2011). "Range-wide effects of breeding- and nonbreeding-season climate on the abundance of a Neotropical migrant songbird". Ecology. 92 (9): 1789–1798. doi:10.1890/10-1757.1. PMID 21939075.

[Stopover-39] Buler, Jeffrey; Frank R. Moore; Stefan Woltmann (2007). "A Multi-Scale Examination of Stopover Habitat Use By Birds". Ecology. 88 (7): 1789–1802. doi:10.1890/06-1871.1. JSTOR 27651296. PMID 17645025.

[VegStructutre-40] Deppe, Jill L.; John T. Rotenberry (2008). "Scale-Dependent Habitat Use by Fall Migratory Birds: Vegetation Structure, Floristics, and Geography". Ecological Monographs. 78 (3): 461–487. doi:10.1890/07-0163.1. JSTOR 27646145.

[Sue-41] Galliano, Sue. "President of the Grand Isle Development Team". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[Audubon-42] "Grand Isle". Orleans Audubon Society. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011.

[43] "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Jefferson Parish, LA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 14, 2014. - Text list.

[44] Grand Isle Library Archived January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Jefferson Parish Library. Retrieved on September 28, 2010.

[45] "The Economic Value of Delgado Community College" (PDF). Delgado Community College. Retrieved March 9, 2024. For the purposes of this analysis, the Delgado Service Area is comprised of Jefferson,[...]
Also the map at: "Our Colleges". Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges. Retrieved March 9, 2024. shows Jefferson Parish in the service area of Delgado CC.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
-{{For|the community in Plaquemines Parish|Grand Isle, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
 {{Infobox settlement
 | name                     = Grand Isle, Louisiana
@@ Line 82: / Line 81: @@
 | total_type               =
 | unit_pref                = Imperial
-| area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 20, 2022}}</ref>
+| area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref>
 | area_total_km2           = 21.17
 | area_total_sq_mi         = 8.17
@@ Line 98: / Line 97: @@
  | title = Grand Isle, Louisiana
  | date = June 4, 1980
- | work = [[Geographic Names Information System]]
+| work = [[Geographic Names Information System]]
  | publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]
- | access-date = 2007-12-12 }}</ref>
+ | access-date = December 12, 2007 }}</ref>
 | elevation_m              =
 | elevation_ft             = 7
@@ Line 177: / Line 176: @@
 }}
-'''Grand Isle''' is a [[town]] in [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson Parish]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]], located on a [[barrier island]] of the same name in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The island is at the mouth of [[Barataria Bay]] where it meets the gulf. The town of Grand Isle is statistically part of the [[New Orleans]]−[[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]]−[[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]] [[New Orleans metropolitan area|metropolitan statistical area]], though it is not connected to New Orleans' continuous urbanized area.
+'''Grand Isle''' is a [[town]] in [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson Parish]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]], located on a [[barrier island]] of the same name in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The island is at the mouth of [[Barataria Bay]] where it meets the Gulf. The town of Grand Isle is statistically part of the [[New Orleans]]−[[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]]−[[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]] [[New Orleans metropolitan area|metropolitan statistical area]], though it is not connected to New Orleans' continuous urbanized area.
-The population was 1,005 as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S census]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2230830|access-date=2021-12-21|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> down from 1,296 from the previous [[2010 United States census|2010 U.S census]].
+The population was 1,005 as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2230830|access-date=December 21, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> down from 1,296 from the previous [[2010 United States census|2010 U.S. census]].
 Grand Isle's main street is the seaside start of [[Louisiana Highway 1]] (LA 1), which stretches {{Convert|436.2|mi}} away to the northwest corner of the state, ending near [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]]. LA 1's automobile causeway at the west end of the island is the only land access to or from Grand Isle. Direct access to Grand Isle's seat of parish government is {{convert|95|mi|km}} away in suburban Jefferson Parish.
 == History ==
-Grand Isle has been repeatedly pummeled by [[hurricane]]s throughout its history. On average, the town and barrier island of Grand Isle has been affected by tropical storms or hurricanes every 2.68 years (since 1877), with direct hits on average every 7.88 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/grandisle.htm|title=Grand Isle, Louisiana hurricanes|website=www.hurricanecity.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925091428/http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/grandisle.htm|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Some of the more severe are listed here.
+Grand Isle has been repeatedly pummeled by [[hurricane]]s throughout its history. On average, the town and barrier island of Grand Isle has been affected by tropical storms or hurricanes every 2.68 years (since 1877), with direct hits on average every 7.88 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/grandisle.htm|title=Grand Isle, Louisiana hurricanes|website=www.hurricanecity.com|access-date=April 25, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925091428/http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/grandisle.htm|archive-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref> Some of the more severe are listed here.
-In 1860, a {{convert|6|ft|m|0|adj=on}} storm surge and great winds resulted in the total devastation of the island. In the [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season]] Grand Isle was devastated by a {{convert|16|ft|m|0|adj=on}} storm surge. In the [[1909 Atlantic hurricane season]] the island was hit with a second {{convert|16|ft|m|0|adj=on}} storm surge. A category 4 hurricane devastated Grand Isle on 29 September during the [[1915 Atlantic hurricane season]]. Grand Isle was hit by a {{convert|3.6|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge on 22 August during the [[1947 Atlantic hurricane season]]. In 1956, [[Hurricane Flossy]] damaged the island.
+In 1860, a {{convert|6|ft|m|0|adj=on}} storm surge and great winds resulted in the total devastation of the island. In the [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season]] Grand Isle was devastated by a {{convert|16|ft|m|0|adj=on}} storm surge. In the [[1909 Atlantic hurricane season]] the island was hit with a second {{convert|16|ft|m|0|adj=on}} storm surge. A category 4 hurricane devastated Grand Isle on September 29 during the [[1915 Atlantic hurricane season]]. Grand Isle was hit by a {{convert|3.6|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge on August 22 during the [[1947 Atlantic hurricane season]]. In 1956, [[Hurricane Flossy]] damaged the island.
-[[Hurricane Betsy]] in September 1965 and [[Tropical Storm Frances (1998)|Tropical Storm Frances]] in 1998 put the entire island under water. On 26 September 2002, Grand Isle was hit by [[Hurricane Isidore]], soon followed by [[Hurricane Lili]] passing to the west of the island, causing significant damage. [[Hurricane Cindy (2005)|Hurricane Cindy]] made a direct hit on Grand Isle on July 5, 2005. Even though damage was essentially limited to power outages and [[Coastal erosion|beach erosion]], the storm's strength still caught residents by surprise.
+[[Hurricane Betsy]] in September 1965 and [[Tropical Storm Frances (1998)|Tropical Storm Frances]] in 1998 put the entire island under water. On September 26, 2002, Grand Isle was hit by [[Hurricane Isidore]], soon followed by [[Hurricane Lili]] passing to the west of the island, causing significant damage. [[Hurricane Cindy (2005)|Hurricane Cindy]] made a direct hit on Grand Isle on July 5, 2005. Even though damage was essentially limited to power outages and [[Coastal erosion|beach erosion]], the storm's strength still caught residents by surprise.
 [[File:Katrina-grand-isle-la-2005.jpg|thumb|left|Storm damage from [[Hurricane Katrina]] in September 2005]]
@@ Line 194: / Line 193: @@
 [[File:Grand Isle collecting samples.jpg|thumb|right|Two men collecting oil samples from the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]] at a beach in Grand Isle in May 2010]]
-[[Hurricane Katrina]] pounded Grand Isle for two days, August 28–29, 2005, destroying or damaging homes and camps along the entire island. Katrina's surge reached {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} at Grand Isle. Large waves severely damaged the only bridge linking Grand Isle to the mainland.<ref>"NBC5.com - Katrina: At A Glance" (2005-09-15), ''NBC5.com WMAQ TV Chicago'', web: [http://www.nbc5.com/katrina/4976462/detail.html NBC5-Chicago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029111109/http://www.nbc5.com/katrina/4976462/detail.html |date=2005-10-29 }}.</ref> A news report published less than two days after the hurricane hit falsely noted, however, that the area had been completely destroyed, reporting a scene similar to that which befell [[Last Island, Louisiana|Last Island]] in 1856.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beitler|first=Stu|title=Last Island, LA Hurricane, Aug 1856|url=https://www.gendisasters.com/louisiana/11337/last-island-la-hurricane-aug-1856|work=Louisiana Disasters|publisher=gendisasters.com|access-date=27 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817181554/http://www3.gendisasters.com/louisiana/11337/last-island-la-hurricane-aug-1856|archive-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> Less than a month later, Grand Isle was further affected by [[Hurricane Rita]]. By mid October, a number of businesses were again open on the island.
+[[Hurricane Katrina]] pounded Grand Isle for two days, August 28–29, 2005, destroying or damaging homes and camps along the entire island. Katrina's surge reached {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} at Grand Isle. Large waves severely damaged the only bridge linking Grand Isle to the mainland.<ref>"NBC5.com - Katrina: At A Glance" (September 15, 2005), ''NBC5.com WMAQ TV Chicago'', web: [http://www.nbc5.com/katrina/4976462/detail.html NBC5-Chicago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029111109/http://www.nbc5.com/katrina/4976462/detail.html |date=October 29, 2005 }}.</ref> A news report published less than two days after the hurricane hit falsely noted, however, that the area had been completely destroyed, reporting a scene similar to that which befell [[Last Island, Louisiana|Last Island]] in 1856.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beitler|first=Stu|title=Last Island, LA Hurricane, Aug 1856|url=https://www.gendisasters.com/louisiana/11337/last-island-la-hurricane-aug-1856|work=Louisiana Disasters|publisher=gendisasters.com|access-date=November 27, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817181554/http://www3.gendisasters.com/louisiana/11337/last-island-la-hurricane-aug-1856|archive-date=August 17, 2011}}</ref> Less than a month later, Grand Isle was further affected by [[Hurricane Rita]]. By mid October, a number of businesses were again open on the island.
 [[Hurricane Gustav]] reached shore west of the island on September 1, 2008, at 9 am [[Central Daylight Time (North America)|CDT]], and hit it with a measured wind speed of {{convert|105|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. It was one of the few locations in Louisiana affected while the storm was still classified as a major hurricane. While both storms' eyes passed the island at similar distances, Katrina's eastern passing caused the greatest damage on the bay side. The Gustav surge that washed over the island caused less damage than Katrina, in part due to the most vulnerable structures having already been destroyed by Katrina. Current construction codes prevented the rebuilding of such vulnerable structures.  Barataria Pass water levels peaked at {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} above recent high tide. Homes along [[Louisiana Highway 1]] had {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} of water below them. Large sections of levee/dunes were washed onto the highway.
@@ Line 200: / Line 199: @@
 [[Hurricane Ike]] passed far south of the island on September 11, 2008, while crews worked to restore power and repair the levee/dune damage caused by Gustav. Some sections of LA 1 west of the island were covered by {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} of water. Wind gusts reached {{convert|50|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and Barataria Pass water levels reached {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} above recent high tide while Ike was {{convert|200|mi|km|sigfig=2}} away.
-[[Hurricane Ida]]'s eastern eye wall hit the area on August 29, 2021, on the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, causing widespread damage. It was reported that 100 percent of Grand Isle's structures were damaged, and around 40–50 percent of structures were completely destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Isle, Louisiana "uninhabitable" as Hurricane Ida leaves every building either damaged or destroyed|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-ida-grand-isle-louisiana-uninhabitable/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eric Levenson and Gary Tuchman|title=Louisiana's last inhabited barrier island bore the brunt of Hurricane Ida. Here's what it looks like now|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/01/us/grand-isle-louisiana-ida/index.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=CNN}}</ref> Nearly all of the town's [[utility poles]] had either bent or collapsed from the extreme winds. [[Entergy]] decided to fully rebuild and strengthen the island's power grid instead of repairing it like most communities north of Grand Isle had received.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tdworld.com/disaster-response/article/21178103/entergy-louisiana-strengthening-electric-system-in-hardhit-coastal-communities|title=Entergy Louisiana Strengthening Electric System in Hard-Hit Coastal Communities|website=T&D World|date=October 14, 2021}}</ref>
+[[Hurricane Ida]]'s eastern eye wall hit the area on August 29, 2021, on the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, causing widespread damage. It was reported that 100 percent of Grand Isle's structures were damaged, and around 40–50 percent of structures were completely destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Isle, Louisiana "uninhabitable" as Hurricane Ida leaves every building either damaged or destroyed|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-ida-grand-isle-louisiana-uninhabitable/|access-date=September 3, 2021|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eric Levenson and Gary Tuchman|title=Louisiana's last inhabited barrier island bore the brunt of Hurricane Ida. Here's what it looks like now|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/01/us/grand-isle-louisiana-ida/index.html|access-date=September 3, 2021|website=CNN}}</ref> Nearly all of the town's [[utility poles]] had either bent or collapsed from the extreme winds. [[Entergy]] decided to fully rebuild and strengthen the island's power grid instead of repairing it like most communities north of Grand Isle had received.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tdworld.com/disaster-response/article/21178103/entergy-louisiana-strengthening-electric-system-in-hardhit-coastal-communities|title=Entergy Louisiana Strengthening Electric System in Hard-Hit Coastal Communities|website=T&D World|date=October 14, 2021}}</ref>
 ===Restoration===
-In 1998, the state of Louisiana and its federal and local partners approved a coastal restoration project called Coast 2050: Toward a Sustainable Coast.<ref name=Coast2050>{{cite web|title=Coast2050|url=http://www.coast2050.gov/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323010219/http://www.coast2050.gov/|archive-date=2013-03-23}}</ref> It is a $14 billion fund that is hoped to be allocated over 50 years in around 77 restoration projects with the aim of creating a sustainable ecosystem of coastal Louisiana.<ref name=UpliftingtheCoast>{{cite web|title=Uplifting the Coast|url=http://www.upliftingthecoast.org/historyresearch.htm|work=Uplifiting the Coast|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613205902/http://www.upliftingthecoast.org/historyresearch.htm|archive-date=2012-06-13}}</ref> While the plan focuses on all of Louisiana, restoration of the Barataria Basin was the first priority and Grand Isle is at the mouth of [[Barataria Bay]].<ref name="Coast2050"/> On February 18, 2000, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources signed an agreement to initiate a restoration plan to this basin. The loss of wetland in Barataria Bay is estimated at about 11 square miles per year from 1978-1990 (Fuller et al. 1995).<ref name="Coast2050"/> Most strategies in the Barataria Basin region depend on the overall input, movement, and circulation of water, sediment, and nutrients in the basin.<ref name="Coast2050"/> Other strategies can be implemented independently of these considerations.<ref name="Coast2050"/> These include barrier shoreline restoration, marsh creation in the southwestern basin, and a delta-building diversion from the lower Mississippi.<ref name="Coast2050"/> The completion of Coast 2050 was to restore and protect 450,000 acres of [[wetland]].<ref name=ReportfromCongress>{{cite web|title=Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs22276.pdf|work=Report from Congress|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222033656/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs22276.pdf|archive-date=2013-02-22}}</ref> [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] had not approved the Coast 2050 plan, and when Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hit, the federal government was studying a less costly, scaled down proposal which could be initiated in the span of a decade.<ref name="ReportfromCongress"/>
+In 1998, the state of Louisiana and its federal and local partners approved a coastal restoration project called Coast 2050: Toward a Sustainable Coast.<ref name=Coast2050>{{cite web|title=Coast2050|url=http://www.coast2050.gov/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323010219/http://www.coast2050.gov/|archive-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref> It is a $14 billion fund that is hoped to be allocated over 50 years in around 77 restoration projects with the aim of creating a sustainable ecosystem of coastal Louisiana.<ref name=UpliftingtheCoast>{{cite web|title=Uplifting the Coast|url=http://www.upliftingthecoast.org/historyresearch.htm|work=Uplifiting the Coast|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613205902/http://www.upliftingthecoast.org/historyresearch.htm|archive-date=June 13, 2012}}</ref> While the plan focuses on all of Louisiana, restoration of the Barataria Basin was the first priority and Grand Isle is at the mouth of [[Barataria Bay]].<ref name="Coast2050"/> On February 18, 2000, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources signed an agreement to initiate a restoration plan to this basin. The loss of wetland in Barataria Bay is estimated at 11 square miles per year from 1978 to 1990 (Fuller et al. 1995).<ref name="Coast2050"/> Most strategies in the Barataria Basin region depend on the overall input, movement, and circulation of water, sediment, and nutrients in the basin.<ref name="Coast2050"/> Other strategies can be implemented independently of these considerations.<ref name="Coast2050"/> These include barrier shoreline restoration, marsh creation in the southwestern basin, and a delta-building diversion from the lower Mississippi.<ref name="Coast2050"/> The completion of Coast 2050 was to restore and protect 450,000 acres of [[wetland]].<ref name=ReportfromCongress>{{cite web|title=Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs22276.pdf|work=Report from Congress|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222033656/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs22276.pdf|archive-date=February 22, 2013}}</ref> [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] had not approved the Coast 2050 plan, and when Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hit, the federal government was studying a less costly, scaled down proposal which could be initiated in the span of a decade.<ref name="ReportfromCongress"/>
-In April 2009, the Mississippi River Sediment Delivery System was proposed to channel dredged sediment from the [[Mississippi River]] to the wetlands in South Louisiana to restore {{Convert|474|acres}} of [[tidal marsh]].<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> Approximately 200 million tons of sediment flows down the Mississippi River annually, of which the Army Corps of Engineers dredges about 60 million cubic yards of the sediment to maintain Louisiana's waterways.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> According to the project documents, if successful, the Sediment Delivery system could potentially create {{Convert|18|sqmi}} of marsh a year and reduce [[wetland loss]]es by as much as two-thirds.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> The dredged sediment will be piped to Bayou Dupont via a {{Convert|1|m|sp=us|adj=on}} pipe, to a {{Convert|500|acre|adj=on}} area of open water and broken marsh.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> Once the area has been adequately filled, it will be planted with marsh grasses.<ref name=CWPPRA>{{cite web|title=Bayou Dupont Sediment Delivery System (BA-39)|url=http://lacoast.gov/new/Projects/Info.aspx?num=ba-39|work=CWPPRA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150826/http://lacoast.gov/new/Projects/Info.aspx?num=BA-39|archive-date=2013-02-17}}</ref> It is estimated that the project will cost $28 million and be completed by August 2009.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/>
+In April 2009, the Mississippi River Sediment Delivery System was proposed to channel dredged sediment from the [[Mississippi River]] to the wetlands in South Louisiana to restore {{Convert|474|acres}} of [[tidal marsh]].<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> Approximately 200 million tons of sediment flows down the Mississippi River annually, of which the Army Corps of Engineers dredges about 60 million cubic yards of the sediment to maintain Louisiana's waterways.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> According to the project documents, if successful, the Sediment Delivery system could potentially create {{Convert|18|sqmi}} of marsh a year and reduce [[wetland loss]]es by as much as two-thirds.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> The dredged sediment will be piped to Bayou Dupont via a {{Convert|1|m|sp=us|adj=on}} pipe, to a {{Convert|500|acre|adj=on}} area of open water and broken marsh.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/> Once the area has been adequately filled, it will be planted with marsh grasses.<ref name=CWPPRA>{{cite web|title=Bayou Dupont Sediment Delivery System (BA-39)|url=http://lacoast.gov/new/Projects/Info.aspx?num=ba-39|work=CWPPRA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150826/http://lacoast.gov/new/Projects/Info.aspx?num=BA-39|archive-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> It is estimated that the project will cost $28 million and be completed by August 2009.<ref name="UpliftingtheCoast"/>
-The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] put up $3 million in the summer of 2009 in federal stimulus grants to restore a protective marsh that will shield the island from backwater flooding.<ref name=NOAAandtheNC>{{cite web|title=Federal money to help Grand Isle coastal restoration projects|url=http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20090707/HURBLOG/907079835?p=1&tc=pg|work=NOAA and the NC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818220013/http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20090707/HURBLOG/907079835?p=1&tc=pg|archive-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> The money will help Grand Isle strengthen its natural defenses, provide better hurricane protection, while also preserving a critical barrier island that buffers inland parishes from the full force of hurricanes.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> In 2009, the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources used $3 million to dredge sediment from the Mississippi River and create {{Convert|50|acres}} of tidal marsh.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> Not only will the marsh help support recreational and commercial fisheries by providing a healthy habitat, officials said, but it will also buffer the island and reduce storm surge and flooding.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/>
+The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] put up $3 million in the summer of 2009 in federal stimulus grants to restore a protective marsh that will shield the island from backwater flooding.<ref name=NOAAandtheNC>{{cite web|title=Federal money to help Grand Isle coastal restoration projects|url=http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20090707/HURBLOG/907079835?p=1&tc=pg|work=NOAA and the NC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818220013/http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20090707/HURBLOG/907079835?p=1&tc=pg|archive-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> The money will help Grand Isle strengthen its natural defenses, provide better hurricane protection, while also preserving a critical barrier island that buffers inland parishes from the full force of hurricanes.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> In 2009, the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources used $3 million to dredge sediment from the Mississippi River and create {{Convert|50|acres}} of tidal marsh.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> Not only will the marsh help support recreational and commercial fisheries by providing a healthy habitat, officials said, but it will also buffer the island and reduce storm surge and flooding.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/>
-Also in 2009, [[the Nature Conservancy]] received a $4 million grant for its Grand Isle shoreline-restoration project, which will create four miles of oyster reefs along the beach in Grand Isle and Biloxi Marsh.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> (see [[Oyster Reef Restoration|oyster reef restoration]]) The frames eventually grow into {{Convert|2|to(-)|3|feet|m|adj=mid|-high}} oyster reefs that buffer the shore and create productive ocean habitats for fish.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> Once these reefs have fully restored themselves, they will also help filter the water.<ref name=OysterRestoration>{{cite web|title=Oyster Restoration|url=http://sites.duke.edu/bayougrace/2012/06/05/oyster-restoration/?vm=r&s=1|work=The Nature Conservancy Camp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814180002/http://sites.duke.edu/bayougrace/2012/06/05/oyster-restoration/?vm=r&s=1|archive-date=2014-08-14|access-date=2013-03-14}}</ref> The Nature Conservancy hope that these oysters colonize on breakwater structures and that the space on these breakwater structures increase biodiversity.<ref name="The Nature Conservancy">{{cite web|title=Grand Isle Oyster Reef Project |url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/oceanscoasts/howwework/la_grand_isle_oyster_april_2008.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120907071622/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/oceanscoasts/howwework/la_grand_isle_oyster_april_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-07 |work=The Nature Conservancy }}</ref>
+Also in 2009, [[the Nature Conservancy]] received a $4 million grant for its Grand Isle shoreline-restoration project, which will create four miles of oyster reefs along the beach in Grand Isle and Biloxi Marsh.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> (see [[Oyster Reef Restoration|oyster reef restoration]]) The frames eventually grow into {{Convert|2|to(-)|3|feet|m|adj=mid|-high}} oyster reefs that buffer the shore and create productive ocean habitats for fish.<ref name="NOAAandtheNC"/> Once these reefs have fully restored themselves, they will also help filter the water.<ref name=OysterRestoration>{{cite web|title=Oyster Restoration|url=http://sites.duke.edu/bayougrace/2012/06/05/oyster-restoration/?vm=r&s=1|work=The Nature Conservancy Camp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814180002/http://sites.duke.edu/bayougrace/2012/06/05/oyster-restoration/?vm=r&s=1|archive-date=August 14, 2014|access-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref> The Nature Conservancy hope that these oysters colonize on breakwater structures and that the space on these breakwater structures increase biodiversity.<ref name="The Nature Conservancy">{{cite web|title=Grand Isle Oyster Reef Project |url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/oceanscoasts/howwework/la_grand_isle_oyster_april_2008.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120907071622/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/oceanscoasts/howwework/la_grand_isle_oyster_april_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |work=The Nature Conservancy }}</ref>
-In response the [[Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill]], the Coalition and the National Wildlife Foundation organized the planting of more than 1,600 mangroves in [[Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)|Grand Isle State Park]] on June 25, 2011.<ref name=Restorationeff>{{cite web|title=Restoration efforts underway in oil spill-impacted Grand Isle State Park |url=http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/Restoration-efforts-underway-in-oil-spill-impacted-Grand-Isle-State-Park-124542499.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815120352/http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/Restoration-efforts-underway-in-oil-spill-impacted-Grand-Isle-State-Park-124542499.html |archive-date=2014-08-15 }}</ref> They hope that this planting will help stabilize the sediment and sand and provide habitat for wildlife, specifically [[pelicans]].<ref name="Restorationeff"/>
+In response the [[Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill]], the Coalition and the National Wildlife Foundation organized the planting of more than 1,600 mangroves in [[Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)|Grand Isle State Park]] on June 25, 2011.<ref name=Restorationeff>{{cite web|title=Restoration efforts underway in oil spill-impacted Grand Isle State Park |url=http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/Restoration-efforts-underway-in-oil-spill-impacted-Grand-Isle-State-Park-124542499.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815120352/http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/Restoration-efforts-underway-in-oil-spill-impacted-Grand-Isle-State-Park-124542499.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014 }}</ref> They hope that this planting will help stabilize the sediment and sand and provide habitat for wildlife, specifically [[pelicans]].<ref name="Restorationeff"/>
-On September 29, 2012, the Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana (CRCL) and the [[Abita Brewing Company]] partnered together to bring out more than 100 volunteers to help restore and protect the beach dunes at Grand Isle State Park in response to [[Hurricane Isaac (2012)|Hurricane Isaac]].<ref name=CRCLandAbita>{{cite web|title=CRCL and Abita Beer Partner on Grand Isle Restoration Project|url=http://www.felicianatoday.com/?p=5820?vm=r&s=1|work=CRCL and Abita Beer Partner|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823053747/http://www.felicianatoday.com/?p=5820%3Fvm%3Dr&s=1|archive-date=2014-08-23}}</ref> It was the first project undertaken in Grand Isle since Hurricane Issac made landfall.<ref name="CRCLandAbita"/> Volunteers installed dune fences and planted more than 12,000 plugs of dune grass. This will help stabilize the fragile beach along Grand Isle.<ref name="CRCLandAbita"/> Abita Beer and CRCL together implemented this and other restoration projects which will directly restore dune habitat and strengthen Grand Isle State Park and other sites in the future.<ref name="CRCLandAbita"/>
+On September 29, 2012, the Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana (CRCL) and the [[Abita Brewing Company]] partnered together to bring out more than 100 volunteers to help restore and protect the beach dunes at Grand Isle State Park in response to [[Hurricane Isaac (2012)|Hurricane Isaac]].<ref name=CRCLandAbita>{{cite web|title=CRCL and Abita Beer Partner on Grand Isle Restoration Project|url=http://www.felicianatoday.com/?p=5820?vm=r&s=1|work=CRCL and Abita Beer Partner|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823053747/http://www.felicianatoday.com/?p=5820%3Fvm%3Dr&s=1|archive-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref> It was the first project undertaken in Grand Isle since Hurricane Issac made landfall.<ref name="CRCLandAbita"/> Volunteers installed dune fences and planted more than 12,000 plugs of dune grass. This will help stabilize the fragile beach along Grand Isle.<ref name="CRCLandAbita"/> Abita Beer and CRCL together implemented this and other restoration projects which will directly restore dune habitat and strengthen Grand Isle State Park and other sites in the future.<ref name="CRCLandAbita"/>
 ==Geography==
@@ Line 220: / Line 219: @@
 ===Climate===
-Grand Island has a [[Humid Subtropical|humid subtropical]] climate, bordering a [[Tropical monsoon climate]] with warm winters and long, hot, humid summers.
+Grand Island has a [[Humid Subtropical|humid subtropical]] climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers.
 {{Weather box |width=auto
@@ Line 308: / Line 307: @@
  |title       = Climate Statistics for Grand Isle, Louisiana
  |access-date  = December 7, 2021
- }}</ref>
+}}</ref>
 |date=December 2021}}
@@ Line 314: / Line 313: @@
 [[File:Louisiana National Guard (50262865788).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Louisiana National Guard]] and local and state agencies reinforce the exposed Burrito Levee in preparation for hurricanes [[Hurricane Marco (2020)|Marco]] and [[Hurricane Laura|Laura]] in 2020.]]
-In 2010, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] installed an artificial levee along the island's southern coast that cost ${{format price|52000000}} and measures {{convert|7.7|mi}} long, {{convert|13|ft}} tall, and {{convert|80|ft}} wide.<ref name="Weather Childs">{{cite news|title=Burrito Levee in Grand Isle, Louisiana, Battered By Multiple Storms|first=Jan Wesner|last=Childs|work=[[weather.com]]|publisher=The Weather Company|date=November 5, 2020|accessdate=September 5, 2021|url=https://weather.com/news/news/2020-11-03-grand-isle-burrito-levee-breached-hurricanes-laura-delta-zeta}}</ref> The core of the levee consists of an {{convert|8+1/2x30|ft|adj=mid}} [[geotextile tube]] core that gives the levee its nickname of the "Burrito Levee". The tube is filled with {{convert|760000|cuyd}} of sand pumped from the gulf floor.<ref name="NYT Reckdahl">{{cite news|title=On Grand Isle, a Fragile Spot Off Louisiana, Vast Damage|first1=Katy|last1=Reckdahl|first2=Bryan|last2=Tarnowski|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 5, 2021|accessdate=September 5, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/05/us/grand-isle-louisiana-ida-damage.html}}</ref> In 2017, Jefferson Parish declared a [[state of emergency]] over the levee's disrepair and exposed core.<ref>{{cite news|title= Grand Isle's 'burrito levee' needs emergency repairs, mayor says|first=Littice|last=Bacon-Blood|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|location=New Orleans|date=April 27, 2017|accessdate=September 5, 2021|url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_2fc22f41-76ac-5c6d-980d-fc459ddce8db.html}}</ref> The levee has been damaged by multiple storms, including [[Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal|Tropical Storm Cristobal]] and [[Hurricane Zeta]] in 2020 and [[Hurricane Ida]] in 2021.<ref name="Weather Childs" /><ref name="NYT Reckdahl" />
+In 2010, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] installed an artificial levee along the island's southern coast that cost ${{format price|52000000}} and measures {{convert|7.7|mi}} long, {{convert|13|ft}} tall, and {{convert|80|ft}} wide.<ref name="Weather Childs">{{cite news|title=Burrito Levee in Grand Isle, Louisiana, Battered By Multiple Storms|first=Jan Wesner|last=Childs|work=[[weather.com]]|publisher=The Weather Company|date=November 5, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2021|url=https://weather.com/news/news/2020-11-03-grand-isle-burrito-levee-breached-hurricanes-laura-delta-zeta}}</ref> The core of the levee consists of an {{convert|8+1/2x30|ft|adj=mid}} [[geotextile tube]] core that gives the levee its nickname of the "Burrito Levee". The tube is filled with {{convert|760000|cuyd}} of sand pumped from the gulf floor.<ref name="NYT Reckdahl">{{cite news|title=On Grand Isle, a Fragile Spot Off Louisiana, Vast Damage|first1=Katy|last1=Reckdahl|first2=Bryan|last2=Tarnowski|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 5, 2021|access-date=September 5, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/05/us/grand-isle-louisiana-ida-damage.html}}</ref> In 2017, Jefferson Parish declared a [[state of emergency]] over the levee's disrepair and exposed core.<ref>{{cite news|title= Grand Isle's 'burrito levee' needs emergency repairs, mayor says|first=Littice|last=Bacon-Blood|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|location=New Orleans|date=April 27, 2017|access-date=September 5, 2021|url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_2fc22f41-76ac-5c6d-980d-fc459ddce8db.html}}</ref> The levee has been damaged by multiple storms, including [[Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal|Tropical Storm Cristobal]] and [[Hurricane Zeta]] in 2020 and [[Hurricane Ida]] in 2021.<ref name="Weather Childs" /><ref name="NYT Reckdahl" />
 ==Demographics==
@@ Line 329: / Line 328: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
-|+Grand Isle racial composition as of 2020<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=2020 Race and Population Totals|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2230830&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=2021-12-28|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
+|+Grand Isle racial composition as of 2020<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=2020 Race and Population Totals|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2230830&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 28, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
 !scope="col"| Race
 !scope="col"| Number
@@ Line 359: / Line 358: @@
 |}
-At the [[2000 United States census|2000 U.S. census]],<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> 1,541 people, 622 households, and 436 families lived in the town.
+At the [[2000 United States census|2000 U.S. census]],<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> 1,541 people, 622 households, and 436 families lived in the town.
 The [[population density]] was {{Convert|251.1|PD/sqmi}}. There were 1,875 housing units at an average density of {{Convert|305.6|/sqmi}}. In 2000, there were 622 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. The U.S. Census Bureau tabulated that 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.89.
@@ Line 365: / Line 364: @@
 The median income for a household in the town was $33,548, and the median income for a family was $35,517. Males had a median income of $34,000 versus $19,333 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $18,330. About 9.1% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.
-At the 2019 [[American Community Survey]], there were 2,038 housing units and 214 were owner-occupied; there were 184 families in the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Households and Families|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20housing&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S1101|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> The average household size was 2.06 for owner-occupied housing units, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units was $203,600.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Selected Housing Characteristics|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20housing&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP04|access-date=2021-07-08|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Residents of Grand Isle had a median household income of $43,333 in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Financial Characteristics|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20housing&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S2503|access-date=2021-07-08|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> and an estimated 22.3% of the population lived at or below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Poverty Status|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20poverty&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S1701|access-date=2021-07-08|website=data.census.gov|language=en}}</ref> A year later by the [[2020 United States census]], there were 1,005 people, 330 households, and 184 families residing in the town.
+At the 2019 [[American Community Survey]], there were 2,038 housing units and 214 were owner-occupied; there were 184 families in the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Households and Families|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20housing&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S1101|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> The average household size was 2.06 for owner-occupied housing units, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units was $203,600.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Selected Housing Characteristics|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20housing&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP04|access-date=July 8, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Residents of Grand Isle had a median household income of $43,333 in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Financial Characteristics|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20housing&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S2503|access-date=July 8, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> and an estimated 22.3% of the population lived at or below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Poverty Status|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20poverty&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S1701|access-date=July 8, 2021|website=data.census.gov|language=en}}</ref> A year later by the [[2020 United States census]], there were 1,005 people, 330 households, and 184 families residing in the town.
-In 2000, the racial makeup of the town was 96.04% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.27% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.19% [[African Americans|African American]], 0.19% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.39% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race were 1.49% of the population. In 2019, 94.9% of Grand Isle's population were [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]], 0.8% Black or African American, 2.0% multiracial, and 2.3% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20race%20and%20ethnicity&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP05|access-date=2021-07-08|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> By 2020, the composition was 92.44% non-Hispanic white, 0.2% Black or African American, 1.49% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 2.29% multiracial or some other race, and 2.99% Hispanic or Latino American.<ref name=":0" />
+In 2000, the racial makeup of the town was 96.04% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.27% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.19% [[African Americans|African American]], 0.19% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.39% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race were 1.49% of the population. In 2019, 94.9% of Grand Isle's population were [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic white]], 0.8% Black or African American, 2.0% multiracial, and 2.3% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 American Community Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Grand%20Isle%20town,%20Louisiana%20race%20and%20ethnicity&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP05|access-date=July 8, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref> By 2020, the composition was 92.44% non-Hispanic white, 0.2% Black or African American, 1.49% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 2.29% multiracial or some other race, and 2.99% Hispanic or Latino American.<ref name=":0" />
+==Government==
+The [[United States Postal Service]] operates a post office in Grand Isle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm?location=1365309|title=GRAND ISLE — Post Office™|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 14, 2024|quote=3393 HIGHWAY 1 GRAND ISLE, LA 70358-9998}}</ref>
 == Arts and culture ==
@@ Line 374: / Line 376: @@
 [[File:Grand Isle Houses seen from porch.jpg|thumb|right|Houses in Grand Isle]]
-Fishing is an important part of Grand Isle's culture. The island is a premier destination for avid fishermen as anglers adore the more than 280 species of fish in the surrounding waters. In 1928, the annual [[Grand Isle Tarpon Rodeo]], [[fishing]] tournament, was established on the island and is now one of the premier salt water fishing rodeos in the United States. The Cajun rodeo draws over 15,000 people annually offering tourists the opportunity to witness the big catch, enjoy local seafood, and mingle with locals.
+Fishing is an important part of Grand Isle's culture, with more than 280 species of fish in the surrounding waters. In 1928, the annual [[Grand Isle Tarpon Rodeo]], [[fishing]] tournament, was established on the island and is now one of the premier salt water fishing rodeos in the United States. The Cajun rodeo draws over 15,000 people annually.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
-The island also has well maintained beaches. [[Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)|Grand Isle State Park]], on the east end of the island, is the only state-owned and operated [[beach]] on the Louisiana [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]]. The beach is a popular destination for people living in South Louisiana, and is also one of the only locations in Louisiana where people [[Surfing|surf]]. A local surf club also exists, established in 2017, and rents out surf boards and gives surf lessons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info|url=https://www.pontcha.com/info|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Pontcha Surf Club|language=en-US}}</ref>
+The island also has well maintained beaches. [[Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)|Grand Isle State Park]], on the east end of the island, is the only state-owned and operated [[beach]] on the Louisiana [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]]. The beach is a popular destination for people living in South Louisiana, and is also one of the only locations in Louisiana where people [[Surfing|surf]]. A local surf club also exists, established in 2017, and rents out surf boards and gives surf lessons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info|url=https://www.pontcha.com/info|access-date=May 21, 2021|website=Pontcha Surf Club|language=en-US}}</ref>
 The island is home to the [[Coast Guard Station Grand Isle]] located on the eastern end of the island.
@@ Line 386: / Line 388: @@
 Originally, the festival was held on a single day, but due to increased popularity and funding, the festival has grown into a three-day event.<ref name="Bird Festival" /> Sponsors of the Grand Isle Migratory Bird Festival believe that future efforts will be more successful if more people are educated about not only the identification of the birds that migrate through the island, but also the identification and importance of the plants the birds utilize.  Each day during the festival, multiple tours are given throughout the diverse habitats of Grand Isle where experienced guides instruct beginner birders on the different techniques used to find and identify birds as well as the ecological aspects of the island.  Other tours are offered that guide visitors through the chenier forests and teach them about the native plants found on the island, including the species that are not only edible to birds but to people as well.  Other features of the festival include bird banding and mist netting demonstrations, seminars on what to look for when choosing a pair of binoculars or a spotting scope, as well as games and other activities.
-Described as a barrier island, Grand Isle consists of mainly marsh habitat, beaches and chenier forests which attract numerous species of migratory birds.<ref name="Neyland">{{cite journal|last=Neyland|first=R|author2=Meyer H.|title=Species Diversity of Louisiana Chenier Woody Vegetation Remnants.|journal=Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|volume=124|issue=3|pages=254–261|jstor=2996613|doi=10.2307/2996613|year=1997}}</ref> The presence of these hardwood forests allows for the seasonal arrival and departure of major flocks of birds that migrate across the Gulf of Mexico to South America during both the fall and spring migrations.<ref name="DeptInter">{{cite journal|last=Lincoln |first=FC |author2=SR Peterson |title=Migration of Birds |journal=U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |volume=16 |pages=119–124 |url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/migratio/migratio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411204406/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/migratio/migratio.htm |archive-date=2006-04-11 }}</ref> The Migratory Bird Festival is held annually and coincides with the arrival of the spring migrants returning from their winter habitat in the south.
+Described as a barrier island, Grand Isle consists of mainly marsh habitat, beaches and chenier forests which attract numerous species of migratory birds.<ref name="Neyland">{{cite journal|last=Neyland|first=R|author2=Meyer H.|title=Species Diversity of Louisiana Chenier Woody Vegetation Remnants.|journal=Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|volume=124|issue=3|pages=254–261|jstor=2996613|doi=10.2307/2996613|year=1997}}</ref> The presence of these hardwood forests allows for the seasonal arrival and departure of major flocks of birds that migrate across the Gulf of Mexico to South America during both the fall and spring migrations.<ref name="DeptInter">{{cite journal|last=Lincoln |first=FC |author2=SR Peterson |title=Migration of Birds |journal=U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |volume=16 |pages=119–124 |url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/migratio/migratio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411204406/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/migratio/migratio.htm |archive-date=April 11, 2006 }}</ref> The Migratory Bird Festival is held annually and coincides with the arrival of the spring migrants returning from their winter habitat in the south.
 ===Chenier habitat===
-Chenier habitats are not limited to Grand Isle, but were historically found in [[wetlands]] throughout the southeastern coasts of Louisiana called the Chenier Plain.<ref name="Neyland" /> Today, the Chenier Plain consists of uplands, wetlands, and open water that extends from Vermillion Bay, Louisiana to East Bay, Texas.  Of the original {{convert|500,000|acre}} that had existed, an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 square acres{{Clarify|date=January 2012}} remain.<ref name="WildlifeDept">{{cite journal|last=Louisiana Depart of Wildlife and Fisheries|title=Conservation Habitats and Species Assessments|journal=LACWCS|year=2005|url=http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/document/32867-coastal-live-oak-hackberry-forest/coastal_live_oak-hackberry_forest.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924191945/http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/document/32867-coastal-live-oak-hackberry-forest/coastal_live_oak-hackberry_forest.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-24}}</ref> Chenier forests consist of hardwood trees, primarily oaks and hackberries, as well as a variety of other vegetation such as mulberry, honeylocust, water oak, green ash, and American elm, all which grow along slightly elevated ridges.  These ridges are the result of the build-up of sediment from periodic shifts of the Mississippi River's delta and can range in size from {{Convert|1-3|m|feet}} high and between {{Convert|30-450|m}} wide.<ref name="Neyland" /> Because of the slightly higher elevation, chenier forests not only allow for the growth of hardwood trees that support the variety of migratory birds that pass through Grand Isle, but also act as a barrier for salt water intrusion into a marsh during storm surges.<ref name="Cheniers">{{cite journal|last=Russell|first=RJ|author2=HV Howe|title=Cheniers of Southwestern Louisiana|journal=Geographical Review|year=1935|volume=25|issue=3|pages=449–461|jstor=209313|doi=10.2307/209313}}</ref> Typically, marshes that are north of a chenier are less saline than marshes that are closer to the gulf.
+Chenier habitats are not limited to Grand Isle, but were historically found in [[wetlands]] throughout the southeastern coasts of Louisiana called the Chenier Plain.<ref name="Neyland" /> Today, the Chenier Plain consists of uplands, wetlands, and open water that extends from [[Vermilion Bay (Louisiana)|Vermilion Bay, Louisiana]] to [[East Bay (Texas)|East Bay, Texas]].  Of the original {{convert|500,000|acre}} that had existed, an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 square acres{{Clarify|date=January 2012}} remain.<ref name="WildlifeDept">{{cite journal|last=Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries|title=Conservation Habitats and Species Assessments|journal=LACWCS|year=2005|url=http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/document/32867-coastal-live-oak-hackberry-forest/coastal_live_oak-hackberry_forest.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924191945/http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/document/32867-coastal-live-oak-hackberry-forest/coastal_live_oak-hackberry_forest.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref> Chenier forests consist of hardwood trees, primarily oaks and hackberries, as well as a variety of other vegetation such as mulberry, honeylocust, water oak, green ash, and American elm, all which grow along slightly elevated ridges.  These ridges are the result of the build-up of sediment from periodic shifts of the Mississippi River's delta and can range in size from {{Convert|1-3|m|feet}} high and between {{Convert|30-450|m}} wide.<ref name="Neyland" /> Because of the slightly higher elevation, chenier forests not only allow for the growth of hardwood trees that support the variety of migratory birds that pass through Grand Isle, but also act as a barrier for salt water intrusion into a marsh during storm surges.<ref name="Cheniers">{{cite journal|last=Russell|first=RJ|author2=HV Howe|title=Cheniers of Southwestern Louisiana|journal=Geographical Review|year=1935|volume=25|issue=3|pages=449–461|jstor=209313|doi=10.2307/209313}}</ref> Typically, marshes that are north of a chenier are less saline than marshes that are closer to the gulf.
 The cover of a chenier forest provides for migratory birds a place to rest before or after making the flight across the Gulf of Mexico and in some species of birds, the habitat is essential for breeding.<ref name="BreedingSeason">{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Scott|author2=Shannon LaDeau |author3=Anders Tottrup |author4=Peter Marra |title=Range-wide effects of breeding- and nonbreeding-season climate on the abundance of a Neotropical migrant songbird|journal=Ecology|year=2011|volume=92|issue=9|pages=1789–1798|url=http://ejournals.ebsco.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/Direct.asp?AccessToken=7TLDTTTB3OIFX0IONXNL0MVIIXLFB3L9N9&Show=Object&ErrorURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinksource.ebsco.com%2Ferror.aspx|doi=10.1890/10-1757.1|pmid=21939075}}</ref> However, some studies suggest that it is not just the cover that habitats like chenier forests provide that attract migratory birds, but it is the food availability that is the principal factor in migratory bird stopover. Stopover is a term used for when flocks of migratory birds pause in a certain area to rest and/or feed.<ref name="Stopover">{{cite journal|last=Buler|first=Jeffrey|author2=Frank R. Moore |author3=Stefan Woltmann |title=A Multi-Scale Examination of Stopover Habitat Use By Birds|journal=Ecology|year=2007|volume=88|issue=7|pages=1789–1802|jstor=27651296|doi=10.1890/06-1871.1|pmid=17645025|url=https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9674&context=fac_pubs}}</ref>  Studies have shown that significant stopover occurs more frequently as flocks of migratory birds near the coast.<ref name="VegStructutre">{{cite journal|last=Deppe|first=Jill L.|author2=John T. Rotenberry|title=Scale-Dependent Habitat Use by Fall Migratory Birds: Vegetation Structure, Floristics, and Geography|journal=Ecological Monographs|year=2008|volume=78|issue=3|pages=461–487|jstor=27646145|doi=10.1890/07-0163.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> There is a correlation between large densities of birds occurring in continuous hardwood forests, such as old-growth cheniers.  Studies done on forest cover indicate that as the amount of cover increased, arthropod abundance and the presence of fleshy, fruit bearing vegetation increased as well, and that migratory birds use forest cover as an indicator of greater habitat quality, thus a better food source per impending journey across the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="BreedingSeason" />
@@ Line 407: / Line 409: @@
 == Education ==
-Grand Isle is served by [[Jefferson Parish Public Schools]]. The [[Grand Isle School]] serves [[pre-kindergarten]] through 12th grade.
+Grand Isle is served by [[Jefferson Parish Public Schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22051_jefferson/DC20SD_C22051.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Jefferson Parish, LA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 14, 2014}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22051_jefferson/DC20SD_C22051_SD2MS.txt Text list].</ref> The [[Grand Isle School]] serves [[pre-kindergarten]] through 12th grade.
+Grand Isle Library is a small public library responding to the needs of local residents and visitors. The new Grand Isle Library opened on Wednesday, November 14, 2012.<ref>[http://www.jefferson.lib.la.us/branches/jplpage.grandisle.html Grand Isle Library] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129233018/http://www.jefferson.lib.la.us/branches/jplpage.grandisle.html |date=January 29, 2011 }}. [[Jefferson Parish Library]]. Retrieved on September 28, 2010.</ref>
+Jefferson Parish is in the area of [[Delgado Community College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dcc.edu/documents/fact-sheet.pdf|title=The Economic Value of Delgado Community College|publisher=[[Delgado Community College]]|access-date=March 9, 2024|quote=For the purposes of this analysis, the Delgado Service Area is {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Jefferson,[...]}}<br>Also the map at: {{cite web|url=https://www.lctcs.edu/our-colleges|title=Our Colleges|publisher=[[Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges]]|access-date=March 9, 2024}} shows Jefferson Parish in the service area of Delgado CC.</ref>
-Grand Isle Library is a small public library responding to the needs of local residents and visitors. The new Grand Isle Library opened on Wednesday, November 14, 2012.<ref>[http://www.jefferson.lib.la.us/branches/jplpage.grandisle.html Grand Isle Library] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129233018/http://www.jefferson.lib.la.us/branches/jplpage.grandisle.html |date=2011-01-29 }}. [[Jefferson Parish Library]]. Retrieved on September 28, 2010.</ref>
 ==In popular culture==
@@ Line 416: / Line 420: @@
 ==See also==
-*[[Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)|Grand Isle State Park]]
+* [[1909 Grand Isle hurricane]]
-*[[Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge]]
+* [[Grand Isle Seaplane Base]]
+* [[Grand Isle State Park (Louisiana)|Grand Isle State Park]]
+* [[Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 436: / Line 442: @@
 [[Category:Barrier islands of Louisiana]]
 [[Category:Populated coastal places in Louisiana]]
-[[Category:Towns in New Orleans metropolitan area]]
+[[Category:Towns in the New Orleans metropolitan area]]
 <!-- [[Category:United States Coast Guard bases]] used on redirect for base-->
 [[Category:Landforms of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana]]

v t e Municipalities and communities of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States
Parish seat: Gretna
Cities	Gretna Harahan Kenner Westwego
Towns	Grand Isle Jean Lafitte
CDPs	Avondale Barataria Bridge City Elmwood Estelle Harvey Jefferson Lafitte Marrero Metairie River Ridge Terrytown Timberlane Waggaman Woodmere
Other unincorporated communities	Crown Point Manila Village
Louisiana portal United States portal

Authority control databases
International	VIAF WorldCat
National	United States Israel
Other	NARA