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{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|name = ''Iris tenuifolia''
|image = Iris tenuifolia; Baikonur 005.jpg
|image = Iris tenuifolia; Baikonur 005.jpg
|image caption = flower head of Iris tenuifolia in Kazakhstan.
|image_caption = Flower head of ''Iris tenuifolia'' in Kazakhstan
|genus = Iris
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|display_parents = 3
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|parent = Iris ser. Tenuifoliae
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|species = tenuifolia
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pall]]
|familia = [[Iridaceae]]
|synonyms = {{Species list
|subfamilia = [[Iridoideae]]
|tribus = [[Irideae]]
|genus = ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''
|subgenus = ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]''
|series=''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae]]''
|species = '''''I. tenuifolia'''''
|binomial = ''Iris tenuifolia''
|binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pall]]
| synonyms = {{species list
|Cryptobasis tenuifolia |(Pall.) Nevski
|Cryptobasis tenuifolia |(Pall.) Nevski
|Iris acaulis |Pall.
|Iris acaulis |Pall.
Line 22: Line 14:
|Joniris tenuifolia |(Pall.) Klatt
|Joniris tenuifolia |(Pall.) Klatt
|Neubeckia tenuifolia |(Pall.) Alef.
|Neubeckia tenuifolia |(Pall.) Alef.
|Xiphion tenuifolium |(Pall.) Schrank }}<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322290 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
|Xiphion tenuifolium |(Pall.) Schrank }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322290 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''''Iris tenuifolia''''' is a beardless [[iris (plant)|iris]] in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the ''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae|Tenuifoliae series]]'' of the species. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]].


'''''Iris tenuifolia''''' is a beardless [[iris (plant)|iris]] in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the series ''[[Iris ser. Tenuifoliae|Tenuifoliae]]'' of the genus. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from a wide region over central Asia, including [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], (the former [[Soviet Union]] republics of); [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Mongolia]] and in [[China]]. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.
It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''xi ye yuan wei'' in [[Pinyin]] Chinese.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 305 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id= 200028220 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title= Taxon: Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20429 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=fabaceae>{{cite web |title=中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name) |url=http://fabaceae.onlineflora.cn/taxonomy/term/12959 |publisher=fabaceae.onlineflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


==Description==
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''tenuifolia'' comes from the almagamtion of two latin words ''tenuis'' meaning 'fine or thin' and ''folia'' mean ''leaf''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | page=68-69 | isbn=0304937215}}</ref>
[[File:Iris tenuifolia; Baikonur 004.jpg|thumb]]
''Iris tenuifolia'' is very similar in form to the [[Mediterranean]] ''[[Iris unguicularis]]''. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.<ref name=dykesonirises/>


It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=ussrflora>{{cite web |first=V.L. | last=Komarov | year=1935 | title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV | url=https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref><!-- also <ref name=swewe/>--> Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.<ref name=swewe>{{cite web |title=Egeria Iris |url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |access-date= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
It has the common names of ''Egeria Iris''<ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sect. Limniris Tausch |url=http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Sect. Limniris |publisher=frps.eflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=swewe>{{cite web |title=Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref> Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).<ref name=fabaceae/> Another common name is ''narrow leafed iris'',<ref name=mongolmed>{{cite journal |last=Sarantsetseg |first=B. |last2=Ambaga |first2=M. |last3=Khürelbaatar |first3=L. |date=2001 |title=Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity |url= http://www.mongolmed.mn/article/1189 |journal=Mongolian Medicine |publisher=Mongolian Association of Medical journals  |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> or ''fine leaved iris'', <ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> or ''slender-leaf iris'',<ref name=grin/> or ''silk leaves Iris''.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan/>
On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) |page=259}}</ref> The sheaths can be up to {{convert|6|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=knigi/>
It was published and described by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] in ''Reise Russ. Reich.'' Vol.3 page714 in 1776. <ref>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439173-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between {{convert|20|-|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.5–2&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=European/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><!-- also <ref name=hort/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/> -->
It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near [[Moscow]].<ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
They do not have a mid-vein but parallel veins,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> and are acuminate (ending in a point).<ref name=ussrflora/>
They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.<ref name=hort/>


The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.<ref name=ussrflora/>
It was later published with an illustration in [[The Gardeners' Chronicle]] 3rd. Series Vol.59 page196 on 8 April 1916.<ref name=america>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(Spec) Iris tenuifolia Pall. |date=30 November 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecTenuifolia |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


It has a very short flowering stem or [[Scape (botany)|scape]], {{convert|10|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/>--><ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |author-link=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie1-106517062.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |access-date=20 January 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.<ref name=efloras/>
In February 1997, a study was published in which 6 new [[flavanone]]s, isolated from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia, using high resolution [[mass spectrometry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Kojima |first=Keisuke |last2= Gombosurengyin |first2= Purevsuren |last3= Ondognyi |first3= Purev |last4= Begzsurengyin |first4=Dagvatseren |last5= Zevgeegyin |first5= Oyun |last6= Hatano |first6= Keiichiro |last7=Ogihara |first7= Yukio |date= February 1997 |title=Flavanones from Iris tenuifolia |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942296005961 |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher=Elsevier Ltd. |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=711–714 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00596-1 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for [[kidney]] protection was carried out.<ref name=mongolmed/>


It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), [[Biological membrane|membranous]], green, between {{convert|5|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 8–10&nbsp;mm wide, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/><!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/>-->
It is included in the [[IUCN]] 'Red Data Book' of the [[Chita Oblast]] of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.<ref name=exhibition/>


The stems hold normally 1–3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=European/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow/><!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/>--> blooming in spring, between April and May,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=irisbotanique/><!-- also <ref name=hort/>--> or late as early June (in Russia).<ref name=onego/>
The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as [[cancer]], inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.<ref name=patent>{{cite web |title=Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof |url=http://www.google.com/patents/CN101716262B?cl=en |publisher=google.com |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> It was found that compounds isolated from ''[[Iris germanica]]'' have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahman |first=A.U. |last2=Nasim |first2=S. |last3=Baig |first3=I. |last4=Jalil |first4=S. |last5=Orhan |first5=I. |last6=Sener |first6=B. |last7=Choudhary |first7=M.I. |date=June 2003 |title=Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738083 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |publisher= |volume=86 |issue=2-3 |pages=177-180 |doi= |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref>


The scented flowers,<ref name=ussrflora/> are {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=European/> and come in shades of pale violet,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pacific/> lilac,<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=pacific/> pale blue,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=irisbotanique/><!-- also <ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=onego/>--> or purple.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=onego/><ref name=irisbotanique/><!-- also <ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow/>-->
The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as [[tocolysis]] (also called anti-contraction medications or labor repressants) and to treat [[fetal]] [[metrorrhagia]].<ref name=swewe> title=Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> {{convert|4.5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/> They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/> The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 5–9&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><!-- also <ref name=ussrflora/>-->


It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, {{convert|4.5|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=European/><!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=onego/>-->
In 2003, it was listed as an endemic [[vascular]] species of the temperate [[steppe]] region of [[Inner Mongolia]], China, along with ''[[Stipa grandis]]'', ''[[Artemisia frigida]]'', ''[[Festuca ovina]]'', ''[[Thymus serpyllum]]'', ''[[Caragana microphylla]]'', ''[[Koeleria cristata]]'' and others.<ref name=forest> Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor){{Google books|VmtPnUbH-uIC|Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003)| page=80}}</ref>


It has 3 single coloured, style branches, {{convert|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 4–5&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/> They [[Glossary of botanical terms#attenuate|attenuate]] (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/>
In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple [[flavanone]]s within a single species. <ref>{{cite book |first=Oyvind M. |last=Andersen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Markham |title=Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. |date=9 December 2005 |publisher=CRC Press |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849320217 |isbn= 9780849320217 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


It has a slender 3–4&nbsp;mm long pedicel,<ref name=ussrflora/> {{convert|3|cm|0|abbr=on}} long Stamens and a cylindric {{convert|7|-|12|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2&nbsp;mm wide, ovary.<ref name=efloras/>
Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and ''[[Iris halophila]]''. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy’s, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and [[Uighur]] herb medicine.<ref name=metapop>{{cite web |title=Hui Wang (PhD) http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532 |publisher=metapop.univ-montp2.fr |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),<ref name=onego/> or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, {{convert|3.2–4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2–1.8|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><!-- also <ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/>-->
In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from ''Iris tenuifolia''. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone , 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, ''tenuifodione'' and ''tenuifone''. All found using [[spectroscopic]] methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choudhary |first=Muhammad Iqbal |last2=Hareem |first2=Sumaira |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Hina |last4=Anjum |first4=Shazia |last5=Ali |first5=Shamsher |last6=Zaidi |first6=Mudassir Israr |date=1 June 2008 |title=A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia. |url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/18472117 |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher=sigmaaldrich.com |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1880-1885 |doi= |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


The seeds are oval (or turbinate – like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/>-->
On 24 December 2009, a [[patent]] was granted, for the extraction of Iris tenuifolia. Due to it's chemical compounds being used in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=patent/>


Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.<ref name=dykesonirises/>
In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and then tested against [[stem cell]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cui |first=Yan-Mei |last2=Wang |first2=Hui |last3=Liu |first3=Quan-Ru |last4=Han |first4=Mei |last5=Lu |first5=Yang |last6=Zhao |first6=Chang-Qi |date=17 August 2011 |title=Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro. |url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/21737268/Flavans-from-Iris-tenuifolia-and-their-effects-on-%CE%B2-amyloid-aggregation-and-neural-stem-cells-proli |journal=Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. |publisher= |volume=21 |issue=15 |pages=4400-4403 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


===Biochemistry===
In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of ''Iris tenuifolia'' from various habitats in [[Xinjiang]], China, were studied.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhuo |last2=Guan |first2=Kai-Yun |last3=Li |first3=Wen-Jun |last4=Duan |first4=Shi-Min |date=2014 |title=Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats. |url=http://www.cje.net.cn/EN/abstract/abstract6909.shtml |journal=Chinese Journal of Ecology |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=618-623 |doi= |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
In February 1997, a study was published in which 6 new [[flavanone]]s, isolated from the rhizomes of ''Iris tenuifolia'', using high resolution [[mass spectrometry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Kojima |first1=Keisuke |last2= Gombosurengyin |first2= Purevsuren |last3= Ondognyi |first3= Purev |last4= Begzsurengyin |first4=Dagvatseren |last5= Zevgeegyin |first5= Oyun |last6= Hatano |first6= Keiichiro |last7=Ogihara |first7= Yukio |date= February 1997 |title=Flavanones from Iris tenuifolia |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher=Elsevier Ltd. |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=711–714 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00596-1 |bibcode=1997PChem..44..711K }}</ref>


In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple [[flavanone]]s within a single species.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Oyvind M. |last1=Andersen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Markham |title=Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. |date=9 December 2005 |publisher=CRC Press |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849320217 |isbn= 9780849320217 |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 2 October 2014.<ref name=grin/>


Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and ''[[Iris halophila]]''. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy's, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and [[Uyghurs|Uighur]] herb medicine.<ref name=metapop>{{cite web |title=Hui Wang (PhD) |url=http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532 |publisher=metapop.univ-montp2.fr |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610182704/http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532 |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia| pages=274-275 | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=14<ref name=efloras/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yan Limei |last2=Wei |first2=Yan Sha |date=January 1999 |title=Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia |url= |journal=Journal Of Qiqihar University ( Natural Science Edition ) |publisher=Qiqihar University |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate= 28 January 2015}}</ref>


In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from ''Iris tenuifolia''. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone, 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, ''tenuifodione'' and ''tenuifone''. All found using [[spectroscopic]] methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhary |first1=Muhammad Iqbal |last2=Hareem |first2=Sumaira |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Hina |last4=Anjum |first4=Shazia |last5=Ali |first5=Shamsher |last6=Zaidi |first6=Mudassir Israr |date=1 June 2008 |title=A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia. |url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/18472117 |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher=sigmaaldrich.com |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1880–1885 |doi= 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.011|access-date=28 January 2015 |pmid=18472117|bibcode=2008PChem..69.1880C }}</ref>
As of January 2015, it is listed as a ''tentativily accepted'' name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=rhs>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9383/Iris-tenuifolia/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and then tested against [[stem cell]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Yan-Mei |last2=Wang |first2=Hui |last3=Liu |first3=Quan-Ru |last4=Han |first4=Mei |last5=Lu |first5=Yang |last6=Zhao |first6=Chang-Qi |date=17 August 2011 |title=Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro. |url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/21737268/Flavans-from-Iris-tenuifolia-and-their-effects-on-%CE%B2-amyloid-aggregation-and-neural-stem-cells-proli |journal=Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. |volume=21 |issue=15 |pages=4400–4403 |access-date=28 January 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.039|pmid=21737268 }}</ref>
==Cultivation==
Iris tenuifolia is rare in cultivation in the UK.<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.|last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | page=139 |isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref><ref name=blight> Samuel Hereman {{Google books|D6tWAAAAcAAJ|Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840)|page=142}}</ref> It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.<ref name=hort>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Murrain |title=Subject: Iris tenuifolia |date=3 June 2010 |url=https://www.hort.net/lists/iris-species/jun10/msg00026.html publisher=hort.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>


===Genetics===
They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.<ref name=hort/><ref name=swewe/>
In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on ''[[Iris laevigata]]'' and several of its closely related iris species, including ''[[Iris ensata]]'', ''[[Iris setosa]]'', ''[[Iris halophila]]'', ''[[Iris scariosa]]'', ''[[Iris potaninii]]'', ''Iris tenuifolia'', ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', and ''[[Iris sanguinea]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Ming-Zhou |last2=Li |first2=Ming-Rui |last3=Shi |first3=Feng-Xue |last4=Li |first4=Lin |last5=Liu |first5=Ying |last6=Li |first6=Lin-Feng |last7=Xiao |first7=Hong-Xing |date=July 2012 |title=Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=7 |pages=286–288 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100608 |pmid=22739712}}</ref>


In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of ''Iris tenuifolia'' from various habitats in [[Xinjiang]], China, were studied.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Zhuo |last2=Guan |first2=Kai-Yun |last3=Li |first3=Wen-Jun |last4=Duan |first4=Shi-Min |date=2014 |title=Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats. |url=http://www.cje.net.cn/EN/abstract/abstract6909.shtml |journal=Chinese Journal of Ecology |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=618–623 |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
It was sometimes used as [[annual plant]] and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).<ref name=blight/>


As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book | first= Claire | last=Austin | title= Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia | publisher= Timber Press, Incorporated | isbn = 978-0881927306 | year = 2005 | ol = OL8176432M | page=<!-- 274–275 in diff edition-->}}</ref>
It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]], if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to Nebraska, North Dakota or South Dakota.<ref name=hort/> It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and [[Chita Oblast|Chita]].<ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved irises |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ten.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=14.<ref name=efloras/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yan Limei |last2=Wei |first2=Yan Sha |date=January 1999 |title=Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia |journal=Journal of Qiqihar University (Natural Science Edition) |publisher=Qiqihar University }}</ref>


== Taxonomy==
It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=rainbow>{{cite web |title=Rainbow |date=9 December 2014 |url=http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |publisher=wdtns.ru |accessdate=24 January 2015}}</ref> It prefers alkaline soils.<ref name=knigi>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved iris |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/64/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''xi ye yuan wei'' in [[Pinyin]] Chinese.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 305 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028220 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=fabaceae>{{cite web |title=中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name) |url=http://fabaceae.onlineflora.cn/taxonomy/term/12959 |publisher=fabaceae.onlineflora.cn |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063629/http://fabaceae.onlineflora.cn/taxonomy/term/12959 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''tenuifolia'' comes from the almagamtion of two Latin words ''tenuis'' meaning 'fine or thin' and ''folia'' mean ''leaf''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | pages=68–69 | isbn=978-0304937219}}</ref>
They prefer positions in full sun.<ref name=knigi/>


It has the common names of ''Egeria Iris''.<ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090645/http://www.flph.org/s/Iris |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sect. Limniris Tausch |url=http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Sect. Limniris |publisher=frps.eflora.cn |access-date=19 January 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/>--> Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).<ref name=fabaceae/> Another common name is ''narrow leafed iris'',<ref name=mongolmed>{{cite journal |last1=Sarantsetseg |first1=B. |last2=Ambaga |first2=M. |last3=Khürelbaatar |first3=L. |date=2001 |title=Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity |url= http://www.mongolmed.mn/article/1189 |journal=Mongolian Medicine |publisher=Mongolian Association of Medical journals |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> or ''fine leaved iris'',<ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> or ''slender-leaf iris'',<ref name=grin/> or ''silk leaves Iris''.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan/>
It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of [[Bulb frame|bulb frames]] (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.<ref name=cassidy/>
The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.<ref name=hort/>


It was published and described by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] in ''Reise Russ. Reich.'' Vol.3 on page 714 in 1776.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439173-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).<ref name=knigi/><ref name=hort/><ref name=rainbow/>


It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near [[Moscow]].<ref name="exhibition"/>
==Propagation==
The seed of Iris tenuifolia is rarely used by western horticulturists, as the plants rarely flower.<ref name=hort/> [[William Rickatson Dykes]] notes that it ''made no satisfactory growth'' and never flowered.<ref name=dykesonirises>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |title=Dykes on Iris url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref>


It was later published with an illustration in [[The Gardeners' Chronicle]] 3rd. Series Vol.59 on page 196 on 8 April 1916.<ref name=america>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(Spec) Iris tenuifolia Pall. |date=30 November 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecTenuifolia |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
In other flowering regions, the seed can be harvested in autumn, washed, fresh or dried.<ref name=swewe/>


It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 2 October 2014,<ref name=grin/> then as of January 2015, it is listed as a ''tentatively accepted'' name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=rhs>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9383/Iris-tenuifolia/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:Iris tenuifolia; Baikonur 004.jpg|thumb]]
Iris tenuifolia is very similar in form to the [[Mediterranean]] ''[[Iris unguicularis]]''. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.<ref name=dykesonirises/>


==Distribution and habitat==
It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=ussrflora>{{cite web |first=V.L. | last=Komarov | year=1935 | title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV |publisher=archive.org | url=http://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=swewe/> Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.<ref name=swewe/>
[[File:Iris tenuifolia; Baikonur 003.jpg|thumb|Iris tenuifolia on the left bank of [[Syr-Darya]] river in Kazakhstan]]
On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) |page=259}}</ref><ref name=ussrflora/> The sheaths can be up to {{convert|6|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=swewe/>
''Iris tenuifolia'' is [[native plant|native]] to a wide region, of various [[temperateness|temperate]] areas of Central [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=rhs/> Which extends from the [[Volga]] through [[Turkestan]] into [[Mongolia]],<ref name=handbook/> and China.


===Range===
It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.<ref name=knigi/><ref name=ussrflora/>
It is found in the western Asian countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=grin/>


It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between {{convert|20|-|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.5–2&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=hort/><ref name=European/>
Also in the middle Asian countries of (the former [[Soviet Union]] republics of); [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=grin/><!-- also <ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/>-->
They do not have a mid-vein but paralled veins,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> and are acuminate (ending in a point).<ref name=ussrflora/>
Also found in regions of Russia, including [[Agin-Buryat Okrug]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chelyabinsk]], Chita and [[Siberia]].<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=grin/><!-- also <ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/>-->
It is listed with ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', ''[[Iris humilis]]'', ''[[Iris ruthenica]]'', ''[[Iris sibirica]]'' and ''[[Iris tigridia]]'' as being found in the [[Altai-Sayan region]] (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).<ref>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion |url=http://www.bioaltai-sayan.ru/regnum/eng/species_all.php?right=box-spec-p/iris.php |publisher=bioaltai-sayan.ru |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>
They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.<ref name=hort/>


It is found within central China,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=pacific/><!-- also <ref name=hort/>--> in the [[Provinces of China|provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Hebei]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Nei Mongol]], [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]], ([[Shandong]]<ref name=efloras/>), [[Shanxi]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Xizang]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=grin/><!-- also <ref name=swewe/>-->
The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.<ref name=ussrflora/>


One reference mentions Turkey,<ref name=swewe/> another reference mentions Iran.<ref name=hort/> Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.
It has a very short flowering stem or [[Scape (botany)|scape]], {{convert|10|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=onego/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie1-106517062.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=European/>
Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.<ref name=efloras/>


===Habitat===
It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), [[membranous]], green, between {{convert|5|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 8–10&nbsp;mm wide, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=European/><ref name=swewe/>
It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.<ref name=rainbow/>


The stems hold normally 1–3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=European/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=rainbow/> blooming in spring, between April and May,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=hort/> or late as earl June (in Russia).<ref name=onego/>
On sandy [[steppe]]s, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.<ref name=knigi/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><!-- also <ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/>-->


It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.<!-- also <ref name=efloras/>--><ref name=swewe/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=irisbotanique/>
The scented flowers,<ref name=ussrflora/> are {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=European/> and come in shades of pale violet,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pacific/> lilac,<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=rainbow/> pale blue,<ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rainbow/>or purple.<ref name=onego/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rainbow/>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> {{convert|4.5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=European/><ref name=swewe/> They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/>
The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 5–9&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/>


In north east China, it is found growing on poor soils on open tree-less plains.<ref name=hort/>
It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, {{convert|4.5|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/>


==Conservation==
It has 3 single coloured, style branches, {{convert|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 4–5&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/> They [[attenuate]] (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/>
In 2003, it was listed as an endemic [[vascular]] species of the temperate [[steppe]] region of [[Inner Mongolia]], China, along with ''[[Stipa grandis]]'', ''[[Artemisia frigida]]'', ''[[Festuca ovina]]'', ''[[Thymus serpyllum]]'', ''[[Caragana microphylla]]'', ''[[Koeleria cristata]]'' and others.<ref name=forest>Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor){{Google books|VmtPnUbH-uIC|Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003)|page=80}}</ref>


It is included in the [[IUCN]] 'Red Data Book' of the [[Chita Oblast]] of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.<ref name=exhibition/>
It has a slender 3–4&nbsp;mm long pedicel,<ref name=ussrflora/> {{convert|3|cm|0|abbr=on}} long Stamens and a cylindric {{convert|7|-|12|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2&nbsp;mm wide, Ovary.<ref name=efloras/>


==Cultivation==
After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),<ref name=onego/> or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, {{convert|3.2-4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2-1.8|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/>
''Iris tenuifolia'' is rare in cultivation in the UK.<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.|last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | page=139 |isbn=978-0-88192-089-5}}</ref><ref name=blight>Samuel Hereman {{Google books|D6tWAAAAcAAJ|Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840)|page=142}}</ref> It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.<ref name=hort>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Murrain |title=Subject: Iris tenuifolia |date=3 June 2010 |url=https://www.hort.net/lists/iris-species/jun10/msg00026.html |publisher=hort.net |access-date= 29 January 2015}}</ref>


The seeds are oval (or turbinate like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.<ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/>
They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/>


It was sometimes used as [[annual plant]] and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).<ref name=blight/>
Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.<ref name=dykesonirises/>


It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]], if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]] or [[South Dakota]].<ref name=hort/> It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and [[Chita Oblast|Chita]].<ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) – fine-leaved irises |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ten.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>
==Native==
[[File:Iris tenuifolia; Baikonur 003.jpg|thumb|Iris tenuifolia on the left bank of [[Syr-Darya]] river in Kazakhstan]]
Iris tenuifolia is [[native plant|native]] to a wide region, of various [[temperateness|temperate]] areas of Central [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=rhs/>
Which extends from the [[Volga]] through [[Turkestan]] into [[Mongolia]],<ref name=handbook/> and China.


It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow>{{cite web |title=Rainbow |date=9 December 2014 |url=http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |publisher=wdtns.ru |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082414/http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It prefers alkaline soils.<ref name=knigi>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) – fine-leaved iris |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/64/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |access-date= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
===Range===
It is found in the western Asian countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/>


They prefer positions in full sun.<ref name=knigi/>
In the middle Asian countries of (the former [[Soviet Union]] republics of); [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=onego/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=ussrflora/>
Also found in regions of Russia, including [[Agin-Buryat Okrug]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chelyabinsk]], Chita and [[Siberia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=onego/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of [[bulb frame]]s (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.<ref name=cassidy/> The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.<ref name=hort/>
It is found within central China,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=onego/><ref name=hort/> in the [[Provinces of China|provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Hebei]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Nei Mongol]], [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]], ([[Shangdong]]<ref name=efloras/>), [[Shanxi]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Xizang]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/>


It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).<ref name=knigi/><ref name=hort/><ref name=rainbow/>
One reference mentions Turkey.<ref name=swewe/>  One reference mentions Iran.<ref name=hort/> Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.


===Habitat===
==Propagation==
The seed of Iris tenuifolia is rarely used by western horticulturists, as the plants rarely flower.<ref name=hort/> [[William Rickatson Dykes]] notes that it ''made no satisfactory growth'' and never flowered.<ref name=dykesonirises>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |title=Dykes on Iris |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>
It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.<ref name=rainbow/>


In other flowering regions, the seed can be harvested in autumn, washed, fresh or dried.<ref name=swewe/>
On sandy [[steppe]]s, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.<ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/> <ref name=efloras/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=fabaceae/>


===Hybrids and cultivars===
It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=irisbotanique/>
Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.<ref name=onego/><ref name=exhibition/>


==Uses==
In north east China, it is found growing on poor soils on open tree-less plains.<ref name=hort/>
In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for [[kidney]] protection was carried out.<ref name=mongolmed/>


The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as [[cancer]], inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.<ref name=patent>{{cite web |title=Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/CN101716262B/en |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref> It was found that compounds isolated from ''[[Iris germanica]]'' have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=A.U. |last2=Nasim |first2=S. |last3=Baig |first3=I. |last4=Jalil |first4=S. |last5=Orhan |first5=I. |last6=Sener |first6=B. |last7=Choudhary |first7=M.I. |date=June 2003 |title=Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=86 |issue=2–3 |pages=177–180 |doi= 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00055-2|pmid=12738083}}</ref>
==Hybrids and Cultivars==

Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.<ref name=onego/><ref name=exhibition/>
The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as [[tocolysis]] (also called anti-contraction medications or labor represents) and to treat [[fetal]] [[metrorrhagia]].<ref name=swewe/>

On 24 December 2009, a [[patent]] was granted, for the extraction of ''Iris tenuifolia''. Due to its chemical compounds being used in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=patent/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}


==Other sources==
==Sources==
*Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
*Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
*Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
*Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
Line 167: Line 164:
*Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
*Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
*Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
*Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
*{{Commons category-inline|Iris tenuifolia}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris tenuifolia}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q4203239}}
{{Commons category-inline|Iris tenuifolia}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris tenuifolia}}


[[Category:Iris (plant)|tenuifolia]]
[[Category:Iris (plant)|tenuifolia]]
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[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

Revision as of 20:37, 13 September 2024

Iris tenuifolia
Flower head of Iris tenuifolia in Kazakhstan
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Tenuifoliae
Species:
I. tenuifolia
Binomial name
Iris tenuifolia
Synonyms[1]
  • Cryptobasis tenuifolia (Pall.) Nevski
  • Iris acaulis Pall.
  • Iris regelii Maxim. ex Regel
  • Joniris tenuifolia (Pall.) Klatt
  • Neubeckia tenuifolia (Pall.) Alef.
  • Xiphion tenuifolium (Pall.) Schrank

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, (the former Soviet Union republics of); Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Description

Iris tenuifolia is very similar in form to the Mediterranean Iris unguicularis. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.[2]

It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.[3][4][5] Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.[6] On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.[3][5][7] The sheaths can be up to 6–20 cm (2–8 in) long.[6][5]

It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.[5][8]

It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between 20–60 cm (8–24 in) long and 1.5–2 mm wide.[7][9][10] They do not have a mid-vein but parallel veins,[3][4][6] and are acuminate (ending in a point).[5] They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.[11]

The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.[5]

It has a very short flowering stem or scape, 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long.[12][13][14] Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.[3]

It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), membranous, green, between 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 8–10 mm wide, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[3][6][7]

The stems hold normally 1–3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,[7][9][15] blooming in spring, between April and May,[3][6][13] or late as early June (in Russia).[10]

The scented flowers,[5] are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter,[7] and come in shades of pale violet,[3][14] lilac,[5][15][14] pale blue,[9][15][13] or purple.[4][10][13] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[16] The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,[4][6] 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5 cm (1 in) wide.[3][6][7] They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).[3][5][14] The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are 5 cm (2 in) long and 5–9 mm wide.[3][4][6]

It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, 4.5–8 cm (2–3 in) long.[3][5][7]

It has 3 single coloured, style branches, 4 cm (2 in) long and 4–5 mm wide.[3] They attenuate (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.[4][6][5]

It has a slender 3–4 mm long pedicel,[5] 3 cm (1 in) long Stamens and a cylindric 7–12 cm (3–5 in) long and 2 mm wide, ovary.[3]

After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),[10] or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, 3.2–4.5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.2–1.8 cm (0–1 in) wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.[3][4][6]

The seeds are oval (or turbinate – like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.[6][5][10]

Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.[2]

Biochemistry

In February 1997, a study was published in which 6 new flavanones, isolated from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia, using high resolution mass spectrometry.[17]

In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple flavanones within a single species.[18]

Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Iris tenuifolia and Iris halophila. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy's, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and Uighur herb medicine.[19]

In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from Iris tenuifolia. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone, 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, tenuifodione and tenuifone. All found using spectroscopic methods.[20]

In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia and then tested against stem cells.[21]

Genetics

In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and several of its closely related iris species, including Iris ensata, Iris setosa, Iris halophila, Iris scariosa, Iris potaninii, Iris tenuifolia, Iris bloudowii, and Iris sanguinea.[22]

In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of Iris tenuifolia from various habitats in Xinjiang, China, were studied.[23]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[16] It has a chromosome count: 2n=14.[3][24]

Taxonomy

It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as xi ye yuan wei in Pinyin Chinese.[3][4][25]

The Latin specific epithet tenuifolia comes from the almagamtion of two Latin words tenuis meaning 'fine or thin' and folia mean leaf.[26]

It has the common names of Egeria Iris.[27][28] Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).[4] Another common name is narrow leafed iris,[29] or fine leaved iris,[30] or slender-leaf iris,[25] or silk leaves Iris.[4][27]

It was published and described by Peter Simon Pallas in Reise Russ. Reich. Vol.3 on page 714 in 1776.[31]

It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near Moscow.[30]

It was later published with an illustration in The Gardeners' Chronicle 3rd. Series Vol.59 on page 196 on 8 April 1916.[32]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014,[25] then as of January 2015, it is listed as a tentatively accepted name by the RHS.[33]

Distribution and habitat

Iris tenuifolia on the left bank of Syr-Darya river in Kazakhstan

Iris tenuifolia is native to a wide region, of various temperate areas of Central Asia.[25][33] Which extends from the Volga through Turkestan into Mongolia,[12] and China.

Range

It is found in the western Asian countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan.[3][6][25]

Also in the middle Asian countries of (the former Soviet Union republics of); Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia.[3][14][25] Also found in regions of Russia, including Agin-Buryat Okrug, Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk, Chita and Siberia.[13][14][25] It is listed with Iris bloudowii, Iris humilis, Iris ruthenica, Iris sibirica and Iris tigridia as being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).[34]

It is found within central China,[9][10][14] in the provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, (Shandong[3]), Shanxi, Xinjiang and Xizang.[3][4][25]

One reference mentions Turkey,[6] another reference mentions Iran.[11] Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.

Habitat

It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.[15]

On sandy steppes, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.[8][10][15]

It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.[6][8][13]

In north east China, it is found growing on poor soils on open tree-less plains.[11]

Conservation

In 2003, it was listed as an endemic vascular species of the temperate steppe region of Inner Mongolia, China, along with Stipa grandis, Artemisia frigida, Festuca ovina, Thymus serpyllum, Caragana microphylla, Koeleria cristata and others.[35]

It is included in the IUCN 'Red Data Book' of the Chita Oblast of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.[30]

Cultivation

Iris tenuifolia is rare in cultivation in the UK.[9][36] It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.[11]

They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.[6][11]

It was sometimes used as annual plant and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).[36]

It is hardy, if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to Nebraska, North Dakota or South Dakota.[11] It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and Chita.[10]

It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.[6][9][15] It prefers alkaline soils.[8]

They prefer positions in full sun.[8]

It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of bulb frames (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.[9] The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.[11]

It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).[8][11][15]

Propagation

The seed of Iris tenuifolia is rarely used by western horticulturists, as the plants rarely flower.[11] William Rickatson Dykes notes that it made no satisfactory growth and never flowered.[2]

In other flowering regions, the seed can be harvested in autumn, washed, fresh or dried.[6]

Hybrids and cultivars

Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.[10][30]

Uses

In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for kidney protection was carried out.[29]

The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.[37] It was found that compounds isolated from Iris germanica have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.[38]

The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as tocolysis (also called anti-contraction medications or labor represents) and to treat fetal metrorrhagia.[6]

On 24 December 2009, a patent was granted, for the extraction of Iris tenuifolia. Due to its chemical compounds being used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[37]

References

  1. ^ "Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "FOC Vol. 24 Page 305". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name)". fabaceae.onlineflora.cn. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Egeria Iris". tl.swewe.net. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) – fine-leaved iris". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) – fine-leaved irises". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Murrain, Jim (3 June 2010). "Subject: Iris tenuifolia". hort.net. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  12. ^ a b Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Rainbow". wdtns.ru. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  16. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  17. ^ Kojima, Keisuke; Gombosurengyin, Purevsuren; Ondognyi, Purev; Begzsurengyin, Dagvatseren; Zevgeegyin, Oyun; Hatano, Keiichiro; Ogihara, Yukio (February 1997). "Flavanones from Iris tenuifolia". Phytochemistry. 44 (4). Elsevier Ltd.: 711–714. Bibcode:1997PChem..44..711K. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00596-1.
  18. ^ Andersen, Oyvind M.; Markham, Kenneth R. (9 December 2005). Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849320217. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  19. ^ "Hui Wang (PhD)". metapop.univ-montp2.fr. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  20. ^ Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal; Hareem, Sumaira; Siddiqui, Hina; Anjum, Shazia; Ali, Shamsher; Zaidi, Mudassir Israr (1 June 2008). "A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia". Phytochemistry. 69 (9). sigmaaldrich.com: 1880–1885. Bibcode:2008PChem..69.1880C. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.011. PMID 18472117. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  21. ^ Cui, Yan-Mei; Wang, Hui; Liu, Quan-Ru; Han, Mei; Lu, Yang; Zhao, Chang-Qi (17 August 2011). "Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21 (15): 4400–4403. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.039. PMID 21737268. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  22. ^ Sun, Ming-Zhou; Li, Ming-Rui; Shi, Feng-Xue; Li, Lin; Liu, Ying; Li, Lin-Feng; Xiao, Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species". American Journal of Botany. 99 (7): 286–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100608. PMID 22739712.
  23. ^ Lu, Zhuo; Guan, Kai-Yun; Li, Wen-Jun; Duan, Shi-Min (2014). "Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats". Chinese Journal of Ecology. 33 (3). Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: 618–623. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  24. ^ Wang, Yan Limei; Wei, Yan Sha (January 1999). "Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia". Journal of Qiqihar University (Natural Science Edition). Qiqihar University.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris tenuifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  26. ^ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0304937219.
  27. ^ a b "Iris tenuifolia Pall". flora of Pan Himalayas. Archived from tenuifolia the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  28. ^ Limniris "Sect. Limniris Tausch". frps.eflora.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ a b Sarantsetseg, B.; Ambaga, M.; Khürelbaatar, L. (2001). "Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity". Mongolian Medicine. Mongolian Association of Medical journals. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  31. ^ "Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  32. ^ Franco, Alain (30 November 2013). "(Spec) Iris tenuifolia Pall". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  33. ^ a b "Iris tenuifolia". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  34. ^ "Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion". bioaltai-sayan.ru. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  35. ^ Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor)Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003), p. 80, at Google Books
  36. ^ a b Samuel Hereman Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840), p. 142, at Google Books
  37. ^ a b "Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof". Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  38. ^ Rahman, A.U.; Nasim, S.; Baig, I.; Jalil, S.; Orhan, I.; Sener, B.; Choudhary, M.I. (June 2003). "Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 86 (2–3): 177–180. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00055-2. PMID 12738083.

Sources

  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 123–124.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
  • Media related to Iris tenuifolia at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Iris tenuifolia at Wikispecies