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{{Short description|Medical care in remote geographic environments}}
{{New page}}{{In use}}
{{Infobox medical specialty|title=Wilderness medicine|tests=Point of care; Ultrasound, blood tests|diseases=Altitude sickness
dysbarism
envenomation
heat related illnesses
hypothermia
major trauma|subdivisions=[[Expedition medicine]]
[[Military medicine]]


Diving medicine
Wilderness emergency medicine, providing "vital emergency care in remote settings" <ref> ref name= Weiss|A Comprehensive Guide to Wilderness & Travel Medicine Book|Eric A. Weiss</ref> is a rapidly evolving field is of increasing importance as more people engage in hiking, climbing, kayaking and other potentially hazardous activities in the backcountry. <ref>"http://emed.stanford.edu/fellowships/wilderness.html|bare url|Wilderness Medicine is a rapidly evolving field that is increasingly important as large numbers of people are involved in outdoor activities for adventure, science, recreation, exploration, industry, combat, and disaster relief"</ref>A primary focus of the field is the evaluation, prioritization ([[triage]]), preliminary treatment of acute injury an illness which occurs in those environments and the emergency evacuation of victims. However, back country rescue and [[wilderness first aid]] is not the sole activity of wilderness medical professionals, who are also concerned with many additional topics. These include but are not limited to:
Aviation medicine|synonyms=expedition medicine, austere medicine, remote medicine|specialist=Wilderness Medicine Physician/Clinician|image=[[File:SKI PATROL ATTENDS AN INJURED SKIER. CROSSED SKIS INDICATE AN INJURY - NARA - 554256.jpg|255px]]}}
'''Wilderness medicine''' is a medical specialty concerned with medical care in remote, wilderness and expedition environments. The specialty includes prior planning, public health issues, a number of sub-specialties as well as responding to emergencies. One modern definition of wilderness medicine is "medical care delivered in those areas where fixed or transient geographic challenges reduce the availability of, or alter requirements for, medical or patient movement resources".<ref name="WEMS">{{cite book |last=Hawkins |first=SC |title=Wilderness EMS |date=2018 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer |isbn=9781496349453 |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Auerbach">{{cite book |last=Auerbach |first=PS |title=Auerbach's Wilderness Medicine, 7e |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0323359429 |page=1200}}</ref><ref name="NAEMSP">{{cite book |last=Cone |first=David |title=Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight, 3e. |date=2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |isbn=9781118865309 |chapter=Wilderness EMS}}</ref>


This rapidly evolving field is of increasing importance as more people engage in outdoor activities, with more participants coming from the extremes of age, and with more people engaging in high risk activities.<ref name="stanfordwm">{{cite web
* secondary care follow up to first aid in remote settings, such as expeditions
|url=http://emed.stanford.edu/fellowships/wilderness.html
|title=Wilderness Medicine Fellowship
|access-date=2020-06-28
|publisher=[[Stanford University]]
}}</ref>


The exact aegis of wilderness medicine as a specialty is in constant flux to match the requirements of patients underlying wilderness or remote activities. While wilderness medicine is the preferred terminology for this medical speciality in the [[United States]], terminology such as extreme medicine, remote medicine or expedition medicine, are used internationally.
* evaluation of experience and issuance of updated protocols for first response and secondary care


Wilderness medicine overlaps with a number of other medical specialties in terms of knowledge base and scope of practice, these most notable include; [[Pre-hospital emergency medicine]], [[Military medicine]], [[Humanitarian aid]], [[Disaster medicine]] and [[Public health]]. The future of extreme, expedition, and wilderness medicine will be defined by both recipients and practitioners, and empirical observations will be transformed by evidence-based practice.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01165-4/fulltext | pmid=26738718 | year=2015 | last1=Imray | first1=C. H. | last2=Grocott | first2=M. P. | last3=Wilson | first3=M. H. | last4=Hughes | first4=A. | last5=Auerbach | first5=P. S. | title=Extreme, expedition, and wilderness medicine | journal=Lancet | volume=386 | issue=10012 | pages=2520–2525 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01165-4 | s2cid=11441616 }}</ref>
* the prevention of wilderness medical emergencies,


Unlike [[wilderness first aid]] which is focussed on the provision of immediate care to the sick and injured in a wilderness setting, wilderness medicine has a far broader approach. These include but are not limited to:
* epidemiological studies,
* Prolonged Field Care<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Kelly |first1=Aebhric |last2=Mallinson |first2=Tom |date=2023-09-02 |title=Prolonged field care (austere emergency care) principles in UK paramedic practice |url=http://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/10.12968/jpar.2023.15.9.359 |journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=359–366 |doi=10.12968/jpar.2023.15.9.359 |issn=1759-1376}}</ref> / Prolonged Casualty Care / Austere Emergency Care<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austere Emergency Care – CoROM |url=https://corom.org/aec/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AEC Courses |url=https://specializedmedicalstandards.org/austere-emergency-care/aec-courses/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Specialized Medical Standards |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Secondary care follow up in remote settings, such as expeditions or in humanitarian settings
* The prevention of wilderness medical emergencies, illnesses and injuries
* Public health interventions
* Providing [[Critical care medicine]] in austere environments

==Scope==
Wilderness medicine is a varied sub-specialty, encompassing skills and knowledge from many other specialties. The specific curricula will vary but an example can be seen in the curriculum<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mallinson |first=Tom |date=2010-10-22 |title=Wilderness medicine: a fellowship programme |url=https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/jpar.2010.2.10.79206 |journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=488–491 |doi=10.12968/jpar.2010.2.10.79206 |issn=1759-1376}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Master - Overview |url=https://wms.org/WMS/WMS/Get-Certified/FAWM/Home.aspx |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=wms.org |language=en}}</ref> for Fellowship in the Academy of Wilderness Medicine (FAWM):
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+
!Scope of Practice
|-
|'''Diving and hyperbaric medicine'''
|-
|
*Physics and physiology of depth
* Dive medicine
* Dysbarisms and [[barotrauma]]
|-
|'''Tropical and travel medicine'''
|-
|
*Immunizations for travel
* [[Tick-borne illness]], [[malaria]] and [[tropical diseases]]
* [[Parasite]]s and [[protozoal infection]]s in the traveler
* [[Traveler's diarrhea]]
* Women's issues in traveling
* Safety and security while traveling
* [[Travel medicine]]
* Travel and tropical [[dermatology]]
* Fever in the returned traveler
* [[Viral hemorrhagic fever|Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers]]
* [[Sexually transmitted infection|STDs]] in the traveler
|-
|'''High-altitude and mountaineering medicine'''
|-
|
*Physics and physiology of altitude
* [[Altitude sickness|AMS]], [[HAPE]] and [[HACE]]
* The effect of [[high altitude]] on underlying medical conditions
|-
|'''Expedition medicine'''
|-
|
*Basic (emergency) field [[dentistry]]
* Expedition planning, pre- and post-expedition responsibilities
* Camp safety and layout
|-
|'''Survival, field craft and equipment'''
|-
|
*Survival techniques and equipment
* Water procurement
* Food procurement
* Hiking and trekking
* Foot gear and care of the feet
* Clothing selection for wilderness survival
* Land navigation
|-
|'''Search and Rescue'''
|-
|
*[[Search and rescue]] theory and practice
* Evacuation of injured persons
|-
|'''Sports Medicine'''
|-
|
*rock climbing
* ultramarathons
* endurance sports
* kayaking / sailing etc.
|-
|'''Preventive medicine, field sanitation and hygiene'''
|-
|
*Field sanitation and hygiene measures
* Vector control and barriers
* Water purification methods
|-
|'''Environmental Medicine'''
|-
|
*[[Lightning]] injuries
* Submersion and [[drowning]]
* [[Envenomation]] and [[toxicology]]
* Animal attacks
* [[Heat illness|Heat Illness]] and [[dehydration]]
* Cold injuries and [[hypothermia]]
* Nutrition in extreme environments
* [[Aviation medicine|Aerospace medicine]]
|-
|'''Improvised Medicine'''
|-
|
*Improvised field wound management
* Improvisational medical techniques in the wilderness
|-
|'''Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance'''
|-
|
*[[Triage]]
* Field hospital provision
* Malnutrition therapy
|-
|'''Wilderness Emergencies and Trauma Care'''
|-
|
*Pre-hospital patient assessment
* Pain management in the wilderness setting
* Emergency [[airway management]]
* Psychological response to injury and stress
* Management of [[Major trauma|trauma]] and injuries
* Prolonged Field Care (PFC)
|}


* public policy advisement to wilderness planning agencies, issuance of guidelines to disaster planning agencies, <ref>"Preparation through education is less costly than learning through tragedy"
- Max Mayfield, Director National Hurricane Center|Cited by Weiss</ref>professional guides and amateur back country enthusiast organizations.<ref> Weiss</ref>
==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology==
The epidemiology of wilderness medicine is as broad as the patient groups, geography and activities in question. Common risks to many of these are gastointestinal upset, and minor injuries (ankle sprains, fractures, scrapes and lacerations) as well as the rarer and more serious disorders such as major trauma, heat related illnesses and cardiovascular disease (e.g. cardiac arrest).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outdoor Emergencies and Injuries |url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/outdoor-injuries |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Yale Medicine |language=en}}</ref> There are also a number of specific [[List of wilderness medical emergencies|wilderness medical emergencies]].


==Austere environments interdisciplinary interface==
The Center for Disease Control in the US, as its corresponding agencies in other nations {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}, also monitor pathogen vectors in conjunction with local departments of health, such as [[Lyme disease]], [[plague]] and [[typhus]] which may be carried by small mammals in a back country or wilderness context. <ref>http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/media/pdf/EID_7-09_Sylvatic_Typhus.pdf</ref>
Insights from the field of [[Military Combat Tactical Care]] (TCCC) interact with wilderness medical practice and protocol development. Moreover, new products and technologies tested in combat are adopted by wilderness medical personnel and vice versa.<ref name="Smith">{{cite web|author=Will Smith |access-date=February 11, 2010|title=Taking Combat Medicine to the EMS and Wilderness Settings |url=http://www.wildernessdoc.com/Lectures.aspx}}</ref> Experts in wilderness medicine come from various professional groups and specialist backgrounds including the military. More recently, advances in the development of Prolonged Field Care (PFC) guidelines has led to the development of military and civilian PFC courses,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austere Emergency Care |url=https://specializedmedicalstandards.org/austere-emergency-care/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Specialized Medical Standards |language=en-US}}</ref> such as the international Austere Emergency Care course.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austere Emergency Care – CoROM |url=https://corom.org/aec/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AEC Courses |website=Specialized Medical Standards |language=en-US |url=https://specializedmedicalstandards.org/austere-emergency-care/aec-courses/ |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref>
[[File:Nepal ambo.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|Casualty extrication by road]]


=== Notable Individuals ===
==See also==
* Prof [[Paul Auerbach]] (January 4, 1951 – June 23, 2021)(Wilderness Medicine)
* [[List of wilderness medical emergencies]]
* Dr Jon Dallimore<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/about/pdf/facts/cdcfastfacts/disease-surveillance-factsheet.pdf |title=Disease Surveillance Fact Sheet}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-19 |title=Disease Surveillance and Monitoring {{!}} About {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/about/facts/cdcfastfacts/surveillance.html |access-date=2018-11-04 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> (Expedition Medicine)
* Dr Luanne Freer (Founder [[Everest ER]])
* Dr [[Peter Hackett (mountaineer)|Peter Hackett]] (Altitude Medicine)
* Hon Prof. Mark Hannaford (Extreme Medicine)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=Global Extreme Medicine expert receives honorary degree |url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/research/title_889232_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227135902/https://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/research/title_889232_en.html |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=University of Exeter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 2023 |title=Devon based Medics4Ukraine share vital work with Ukrainian Ambassador |url=https://www.devonlive.com/news/devon-news/devon-based-medics4ukraine-share-vital-8201895}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Extreme medicine: What it's like being a medic in the world's most dangerous places |url=https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/inspire/life/what-its-like-being-a-medic-in-the-worlds-most-extreme-places}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=World Extreme Medicine founder Mark Hannaford is from Beer in Devon |url=https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/people/23599892.meet-world-extreme-medicine-founder-mark-hannaford/}}</ref>
* Dr [[Seth C. Hawkins]] (Wilderness Medicine)
* Dr Olivia Kiwanuka <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiwanuka |first1=Olivia |title=Challenges and possibilities with space travel |journal=Läkartidningen |date=May 31, 2023 |volume=120 |issue=22135 |pmid=37255319}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiwanuka |first1=Olivia |title=High altitude medicine is a concern also for Swedish primary care. Knowledge needed to identify high risk patients and provide appropriate advice |journal=Läkartidningen |date=2015 |volume=112 |pmid=26010843}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiwanuka |first1=Olivia |title=Going High |publisher=Adventure Medicine |url=https://www.adlibris.com/se/bok/going-high--hoghojdsmedicin-for-entusiaster-9789151916118}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiwanuka |first1=Olivia |title=Vildmarksmedicin |publisher=Calazo |url=https://www.calazo.se/bocker/svenska-bocker/vildmarksmedicin/}}</ref> (Founder [http://www.adventuremedicine.se/en Adventure Medicine])
* Dr Sean Hudson MBE<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-12 |title=Expedition Medicine Book |url=https://expeditionmedicine.wordpress.com/expedition-medicine-book/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Expedition & Wilderness Medicine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesandstar.co.uk/news/17021052.queens-honour-for-former-west-cumbrian-gp/ | title=Queen's honour for former West Cumbrian GP | date=23 June 2017 }}</ref> (Expedition Medicine)
* Prof Chris Imray<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Chris Imray - CASE |url=http://case-medicine.co.uk/Chris-Imray-K10 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=case-medicine.co.uk}}</ref> (Altitude Physiology)
* Dr Kenneth Iserson<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenneth V. Iserson, MD, MBA, FACEP {{!}} Department of Emergency Medicine |url=https://emergencymed.arizona.edu/faculty-profile/kenneth-v-iserson-md |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=emergencymed.arizona.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/improvised-medicine-providing-care-in-extreme-environments/kenneth-iserson/9780071847629|title=Improvised Medicine: Providing Care in Extreme Environments by Kenneth Iserson &#124; Waterstones}}</ref> (Improvised Medicine)
* Col Sean Keenan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Development |first=PodBean |title=COL (R) Sean Keenan, MD- Special Operations Doc: Training and Execution of Tactical Combat Casualty Care at the Point of Injury {{!}} WarDocs - The Military Medicine Podcast |url=https://wardocspodcast.podbean.com/e/col-r-sean-keenan-md-special-operations-doc-training-and-execution-of-tactical-combat-casualty-care-at-the-point-of-injury/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=wardocspodcast.podbean.com |language=en}}</ref> (Prolonged Field Care, Special Operations Medicine)
* Dr Burjor Langdana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tutor - Burjor Langdana |url=https://rcpsg.ac.uk/people/wildernesstutors/17-burjor-langdana |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=rcpsg.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilderness Dentistry - About Us |url=https://wildernessdentistry.com/wilderness-expedition-dentistry-team/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Wilderness Expedition Dentistry |language=en-US}}</ref> (Expedition Dentistry)
* Dr [https://drhannahlock.co.uk/ Hannah Lock]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1#8 Hannah Lock: the expedition doctor |url=https://mountainairpodcast.uk/episodes/8-hannah-lock |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=mountain air {{!}} podcast |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.moreadventure.co.uk/about/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=More Adventure |language=en-US}}</ref> (Expedition & Mountain Medicine)
* Mr Aebhric O’Kelly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interim Faculty Advisory Board (FAB) Members {{!}} RCSEd |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/faculties/faculty-of-remote-rural-and-humanitarian-healthcare/interim-faculty-advisory-board-fab-members |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.rcsed.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SOMA {{!}} SOMSA Lab |url=http://www.specialoperationsmedicine.org/Pages/SOMSA-Lab.aspx |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.specialoperationsmedicine.org}}</ref> (Special Operations Medicine, Prolonged Field Care<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Janet |title=Ambulance paramedics may get military training in ways to keep queuing patients alive |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/ambulance-training/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Sunday Post |date=19 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=NSOCM NURSING CARE HANDOUT: Nursing care based on the SHEEP VOMIT mnemonic |url=https://prolongedfieldcare.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/pfc-nursing-mnemonic-sheep-vomit.pdf}}</ref>)


== Education ==
* [[Wilderness medical emergency]]
[[File:Portable hyperbaric chamber.jpg|thumb|upright|Portable hyperbaric chamber used in altitude sickness]]
Few countries provide formal medical accreditation for specialists in wilderness medicine. The credentialing that exists is mostly drawn from professional organisations run for and by wilderness medicine clinicians. As a result, there is a huge variety in the education available for wilderness medicine, with only a few educational institutions specialising in this field. The [[Wilderness Medical Society]] is perhaps the oldest and most well established organisation in this area and has established international reach. The Wilderness Medical Society produce the [[Wilderness & Environmental Medicine]] journal and administer the Fellowship of the Academy of Wilderness Medicine (FAWM) award. The FAWM was first awarded in 2007 in 28 clinicians (20 men and 8 women).<ref name=":4" /> The FAWM continues today and recognised educational activity form a number of providers which provide credit towards the Fellowship. The College of Remote and Offshore Medicine (CoROM) in Malta offers FAWM credit as well as; undergraduate, postgraduate and short courses in wilderness medicine-related topics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive Care for Austere and Remote Environments (ICARE) – CoROM |url=https://corom.org/critical-care/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and mountain medicine. An ''extreme medicine'' master's degree has run in partnership between World Extreme Medicine and the University of Exeter since 2016.<ref name="exeter.ac.uk">{{cite web | url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/courses/medicine/extrememedicinemsc/ | title=Extreme Medicine MSC (Distance) &#124; Postgraduate Taught &#124; University of Exeter }}</ref> There are a number of higher education and specialist qualifications available internationally:


{{Collapsible list
* [[Emergency medicine]]
| title = Diplomas||DiMM / DipMtnMed ([[Mountain medicine|Mountain Medicine]])|DipExpWildMed ([[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow|RCPSG]])|DiDMM (Dive and Marine Medicine)|DipROM ([[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|RCSEd]])
}}


{{Collapsible list
* [[Search and rescue]]
| title = Bachelors|BSc Remote Paramedic Practice ([https://corom.edu.mt CoROM])<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSc Remote Paramedic Practice {{!}} CoROM - College of Remote and Offshore Medicine Foundation |url=https://corom.edu.mt/bsc-remote-paramedic-practice/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
}}


{{Collapsible list
* [[Combat medicine]]
| title = Masters Degrees|MSc Extreme Medicine, University of Exeter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Medicine MSc |url=https://worldextrememedicine.com/extreme-medicine-msc/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=World Extreme Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref>|MSc Austere Critical Care (CoROM)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSc Austere Critical Care {{!}} CoROM - College of Remote and Offshore Medicine Foundation |url=https://corom.edu.mt/msc-austere-critical-care/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=corom.edu.mt |language=en-GB}}</ref>
}}


{{Collapsible list
* [[Military Combat Tactical Care]]
| title = Fellowships (Academic)|FAWM - Fellow of the [[Wilderness Medical Society]]™ (3-5 year educational programme)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Master - Overview WMS |url=https://wms.org/fawm/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=wms.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellowship in the Academy of Wilderness Medicine – CoROM |url=https://corom.org/wms/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref>|MFAWM - Master Fellow of the [[Wilderness Medical Society]]™<ref>{{cite web | title = Master Fellowship | url=https://wms.org/WMS/WMS/Get-Certified/MFAWM/Home.aspx?hkey=9ad23a01-5cb7-403d-ba84-9862dbf28bb5 | access-date=2023-02-09 | website=wms.org | language=en}}</ref>
}}

{{Collapsible list
| title = Fellowships (Contribution to the field)|FEWM - Fellow of Extreme and Wilderness Medicine (awarded for achievements and contribution to extreme medicine)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellowship of Extreme & Wilderness Medicine {{!}} World Extreme Medicine |url=https://www.extreme-fellowship.com/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Fellowship of Extreme, and Wilderness Medicine |language=en-GB}}</ref>|[[FRGS]] - Fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] (may be awarded for achievement in extreme, wilderness or expedition medicine)
}}

==Applications to Covid-19==
{{As of|April 2020}}, studies and trials are underway that examine the possible benefits of [[Biological functions of nitric oxide#COVID-19|nitric oxide]] in the treatment of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref name="multiple">{{cite web |last=Katsnelson |first=Alla |date=2020-05-20 |title=Multiple clinical trials test whether NO gas can treat and prevent COVID-19 |url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectious-disease/Multiple-clinical-trials-test-whether-NO-gas-can-treat-and-prevent-COVID-19/98/i20 |access-date=2020-07-14 |publisher=[[Chemical & Engineering News]]}}</ref><ref name="nw">{{cite web |last=Gander |first=Kashmira |date=2020-04-07 |title=What Is Nitric Oxide? How the Gas That Gave Us Viagra Could Help Treat Coronavirus Patients |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-nitric-oxide-how-gas-that-gave-us-viagra-could-help-treat-coronavirus-patients-1496520 |access-date=2020-06-25 |publisher=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nitric Oxide Investigated as COVID-19 Treatment |url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200409/nitric-oxide-investigated-as-covid19-treatment |access-date=10 April 2020 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> This research is related to [[Obligate nasal breathing|the role of nasal breathing]] in the creation of nitric oxide, which increases oxygen absorption in the lungs.<ref name="more">{{cite web |last=Glazier, M.D. |first=Eve |date=2019-11-04 |title='Nose breathing has more benefits than mouth breathing |url=https://thetandd.com/nose-breathing-has-more-benefits-than-mouth-breathing/article_f2b05e01-ee71-5488-8746-21422c349d32.html |access-date=2020-07-09 |publisher=[[The Times and Democrat]]}}</ref> Nitric oxide was also investigated as an experimental therapy for [[SARS]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Åkerström |first1=Sara |last2=Mousavi-Jazi |first2=Mehrdad |last3=Klingström |first3=Jonas |last4=Leijon |first4=Mikael |last5=Lundkvist |first5=Åke |last6=Mirazimi |first6=Ali |date=1 February 2005 |title=Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Replication Cycle of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=1966–1969 |doi=10.1128/JVI.79.3.1966-1969.2005 |pmc=544093 |pmid=15650225 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Brian Strickland, MD, a fellow in Wilderness Medicine at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] who studies "acute respiratory distress" in high altitudes, is applying this research towards COVID-19.<ref name="wisdom">{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Alvin |date=2020-05-06 |title=Applying wisdom from the Himalayas to the ER's COVID battle |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/05/wilderness-medicine-fellows-return-to-lend-a-hand/ |access-date=2020-06-25 |publisher=[[The Harvard Gazette]]}}</ref><ref name="lessons">{{cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Lessons from the Backcountry in Finding a Potential COVID-19 Treatment |url=https://mgriblog.org/2020/06/24/lessons-from-the-backcountry-in-finding-a-potential-covid-19-treatment/ |access-date=2020-06-25 |publisher=[[Massachusetts General Hospital]]}}</ref> He is currently involved in clinical trials which apply the use of inhaled nitric oxide as a treatment for COVID-19.<ref name="er">{{cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy for Emergency Room COVID-19 Patients |url=https://rally.partners.org/study/no_cov_ed?code=ca |access-date=2020-06-25 |publisher=[[Massachusetts General Hospital]]}}</ref> This approach was inspired by the work of associate professor of Emergency Medicine at the [[Harvard Medical School]] N. Stuart Harris, who has been studying the effects of [[altitude sickness]] on mountain climbers, such as those who climb [[Mount Everest]]. Harris noticed that the consequences of high level altitude sickness on the human body mirrored COVID-19's dysfunctional impact on the lungs. His focus on nitric oxide comes from its role in being able to breathe in high altitudes.<ref name="wisdom" /><ref name="cnbc">{{cite web |last=Meredith |first=Sam |date=2020-05-01 |title=How the gas that gave the world Viagra could help treat coronavirus patients |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/01/coronavirus-nitric-oxide-studies-aim-to-help-to-treat-covid-19.html |access-date=2020-07-05 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Wilderness Medical Society]]
* [[List of wilderness medical emergencies]]
* [[Wilderness medical emergency]]
* [[Emergency medicine]]
* [[Combat medicine]]
* [[Remote physiological monitoring]]
* [[History of medicine]]
* [[Polytrauma]]
* [[Timeline of medicine and medical technology]]
* [[Aid station]]
* [[Expedition medicine]]
{{colend}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Wilderness medicine}}
* [http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/wilderness-medics/ ''Wilderness Medics''], produced by [[Oregon Public Broadcasting]].

{{Emergency medical services}}

[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Wilderness medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Wilderness medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Wilderness medicine| ]]
{{wiktionary}}{{Wikibooks}}

Latest revision as of 09:18, 14 September 2024

Wilderness medicine
Synonymsexpedition medicine, austere medicine, remote medicine
SubdivisionsExpedition medicine

Military medicine

Diving medicine

Aviation medicine
Significant diseasesAltitude sickness

dysbarism envenomation heat related illnesses hypothermia

major trauma
Significant testsPoint of care; Ultrasound, blood tests
SpecialistWilderness Medicine Physician/Clinician

Wilderness medicine is a medical specialty concerned with medical care in remote, wilderness and expedition environments. The specialty includes prior planning, public health issues, a number of sub-specialties as well as responding to emergencies. One modern definition of wilderness medicine is "medical care delivered in those areas where fixed or transient geographic challenges reduce the availability of, or alter requirements for, medical or patient movement resources".[1][2][3]

This rapidly evolving field is of increasing importance as more people engage in outdoor activities, with more participants coming from the extremes of age, and with more people engaging in high risk activities.[4]

The exact aegis of wilderness medicine as a specialty is in constant flux to match the requirements of patients underlying wilderness or remote activities. While wilderness medicine is the preferred terminology for this medical speciality in the United States, terminology such as extreme medicine, remote medicine or expedition medicine, are used internationally.

Wilderness medicine overlaps with a number of other medical specialties in terms of knowledge base and scope of practice, these most notable include; Pre-hospital emergency medicine, Military medicine, Humanitarian aid, Disaster medicine and Public health. The future of extreme, expedition, and wilderness medicine will be defined by both recipients and practitioners, and empirical observations will be transformed by evidence-based practice.[5]

Unlike wilderness first aid which is focussed on the provision of immediate care to the sick and injured in a wilderness setting, wilderness medicine has a far broader approach. These include but are not limited to:

  • Prolonged Field Care[6] / Prolonged Casualty Care / Austere Emergency Care[7][8]
  • Secondary care follow up in remote settings, such as expeditions or in humanitarian settings
  • The prevention of wilderness medical emergencies, illnesses and injuries
  • Public health interventions
  • Providing Critical care medicine in austere environments

Scope

[edit]

Wilderness medicine is a varied sub-specialty, encompassing skills and knowledge from many other specialties. The specific curricula will vary but an example can be seen in the curriculum[9][10] for Fellowship in the Academy of Wilderness Medicine (FAWM):

Scope of Practice
Diving and hyperbaric medicine
  • Physics and physiology of depth
  • Dive medicine
  • Dysbarisms and barotrauma
Tropical and travel medicine
High-altitude and mountaineering medicine
Expedition medicine
  • Basic (emergency) field dentistry
  • Expedition planning, pre- and post-expedition responsibilities
  • Camp safety and layout
Survival, field craft and equipment
  • Survival techniques and equipment
  • Water procurement
  • Food procurement
  • Hiking and trekking
  • Foot gear and care of the feet
  • Clothing selection for wilderness survival
  • Land navigation
Search and Rescue
Sports Medicine
  • rock climbing
  • ultramarathons
  • endurance sports
  • kayaking / sailing etc.
Preventive medicine, field sanitation and hygiene
  • Field sanitation and hygiene measures
  • Vector control and barriers
  • Water purification methods
Environmental Medicine
Improvised Medicine
  • Improvised field wound management
  • Improvisational medical techniques in the wilderness
Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance
  • Triage
  • Field hospital provision
  • Malnutrition therapy
Wilderness Emergencies and Trauma Care
  • Pre-hospital patient assessment
  • Pain management in the wilderness setting
  • Emergency airway management
  • Psychological response to injury and stress
  • Management of trauma and injuries
  • Prolonged Field Care (PFC)

Epidemiology

[edit]

The epidemiology of wilderness medicine is as broad as the patient groups, geography and activities in question. Common risks to many of these are gastointestinal upset, and minor injuries (ankle sprains, fractures, scrapes and lacerations) as well as the rarer and more serious disorders such as major trauma, heat related illnesses and cardiovascular disease (e.g. cardiac arrest).[11] There are also a number of specific wilderness medical emergencies.

Austere environments interdisciplinary interface

[edit]

Insights from the field of Military Combat Tactical Care (TCCC) interact with wilderness medical practice and protocol development. Moreover, new products and technologies tested in combat are adopted by wilderness medical personnel and vice versa.[12] Experts in wilderness medicine come from various professional groups and specialist backgrounds including the military. More recently, advances in the development of Prolonged Field Care (PFC) guidelines has led to the development of military and civilian PFC courses,[13] such as the international Austere Emergency Care course.[14][15]

Casualty extrication by road

Notable Individuals

[edit]

Education

[edit]
Portable hyperbaric chamber used in altitude sickness

Few countries provide formal medical accreditation for specialists in wilderness medicine. The credentialing that exists is mostly drawn from professional organisations run for and by wilderness medicine clinicians. As a result, there is a huge variety in the education available for wilderness medicine, with only a few educational institutions specialising in this field. The Wilderness Medical Society is perhaps the oldest and most well established organisation in this area and has established international reach. The Wilderness Medical Society produce the Wilderness & Environmental Medicine journal and administer the Fellowship of the Academy of Wilderness Medicine (FAWM) award. The FAWM was first awarded in 2007 in 28 clinicians (20 men and 8 women).[40] The FAWM continues today and recognised educational activity form a number of providers which provide credit towards the Fellowship. The College of Remote and Offshore Medicine (CoROM) in Malta offers FAWM credit as well as; undergraduate, postgraduate and short courses in wilderness medicine-related topics.[41] and mountain medicine. An extreme medicine master's degree has run in partnership between World Extreme Medicine and the University of Exeter since 2016.[42] There are a number of higher education and specialist qualifications available internationally:

Diplomas
Bachelors
Masters Degrees
  • MSc Extreme Medicine, University of Exeter.[44]
  • MSc Austere Critical Care (CoROM)[45]
Fellowships (Academic)
Fellowships (Contribution to the field)
  • FEWM - Fellow of Extreme and Wilderness Medicine (awarded for achievements and contribution to extreme medicine)[48]
  • FRGS - Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (may be awarded for achievement in extreme, wilderness or expedition medicine)

Applications to Covid-19

[edit]

As of April 2020, studies and trials are underway that examine the possible benefits of nitric oxide in the treatment of COVID-19.[49][50][51] This research is related to the role of nasal breathing in the creation of nitric oxide, which increases oxygen absorption in the lungs.[52] Nitric oxide was also investigated as an experimental therapy for SARS.[53]

Brian Strickland, MD, a fellow in Wilderness Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital who studies "acute respiratory distress" in high altitudes, is applying this research towards COVID-19.[54][55] He is currently involved in clinical trials which apply the use of inhaled nitric oxide as a treatment for COVID-19.[56] This approach was inspired by the work of associate professor of Emergency Medicine at the Harvard Medical School N. Stuart Harris, who has been studying the effects of altitude sickness on mountain climbers, such as those who climb Mount Everest. Harris noticed that the consequences of high level altitude sickness on the human body mirrored COVID-19's dysfunctional impact on the lungs. His focus on nitric oxide comes from its role in being able to breathe in high altitudes.[54][57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hawkins, SC (2018). Wilderness EMS. Wolters Kluwer. p. 21. ISBN 9781496349453.
  2. ^ Auerbach, PS (2017). Auerbach's Wilderness Medicine, 7e. Elsevier. p. 1200. ISBN 978-0323359429.
  3. ^ Cone, David (2021). "Wilderness EMS". Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight, 3e. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 9781118865309.
  4. ^ "Wilderness Medicine Fellowship". Stanford University. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  5. ^ Imray, C. H.; Grocott, M. P.; Wilson, M. H.; Hughes, A.; Auerbach, P. S. (2015). "Extreme, expedition, and wilderness medicine". Lancet. 386 (10012): 2520–2525. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01165-4. PMID 26738718. S2CID 11441616.
  6. ^ O'Kelly, Aebhric; Mallinson, Tom (2023-09-02). "Prolonged field care (austere emergency care) principles in UK paramedic practice". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 15 (9): 359–366. doi:10.12968/jpar.2023.15.9.359. ISSN 1759-1376.
  7. ^ "Austere Emergency Care – CoROM". Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  8. ^ "AEC Courses". Specialized Medical Standards. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  9. ^ Mallinson, Tom (2010-10-22). "Wilderness medicine: a fellowship programme". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 2 (10): 488–491. doi:10.12968/jpar.2010.2.10.79206. ISSN 1759-1376.
  10. ^ "Master - Overview". wms.org. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  11. ^ "Outdoor Emergencies and Injuries". Yale Medicine. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  12. ^ Will Smith. "Taking Combat Medicine to the EMS and Wilderness Settings". Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  13. ^ "Austere Emergency Care". Specialized Medical Standards. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  14. ^ "Austere Emergency Care – CoROM". Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  15. ^ "AEC Courses". Specialized Medical Standards. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  16. ^ "Disease Surveillance Fact Sheet" (PDF).
  17. ^ "Disease Surveillance and Monitoring | About | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  18. ^ "Global Extreme Medicine expert receives honorary degree". University of Exeter. 2021-12-13. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27.
  19. ^ "Devon based Medics4Ukraine share vital work with Ukrainian Ambassador". March 2023.
  20. ^ "Extreme medicine: What it's like being a medic in the world's most dangerous places".
  21. ^ "World Extreme Medicine founder Mark Hannaford is from Beer in Devon". 23 July 2023.
  22. ^ Kiwanuka, Olivia (May 31, 2023). "Challenges and possibilities with space travel". Läkartidningen. 120 (22135). PMID 37255319.
  23. ^ Kiwanuka, Olivia (2015). "High altitude medicine is a concern also for Swedish primary care. Knowledge needed to identify high risk patients and provide appropriate advice". Läkartidningen. 112. PMID 26010843.
  24. ^ Kiwanuka, Olivia. Going High. Adventure Medicine.
  25. ^ Kiwanuka, Olivia. Vildmarksmedicin. Calazo.
  26. ^ "Expedition Medicine Book". Expedition & Wilderness Medicine. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  27. ^ "Queen's honour for former West Cumbrian GP". 23 June 2017.
  28. ^ "Professor Chris Imray - CASE". case-medicine.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  29. ^ "Kenneth V. Iserson, MD, MBA, FACEP | Department of Emergency Medicine". emergencymed.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  30. ^ "Improvised Medicine: Providing Care in Extreme Environments by Kenneth Iserson | Waterstones".
  31. ^ Development, PodBean. "COL (R) Sean Keenan, MD- Special Operations Doc: Training and Execution of Tactical Combat Casualty Care at the Point of Injury | WarDocs - The Military Medicine Podcast". wardocspodcast.podbean.com. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  32. ^ "Tutor - Burjor Langdana". rcpsg.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  33. ^ "Wilderness Dentistry - About Us". Wilderness Expedition Dentistry. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  34. ^ "1#8 Hannah Lock: the expedition doctor". mountain air | podcast. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  35. ^ "About us". More Adventure. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  36. ^ "Interim Faculty Advisory Board (FAB) Members | RCSEd". www.rcsed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  37. ^ "SOMA | SOMSA Lab". www.specialoperationsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  38. ^ Boyle, Janet (19 December 2023). "Ambulance paramedics may get military training in ways to keep queuing patients alive". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  39. ^ "NSOCM NURSING CARE HANDOUT: Nursing care based on the SHEEP VOMIT mnemonic" (PDF). 2018.
  40. ^ a b "Master - Overview WMS". wms.org. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  41. ^ "Intensive Care for Austere and Remote Environments (ICARE) – CoROM". Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  42. ^ "Extreme Medicine MSC (Distance) | Postgraduate Taught | University of Exeter".
  43. ^ "BSc Remote Paramedic Practice | CoROM - College of Remote and Offshore Medicine Foundation". Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  44. ^ "Extreme Medicine MSc". World Extreme Medicine. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  45. ^ "MSc Austere Critical Care | CoROM - College of Remote and Offshore Medicine Foundation". corom.edu.mt. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  46. ^ "Fellowship in the Academy of Wilderness Medicine – CoROM". Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  47. ^ "Master Fellowship". wms.org. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  48. ^ "Fellowship of Extreme & Wilderness Medicine | World Extreme Medicine". Fellowship of Extreme, and Wilderness Medicine. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  49. ^ Katsnelson, Alla (2020-05-20). "Multiple clinical trials test whether NO gas can treat and prevent COVID-19". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  50. ^ Gander, Kashmira (2020-04-07). "What Is Nitric Oxide? How the Gas That Gave Us Viagra Could Help Treat Coronavirus Patients". Newsweek. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  51. ^ "Nitric Oxide Investigated as COVID-19 Treatment". WebMD. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  52. ^ Glazier, M.D., Eve (2019-11-04). "'Nose breathing has more benefits than mouth breathing". The Times and Democrat. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  53. ^ Åkerström, Sara; Mousavi-Jazi, Mehrdad; Klingström, Jonas; Leijon, Mikael; Lundkvist, Åke; Mirazimi, Ali (1 February 2005). "Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Replication Cycle of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus". Journal of Virology. 79 (3): 1966–1969. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1966-1969.2005. PMC 544093. PMID 15650225.
  54. ^ a b Powell, Alvin (2020-05-06). "Applying wisdom from the Himalayas to the ER's COVID battle". The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  55. ^ "Lessons from the Backcountry in Finding a Potential COVID-19 Treatment". Massachusetts General Hospital. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  56. ^ "Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy for Emergency Room COVID-19 Patients". Massachusetts General Hospital. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  57. ^ Meredith, Sam (2020-05-01). "How the gas that gave the world Viagra could help treat coronavirus patients". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
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