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{{Short description|Type of gable with a style peculiar to Japan}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
[[File:Kara-hafu.png|thumb|250px|Drawings of a ''karahafu'']]
[[File:Kara-hafu.png|thumb|250px|Drawings of a ''kara-hafu'']]
The {{nihongo|'''''karahafu''''' (kara-hafu)|唐破風}} is a type of [[gable]] with a style peculiar to [[Japan]]. The characteristic shape is the undulating curve at the top. This gable is common in traditional architecture, including [[Castles of Japan|Japanese castles]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist temples]], and [[Shinto shrine]]s. Roofing materials such as [[tile]] and [[Bark (botany)|bark]] may be used as coverings. The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below, or it may terminate on a lower [[roof]].
{{nihongo|'''''Kara-hafu'''''|唐破風}} is a type of curved [[gable]] found in [[Japanese architecture]]. It is used on [[Castles of Japan|Japanese castles]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist temples]], and [[Shinto shrine]]s. Roofing materials such as [[tile]] and [[Bark (botany)|bark]] may be used as coverings. The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below, or it may terminate on a lower [[roof]].


==History==
==History==
Although ''kara'' (唐) can be translated as meaning "[[China]]" or "[[Tang dynasty|Tang]]", this type of roof with undulating [[bargeboard]]s is an invention of Japanese carpenters in the late [[Heian period]].<ref name=JAANUS>"[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/karahafu.htm karahafu 唐破風]." JAANUS. Retrieved on May 30, 2009.</ref> It was named thus because the word ''kara'' could also mean "noble" or "elegant", and was often added to names of objects considered grand or intricate regardless of origin.<ref name=JAANUS2>"[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/karamon.htm karamon 唐門]". JAANUS. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.</ref> The ''karahafu'' developed during the Heian period and is shown in [[Emakimono|picture scrolls]] to decorate gates, corridors, and [[palanquins]]. The first known depiction of a ''karahafu'' appears on a miniature shrine (''[[zushi]]'') in [[Shōryoin shrine]] at [[Hōryū-ji]] in [[Nara prefecture|Nara]].<ref name=JAANUS />
Although ''kara'' (唐) can be translated as meaning "[[China]]" or "[[Tang dynasty|Tang]]", this type of roof with undulating [[bargeboard]]s is an invention of Japanese carpenters in the late [[Heian period]].<ref name=JAANUS>"[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/karahafu.htm karahafu 唐破風]." JAANUS. Retrieved on May 30, 2009.</ref> It was named thus because the word ''kara'' could also mean "peculiar" or "elegant", and was often added to names of objects considered grand or intricate regardless of origin.<ref name=JAANUS2>"[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/karamon.htm karamon 唐門]". JAANUS. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.</ref> The ''karahafu'' developed during the Heian period and is shown in [[Emakimono|picture scrolls]] to decorate gates, corridors, and [[palanquins]]. The first known depiction of a ''karahafu'' appears on a miniature shrine (''{{ill|zushi (shrine)|lt=zushi|ja|厨子}}'') in [[Shōryoin shrine]] at [[Hōryū-ji]] in [[Nara prefecture|Nara]].<ref name=JAANUS />


The ''karahafu'' and its building style (''karahafu-zukuri'') became increasingly popular during the [[Kamakura period|Kamakura]] and [[Muromachi period]], when Japan witnessed a new wave of influences from the Asian continent. During the Kamakura period, [[Zen Buddhism]] spread to Japan and the ''karahafu'' was employed in many Zen temples.
The ''karahafu'' and its building style (''karahafu-zukuri'') became increasingly popular during the [[Kamakura period|Kamakura]] and [[Muromachi period]], when Japan witnessed a new wave of influences from the Asian continent. During the Kamakura period, [[Zen Buddhism]] spread to Japan and the ''karahafu'' was employed in many Zen temples.


Initially, the ''karahafu'' was used only in temples and aristocratic gateways, but starting from the beginning of the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]], it became an important architectural element in the construction of a ''[[daimyō]]''{{'}}s mansions and castles. The ''daimyō'''s gateway with a ''karahafu'' roof was reserved for the ''[[shōgun]]'' during his ''onari'' visits to the retainer, or for the reception of the emperor at shogunate establishments. A structure associated with these social connections naturally imparted special meaning.<ref>Sarvimaki: ''Structures, Symbols and Meanings'' (2000), 18/2000, 82–84, 178.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fortlauderdaleroofingexperts.com/ |title= Fort Lauderdale Roofing Experts }} Thursday, 5 November 2020 </ref>
Initially, the ''karahafu'' was used only in temples and aristocratic gateways, but starting from the beginning of the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]], it became an important architectural element in the construction of a ''[[daimyō]]''{{'}}s mansions and castles. The ''daimyō'''s gateway with a ''karahafu'' roof was reserved for the ''[[shōgun]]'' during his ''onari'' visits to the retainer, or for the reception of the emperor at shogunate establishments. A structure associated with these social connections naturally imparted special meaning.<ref>Sarvimaki: ''Structures, Symbols and Meanings'' (2000), 18/2000, 82–84, 178.</ref>


Gates with a ''karahafu'' roof, the ''[[karamon]]'' (''mon'' meaning "gate"), became a means to proclaim the prestige of a building and functioned as a symbol of both religious and secular architecture.<ref>Sarvimaki: ''Layouts and Layers'' (2003), Vol 3, No. 2, 80–108.</ref> In the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], the ''karamon'' gates were a powerful symbol of authority reflected in architecture.<ref>Coaldrake (1996), 197</ref>
Gates with a ''karahafu'' roof, the ''[[karamon]]'' (''mon'' meaning "gate"), became a means to proclaim the prestige of a building and functioned as a symbol of both religious and secular architecture.<ref>Sarvimaki: ''Layouts and Layers'' (2003), Vol 3, No. 2, 80–108.</ref> In the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], the ''karamon'' gates were a powerful symbol of authority reflected in architecture.<ref>Coaldrake (1996), 197</ref>
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Image:Himeji Castle M4690.jpg|Three ''karahafu'' gables at [[Himeji Castle]]
Image:Himeji Castle M4690.jpg|Three ''karahafu'' gables at [[Himeji Castle]]
Image:Matsunoo Shrine.jpg|[[Matsunoo Taisha]]
Image:Matsunoo Shrine.jpg|[[Matsunoo Taisha]]
Image:Naha Shuri Castle16s5s3200.jpg|[[Shuri Castle]] in [[Okinawa]]
Image:Naha Shuri Castle16s5s3200.jpg|[[Shuri Castle]] in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]
Image:Tainan Taiwan Martial-Art-Hall Butokuden-01.jpg|[[Tainan Butokuden]] in [[Tainan]], [[Taiwan]].
Image:Tainan Taiwan Martial-Art-Hall Butokuden-01.jpg|[[Tainan Butokuden]] in [[Tainan]], [[Taiwan]].
Image:TheAdministrationOfficeOfTouyanMartyrsShrine_1.jpg|[[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] [[Shinto shrine]] in [[Taiwan]].
Image:TheAdministrationOfficeOfTouyanMartyrsShrine_1.jpg|[[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] [[Shinto shrine]] in [[Taiwan]].
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==References==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*Coaldrake, William. (1996). ''Architecture and Authority in Japan''. London/New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05754-X}}.

*Sarvimaki Marja. (2000). ''Structures, Symbols and Meanings: Chinese and Korean Influence on Japanese Architecture''. Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Architecture. {{ISBN|0-521-36918-5}}.
*Sarvimaki Marja. (2000). ''Structures, Symbols and Meanings: Chinese and Korean Influence on Japanese Architecture''. Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Architecture. {{ISBN|0-521-36918-5}}.
*Sarvimaki Marja. (2003). "[http://sjeas.skku.edu/upload/200605/05_Sarvimaki%20Marja.pdf Layouts and Layers: Spatial Arrangements in Japan and Korea]". ''Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies'', Volume 3, No. 2. Retrieved on May 30, 2009.
*Sarvimaki Marja. (2003). "[http://sjeas.skku.edu/upload/200605/05_Sarvimaki%20Marja.pdf Layouts and Layers: Spatial Arrangements in Japan and Korea]". ''Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies'', Volume 3, No. 2. Retrieved on May 30, 2009.
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{{Shinto shrine}}
{{Shinto shrine}}


[[Category:Architecture of Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese architectural features]]
[[Category:Japanese architectural features]]
[[Category:Roofs]]
[[Category:Roofs]]

Latest revision as of 11:44, 14 September 2024

Drawings of a kara-hafu

Kara-hafu (唐破風) is a type of curved gable found in Japanese architecture. It is used on Japanese castles, Buddhist temples, and Shinto shrines. Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as coverings. The face beneath the gable may be flush with the wall below, or it may terminate on a lower roof.

History

[edit]

Although kara (唐) can be translated as meaning "China" or "Tang", this type of roof with undulating bargeboards is an invention of Japanese carpenters in the late Heian period.[1] It was named thus because the word kara could also mean "peculiar" or "elegant", and was often added to names of objects considered grand or intricate regardless of origin.[2] The karahafu developed during the Heian period and is shown in picture scrolls to decorate gates, corridors, and palanquins. The first known depiction of a karahafu appears on a miniature shrine (zushi [ja]) in Shōryoin shrine at Hōryū-ji in Nara.[1]

The karahafu and its building style (karahafu-zukuri) became increasingly popular during the Kamakura and Muromachi period, when Japan witnessed a new wave of influences from the Asian continent. During the Kamakura period, Zen Buddhism spread to Japan and the karahafu was employed in many Zen temples.

Initially, the karahafu was used only in temples and aristocratic gateways, but starting from the beginning of the Azuchi–Momoyama period, it became an important architectural element in the construction of a daimyō's mansions and castles. The daimyō's gateway with a karahafu roof was reserved for the shōgun during his onari visits to the retainer, or for the reception of the emperor at shogunate establishments. A structure associated with these social connections naturally imparted special meaning.[3]

Gates with a karahafu roof, the karamon (mon meaning "gate"), became a means to proclaim the prestige of a building and functioned as a symbol of both religious and secular architecture.[4] In the Tokugawa shogunate, the karamon gates were a powerful symbol of authority reflected in architecture.[5]

Images

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "karahafu 唐破風." JAANUS. Retrieved on May 30, 2009.
  2. ^ "karamon 唐門". JAANUS. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  3. ^ Sarvimaki: Structures, Symbols and Meanings (2000), 18/2000, 82–84, 178.
  4. ^ Sarvimaki: Layouts and Layers (2003), Vol 3, No. 2, 80–108.
  5. ^ Coaldrake (1996), 197

References

[edit]
  • Coaldrake, William. (1996). Architecture and Authority in Japan. London/New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05754-X.
  • Sarvimaki Marja. (2000). Structures, Symbols and Meanings: Chinese and Korean Influence on Japanese Architecture. Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Architecture. ISBN 0-521-36918-5.
  • Sarvimaki Marja. (2003). "Layouts and Layers: Spatial Arrangements in Japan and Korea". Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 3, No. 2. Retrieved on May 30, 2009.
  • Parent, Mary Neighbour. (2003). Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.