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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Akalats
| name = Akalats
Line 4: Line 5:
| taxon = Sheppardia
| taxon = Sheppardia
| authority = [[Alwin Karl Haagner|Haagner]], 1909
| authority = [[Alwin Karl Haagner|Haagner]], 1909
| type_species = ''[[East coast akalat|Sheppardia gunningi]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=183 |title= Muscicapidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-15}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = Haagner, 1909
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text. }}
| subdivision = See text. }}


The '''akalats''' ([[Stress (linguistics)|stress]]ed on the second syllable)<ref>As recorded by George L. Bates</ref> are medium-sized [[Insectivore|insectivorous]] [[bird]]s in the [[genus]] ''Sheppardia''. They were formerly placed in the [[thrush (bird)|thrush]] [[family (biology)|family]], Turdidae, but are more often now treated as part of the [[Old World flycatcher|Old World flycatcher family]], Muscicapidae.
The '''akalats''' ([[Stress (linguistics)|stress]]ed on the second syllable)<ref>As recorded by [[George Latimer Bates|George L. Bates]]</ref> are medium-sized [[Insectivore|insectivorous]] [[bird]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Sheppardia'''''. They were formerly placed in the [[thrush (bird)|thrush]] [[family (biology)|family]], Turdidae, but are more often now treated as part of the [[Old World flycatcher|Old World flycatcher family]], Muscicapidae.


They include nine [[Sub-Sahara]]n [[forest]]-dwelling [[species]]:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref>
The genus contains 11 [[Sub-Sahara]]n [[forest]]-dwelling [[species]]:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref>

⚫
* [[Bocage's akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia bocagei}}''
* [[Lowland akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia cyornithopsis}}''
* [[Grey-winged robin-chat]], ''Sheppardia polioptera'' (formerly placed in ''[[Cossypha]]'')
* [[Short-tailed akalat]], ''Sheppardia poensis'' (split from ''S. bocagei'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Species Updates – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/|access-date=2021-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Equatorial akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia aequatorialis}}''
* [[Sharpe's akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia sharpei}}''<!-- Biological Conservation 87 (1999) 59-72 -->
* [[Bocage's akalat]], ''Sheppardia bocagei''
* [[East coast akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia gunningi}}''
* [[Lowland akalat]], ''Sheppardia cyornithopsis''
* [[Gabela akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia gabela}}''
* [[Equatorial akalat]], ''Sheppardia aequatorialis''
* [[Rubeho akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia aurantiithorax}}''
* [[Sharpe's akalat]], ''Sheppardia sharpei''<!-- Biological Conservation 87 (1999) 59-72 -->
* [[Usambara akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia montana}}''
* [[East coast akalat]], ''Sheppardia gunningi''
* [[Iringa akalat]], ''{{lang|la|Sheppardia lowei}}''
* [[Gabela akalat]], ''Sheppardia gabela''
⚫
* [[Rubeho akalat]], ''Sheppardia aurantiithorax''
⚫
* [[Usambara akalat]], ''Sheppardia montana''
* [[Iringa akalat]], ''Sheppardia lowei''


==Taxonomy and etymology==
==Taxonomy and etymology==
The [[genus]] ''Sheppardia'' was introduced in 1909 by the South African ornithologist [[Alwin Karl Haagner]] with the [[East coast akalat]] (''Sheppardia gunningi'') as the [[type species]].<ref name=haager>{{ cite journal | last=Haagner | first=Alwin Karl | author-link=Alwin Karl Haagner | year=1909 | title=Descriptions of two new species of flycatchers from the Portuguese south-east Africa | journal=Annals of the Transvaal Museum | volume=1 | pages=179–180 [180] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50470957 }}</ref> The name of the genus was chosen to honour the collector and farmer Peter A. Sheppard.<ref name=haager/><ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=355 }}</ref>
The [[genus]] ''Sheppardia'' was introduced in 1909 by the South African ornithologist [[Alwin Karl Haagner]] with the [[East coast akalat]] (''Sheppardia gunningi'') as the [[type species]].<ref name=haager>{{ cite journal | last=Haagner | first=Alwin Karl | author-link=Alwin Karl Haagner | year=1909 | title=Descriptions of two new species of flycatchers from the Portuguese south-east Africa | journal=Annals of the Transvaal Museum | volume=1 | pages=179–180 [180] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50470957 }}</ref> The name of the genus was chosen to honour the collector and farmer P. A. Sheppard.<ref name=haager/><ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=355 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Plug|first=C. |title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2570 |website=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref>


[[Richard Bowdler Sharpe]], who had never visited Africa, associated the akalats, in their [[Bulu language|Bulu]] appellation, with birds of "different kinds" occurring in the [[Understory|forest understorey]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sharpe | first = R.B. | title = On further collections of birds from the Efulen District of Camaroon, West Africa, Part II | journal = Ibis | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 591–638 | year = 1904 | url =https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25210942 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1904.tb00524.x }}</ref> His main collector in West Africa, George L. Bates, denoted them more specifically as "little members of the genus ''Turdinus'', which are called in [[Fang language|Fang]] and Bulu "Akalat"....".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sharpe | first = R.B. | title = On further collections of birds from the Efulen District of Camaroon, West Africa, Part V | journal = Ibis | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 117–129 [119] | year = 1908 | url =https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8771113 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1908.tb05213.x}}</ref> The latter genus denoted a group of [[Old World babbler]]s, currently classed as near-babblers in the genus ''[[Illadopsis]]''.
[[Richard Bowdler Sharpe]], who had never visited Africa, associated the akalats, in their [[Bulu language|Bulu]] appellation, with birds of "different kinds" occurring in the [[Understory|forest understorey]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sharpe | first = R.B. | title = On further collections of birds from the Efulen District of Camaroon, West Africa, Part II | journal = Ibis | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 591–638 | year = 1904 | url =https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25210942 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1904.tb00524.x }}</ref> His main collector in West Africa, George L. Bates, denoted them more specifically as "little members of the genus ''Turdinus'', which are called in [[Fang language|Fang]] and Bulu "Akalat"....".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sharpe | first = R.B. | title = On further collections of birds from the Efulen District of Camaroon, West Africa, Part V | journal = Ibis | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 117–129 [119] | year = 1908 | url =https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8771113 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1908.tb05213.x}}</ref> The latter genus denoted a group of [[Old World babbler]]s, currently classed as near-babblers in the genus ''[[Illadopsis]]''.
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[[David Armitage Bannerman]]'s volumes on West African birds, published from 1930 through to 1951, became well-established reference works for the region, and retained the name akalat for ''Trichastoma'', which is ''Illadopsis''. Reichenow however classed ''[[Turdinus batesi]]'' as an ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'',<ref>{{Cite book | last = Reichenow | first = A.| title = Die Vögel Afrikas, Vol. 3 | publisher = Neudamm: J. Neumann | year = 1905 }}</ref> then in the ''[[Turdidae]]'' (thrushes and flycatchers), followed by Jackson and Sclater in 1938 who applied it to ''Sheppardia'' specifically.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Jackson | first = F.J. & Sclater W.L. | title = The birds of Kenya Colony and the Uganda Protectorate, Vol. 2 | publisher = London: Gurney & Jackson | year = 1938 }}</ref> Mackworth-Praed and Grant (1953, 1955) and Williams (1963 - 1980s) retained their usage. In 1964 the name was still recorded as denoting both groups, namely the ''Malococincla'', i.e. ''[[Illadopsis]]'' near-babblers in West Africa, and the ''Sheppardia'' chats in East African literature,<ref>A New Dictionary of Birds, ed. Sir A. Landsborough Thomson (London, Nelson, 1964)</ref> though the latter convention prevailed in modern times.
[[David Armitage Bannerman]]'s volumes on West African birds, published from 1930 through to 1951, became well-established reference works for the region, and retained the name akalat for ''Trichastoma'', which is ''Illadopsis''. Reichenow however classed ''[[Turdinus batesi]]'' as an ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'',<ref>{{Cite book | last = Reichenow | first = A.| title = Die Vögel Afrikas, Vol. 3 | publisher = Neudamm: J. Neumann | year = 1905 }}</ref> then in the ''[[Turdidae]]'' (thrushes and flycatchers), followed by Jackson and Sclater in 1938 who applied it to ''Sheppardia'' specifically.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Jackson | first = F.J. & Sclater W.L. | title = The birds of Kenya Colony and the Uganda Protectorate, Vol. 2 | publisher = London: Gurney & Jackson | year = 1938 }}</ref> Mackworth-Praed and Grant (1953, 1955) and Williams (1963 - 1980s) retained their usage. In 1964 the name was still recorded as denoting both groups, namely the ''Malococincla'', i.e. ''[[Illadopsis]]'' near-babblers in West Africa, and the ''Sheppardia'' chats in East African literature,<ref>A New Dictionary of Birds, ed. Sir A. Landsborough Thomson (London, Nelson, 1964)</ref> though the latter convention prevailed in modern times.


Yet the calls of the aforementioned species only doubtfully agree with the akalat's appellation as an omen of death. It is recorded that the akalat's forest song, respectively referred to as "boofio" and "woofio" by the [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Bulu]] and [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Ntumu]] peoples, is believed by them to predict the death of a near parent who bids them farewell with this song.<ref>{{Citation|last=Culture Vive |title=Phénomène des Présages Chez les Fang/Beti, under Beti-Fang-Bulu |url=http://bonneculture.com/betifang/presages.htm |access-date=4 July 2017 }}: Un autre présage de mort est le chant de l’oiseau appelé «akalat», chez les Bulu «Boofio», chez les Ntumu «Woofio». Ce chant est toujours entendu dans la forêt et prédit la mort d’un proche parent qui par ce chant vous fait ses adieux.</ref>
Yet the calls of the aforementioned species only doubtfully agree with the akalat's appellation as an omen of death. It is recorded that the akalat's forest song, respectively referred to as "boofio" and "woofio" by the [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Bulu]] and [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Ntumu]] peoples, is believed by them to predict the death of a near parent who bids them farewell with this song.<ref>{{Citation |last=Culture Vive |title=Phénomène des Présages Chez les Fang/Beti, under Beti-Fang-Bulu |url=http://bonneculture.com/betifang/presages.htm |access-date=4 July 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Un autre présage de mort est le chant de l’oiseau appelé «akalat», chez les Bulu «Boofio», chez les Ntumu «Woofio». Ce chant est toujours entendu dans la forêt et prédit la mort d’un proche parent qui par ce chant vous fait ses adieux.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Passerida|M.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2050255}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2050255}}


[[Category:Sheppardia| ]]
[[Category:Sheppardia| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa| ]]
[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]]

Latest revision as of 12:03, 14 September 2024

Akalats
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Sheppardia
Haagner, 1909
Type species
Sheppardia gunningi[1]
Haagner, 1909
Species

See text.

The akalats (stressed on the second syllable)[2] are medium-sized insectivorous birds in the genus Sheppardia. They were formerly placed in the thrush family, Turdidae, but are more often now treated as part of the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae.

The genus contains 11 Sub-Saharan forest-dwelling species:[3]

Taxonomy and etymology

[edit]

The genus Sheppardia was introduced in 1909 by the South African ornithologist Alwin Karl Haagner with the East coast akalat (Sheppardia gunningi) as the type species.[5] The name of the genus was chosen to honour the collector and farmer P. A. Sheppard.[5][6][7]

Richard Bowdler Sharpe, who had never visited Africa, associated the akalats, in their Bulu appellation, with birds of "different kinds" occurring in the forest understorey.[8] His main collector in West Africa, George L. Bates, denoted them more specifically as "little members of the genus Turdinus, which are called in Fang and Bulu "Akalat"....".[9] The latter genus denoted a group of Old World babblers, currently classed as near-babblers in the genus Illadopsis.

David Armitage Bannerman's volumes on West African birds, published from 1930 through to 1951, became well-established reference works for the region, and retained the name akalat for Trichastoma, which is Illadopsis. Reichenow however classed Turdinus batesi as an Alethe,[10] then in the Turdidae (thrushes and flycatchers), followed by Jackson and Sclater in 1938 who applied it to Sheppardia specifically.[11] Mackworth-Praed and Grant (1953, 1955) and Williams (1963 - 1980s) retained their usage. In 1964 the name was still recorded as denoting both groups, namely the Malococincla, i.e. Illadopsis near-babblers in West Africa, and the Sheppardia chats in East African literature,[12] though the latter convention prevailed in modern times.

Yet the calls of the aforementioned species only doubtfully agree with the akalat's appellation as an omen of death. It is recorded that the akalat's forest song, respectively referred to as "boofio" and "woofio" by the Bulu and Ntumu peoples, is believed by them to predict the death of a near parent who bids them farewell with this song.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Muscicapidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  2. ^ As recorded by George L. Bates
  3. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  4. ^ "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  5. ^ a b Haagner, Alwin Karl (1909). "Descriptions of two new species of flycatchers from the Portuguese south-east Africa". Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 1: 179–180 [180].
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Plug, C. "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science". S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  8. ^ Sharpe, R.B. (1904). "On further collections of birds from the Efulen District of Camaroon, West Africa, Part II". Ibis. 46 (4): 591–638. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1904.tb00524.x.
  9. ^ Sharpe, R.B. (1908). "On further collections of birds from the Efulen District of Camaroon, West Africa, Part V". Ibis. 46 (9): 117–129 [119]. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1908.tb05213.x.
  10. ^ Reichenow, A. (1905). Die Vögel Afrikas, Vol. 3. Neudamm: J. Neumann.
  11. ^ Jackson, F.J. & Sclater W.L. (1938). The birds of Kenya Colony and the Uganda Protectorate, Vol. 2. London: Gurney & Jackson.
  12. ^ A New Dictionary of Birds, ed. Sir A. Landsborough Thomson (London, Nelson, 1964)
  13. ^ Culture Vive, Phénomène des Présages Chez les Fang/Beti, under Beti-Fang-Bulu, retrieved 4 July 2017[permanent dead link‍]: Un autre présage de mort est le chant de l’oiseau appelé «akalat», chez les Bulu «Boofio», chez les Ntumu «Woofio». Ce chant est toujours entendu dans la forêt et prédit la mort d’un proche parent qui par ce chant vous fait ses adieux.
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