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{{Short description|American experimental satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ATS-3
| name = ATS-3, Advanced Tech. Sat. 3, ATS-C, 03029
| image = Applications Technology Satellite 3 (ATS 3).png| image_caption = ATS-3 prelaunch
| image = Applications Technology Satellite 3 (ATS 3).png
| image_caption = ATS-3 prelaunch
⚫
| mission_type = [[Weather satellite|Weather]]<br/>[[Communications satellite|Communications]]<br/>Technology

⚫
| operator = [[NASA]]
⚫
| mission_type = [[Weather satellite|Weather]]<br/>[[Communications satellite|Communications]]<br/>Technology
| operator = [[NASA]]
| website =
| website =
| COSPAR_ID = 1967-111A
| COSPAR_ID = 1967-111A
| SATCAT = 3029
| mission_duration = {{time interval|November 5, 1967, 23:37:00|2001}} (final) <br /> {{time interval|November 5, 1967, 23:37:00|show=ymd|sep=,}}<br/> (in orbit)
⚫
| SATCAT = 3029
| mission_duration = 3 years planned
| spacecraft_bus = [[HS-306]]
| spacecraft_bus = [[HS-306]]
| manufacturer = [[Hughes Aircraft|Hughes]]
| manufacturer = [[Hughes Aircraft|Hughes]]
| dry_mass =
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|365.0|kg|lb}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|365.0|kg|lb}}
| dimensions =
| dimensions =
| power = <!-- [[watt]]s -->
⚫
| launch_date = {{start-date|November 5, 1967, 23:37:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref>
| power =
⚫
| launch_rocket = [[Atlas-Agena|Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D]]
⚫
| launch_date = {{start-date|November 5, 1967, 23:37:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref>
⚫
| launch_site = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12|LC-12]]
⚫
| launch_rocket = [[Atlas-Agena|Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D]]
| launch_contractor =
⚫
| launch_site = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12|LC-12]]
| launch_contractor =
| disposal_type =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated = {{end-date|2001}}
⚫
| orbit_epoch = January 21, 2014, 11:54:19&nbsp;UTC<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=3029|title=ATS 3 Satellite details 1967-111A NORAD 3029|work=N2YO|date=January 21, 2014|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref>
| deactivated = <!--{{end-date| }}-->
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
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| orbit_epoch = January 21, 2014, 11:54:19&nbsp;UTC<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=3029|title=ATS 3 Satellite details 1967-111A NORAD 3029|work=N2YO|date=January 21, 2014|access-date=January 24, 2014}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geosynchronous orbit|GSO]]
⚫
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.00043
| orbit_regime = [[Geosynchronous orbit|GSO]]
⚫
| orbit_semimajor = {{convert|42241.0|km|mi}}
⚫
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.00043
| orbit_semimajor = {{convert|42241.0|km|mi}}
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35723|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35723|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35862|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_inclination = 6.92&nbsp;degrees
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| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35862|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_inclination = 6.92&nbsp;degrees
| orbit_period = 23.93&nbsp;hours
| orbit_period = 23.93&nbsp;hours
| apsis = gee
| apsis = gee
| programme = [[Applications Technology Satellites]]
| previous_mission = [[ATS-2]]
| next_mission = [[ATS-4]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Applications Technology Satellite 3''', or '''ATS-3''', was a long-lived American experimental [[geostationary orbit|geostationary]] [[weather satellite|weather]] and [[communications satellite]], operated by [[NASA]] from 1967 to 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/ats|title=ATS {{!}} Science Mission Directorate|website=science.nasa.gov|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> It was at one time reputed to be the oldest satellite still in operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solarstorms.org/Quote4.html|title=Technology|publisher=solarstorms.org|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928092501/http://www.solarstorms.org/Quote4.html|archive-date=September 28, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{asof|1995}}, NASA referred to the ATS-3 as "The oldest active communications satellite by a wide margin."<ref name=NASA>{{cite book|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch6.htm|title=Beyond The Ionosphere: The Development of Satellite Communications|editor-last=Butrica|editor-first=Andrew J.|last=Glover|first=Daniel R.|chapter=Chapter 6: NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958–1995, SP-4217 Beyond the Ionosphere|publisher=[[NASA]]|year=1997}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:ATSIII 10NOV67 153107.jpg|thumb|273px|right|NASA's first color photo [[Digital_image#Mosaic|(digital image mosaic)]] of Earth, imaged in 1967 by ATS-3, was used as the cover of ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]''{{'}}s first edition.]]
⚫
'''Applications Technology Satellite 3''', or '''ATS-3''', was a long-lived [[United States|American]] experimental [[geostationary orbit|geostationary]] [[weather satellite|weather]] and [[communications satellite]], operated by [[NASA]] from 1967 to 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/ats|title=ATS {{!}} Science Mission Directorate|website=science.nasa.gov|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> It was at one time reputed to be the oldest satellite still in operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solarstorms.org/Quote4.html|title=Technology|publisher=solarstorms.org|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928092501/http://www.solarstorms.org/Quote4.html|archive-date=September 28, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{asof|1995}}, NASA referred to the ATS-3 as "The oldest active communications satellite by a wide margin."<ref name=NASA>{{cite book|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch6.htm|title=Beyond The Ionosphere: The Development of Satellite Communications|editor-last=Butrica|editor-first=Andrew J.|last=Glover|first=Daniel R.|chapter=Chapter 6: NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958–1995, SP-4217 Beyond the Ionosphere|publisher=[[NASA]]|year=1997}}</ref>


On November 10, 1967, ATS-3 took NASA's first color photo [[Digital_image#Mosaic|(digital image mosaic)]] of the full-disk Earth, which was subsequently used on the cover of the first ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]''.
On November 10, 1967, ATS-3 took NASA's first color photo [[Digital image#Mosaic|(digital image mosaic)]] of the full-disk Earth, which was subsequently used on the cover of the first ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]''.


==History==
==History==
Launched in November 1967, the ATS-3 was in service for 11 years before finally being decommissioned in 1978 along with ATS-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/ats|title=Applications Technology Satellite Program}}</ref> Among its widest-known achievements are the first full-disk, "true color"<ref name="Miller Schmit Seaman Lindsey pp. 1803–1816">{{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Steven D. | last2=Schmit | first2=Timothy L. | last3=Seaman | first3=Curtis J. | last4=Lindsey | first4=Daniel T. | last5=Gunshor | first5=Mathew M. | last6=Kohrs | first6=Richard A. | last7=Sumida | first7=Yasuhiko | last8=Hillger | first8=Donald | title=A Sight for Sore Eyes: The Return of True Color to Geostationary Satellites | journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | publisher=American Meteorological Society | volume=97 | issue=10 | date=Oct 1, 2016 | issn=0003-0007 | doi=10.1175/bams-d-15-00154.1 | pages=1803–1816}}</ref> composite Earth image ([[DODGE]] took color-filtered black-and-white images, put together they produced the very first color image of the full-disk).<ref name="Geography Realm 2019">{{cite web | title=The First Color Images of the Earth from Space | website=Geography Realm | date=Mar 13, 2019 | url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/the-first-color-images-of-the-earth-from-space/ | access-date=Feb 2, 2022}}</ref> Its imaging capability has served during disaster situations, from the [[Mexico]] earthquake to the [[Mount St. Helens]] eruption.<ref name=NASA />
Launched in November 1967, the ATS-3 was in service for 11 years before finally being decommissioned in 1978 along with [[ATS-1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/ats|title=Applications Technology Satellite Program}}</ref> Among its widest-known achievements are the first full-disk, "true color"<ref name="Miller Schmit Seaman Lindsey pp. 1803–1816">{{cite journal | last1=Miller | first1=Steven D. | last2=Schmit | first2=Timothy L. | last3=Seaman | first3=Curtis J. | last4=Lindsey | first4=Daniel T. | last5=Gunshor | first5=Mathew M. | last6=Kohrs | first6=Richard A. | last7=Sumida | first7=Yasuhiko | last8=Hillger | first8=Donald | title=A Sight for Sore Eyes: The Return of True Color to Geostationary Satellites | journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | publisher=American Meteorological Society | volume=97 | issue=10 | date=Oct 1, 2016 | issn=0003-0007 | doi=10.1175/bams-d-15-00154.1 | pages=1803–1816| bibcode=2016BAMS...97.1803M | s2cid=51994278 | doi-access=free }}</ref> composite Earth image ([[DODGE]] took color-filtered black-and-white images, put together they produced the very first color image of the full-disk).<ref name="Geography Realm 2019">{{cite web | title=The First Color Images of the Earth from Space | website=Geography Realm | date=Mar 13, 2019 | url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/the-first-color-images-of-the-earth-from-space/ | access-date=Feb 2, 2022}}</ref> Its imaging capability has served during disaster situations, from the [[Mexico]] earthquake to the [[Mount St. Helens]] eruption.<ref name=NASA />


ATS-3 experiments included [[VHF]] and [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] communications, a color spin-scan camera<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1967-111A-01|title=NASA – NSSDC – Experiment – Details – Multicolor Spin-Scan Cloudcover Camera (MSSCC)|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> (principally developed by [[Verner E. Suomi]]), an image dissector camera, a mechanically despun antenna, [[resistojet]] thrusters, [[hydrazine]] [[propulsion]], optical surface experiments, and the measurement of the electron content of the ionosphere and magnetosphere.
ATS-3 experiments included [[VHF]] and [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] communications, a color spin-scan camera<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1967-111A-01|title=NASA – NSSDC – Experiment – Details – Multicolor Spin-Scan Cloudcover Camera (MSSCC)|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> (principally developed by [[Verner E. Suomi]]), an [[image dissector]] camera, a mechanically despun antenna, [[resistojet]] thrusters, [[hydrazine]] [[propulsion]], optical surface experiments, and the measurement of the electron content of the [[ionosphere]] and [[magnetosphere]].


Because of failures in the hydrogen peroxide systems on ATS-1, ATS-3 was equipped with a hydrazine propulsion system. Its success led to its incorporation on ATS-4 and ATS-5 as the sole propulsion system.<ref name=NASA />
Because of failures in the hydrogen peroxide systems on ATS-1, ATS-3 was equipped with a hydrazine propulsion system. Its success led to its incorporation on ATS-4 and ATS-5 as the sole propulsion system.<ref name=NASA />
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The satellite is in [[geo-synchronous]] orbit {{convert|21,156|mi|km|disp=flip|sp=us}} above the Earth's surface. The satellite has served as a communications link for rescue operations, including the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]] and the [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]].<ref>Pae, Peter, "Satellites' Longevity Limits Sales", ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', December 1, 2008, p. C1.</ref>
The satellite is in [[geo-synchronous]] orbit {{convert|21,156|mi|km|disp=flip|sp=us}} above the Earth's surface. The satellite has served as a communications link for rescue operations, including the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]] and the [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]].<ref>Pae, Peter, "Satellites' Longevity Limits Sales", ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', December 1, 2008, p. C1.</ref>


Circa 1970, ATS-3 was used to collect images of weather patterns, especially developing hurricanes in the Western Hemisphere. 1,200 line photos were downlinked, approximately every 25 minutes, during daylight hours to NOAA's Command and Data Acquisition Station at Wallops Station, Virginia and transferred to various users. The satellite was known for its spinning beam antennas locking up and rotating with the satellite. When that happened, it took a powerful ground-based transmitter, like the one at [[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex|Mojave]], to blast through digital instructions to get the antenna aimed back at earth again.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
Circa 1970, ATS-3 was used to collect images of weather patterns, especially developing hurricanes in the [[Western Hemisphere]]. 1,200 line photos were downlinked, approximately every 25 minutes, during daylight hours to NOAA's Command and Data Acquisition Station at [[Wallops Flight Facility|Wallops Station]], Virginia and transferred to various users. The satellite was known for its spinning beam antennas locking up and rotating with the satellite. When that happened, it took a powerful ground-based transmitter, like the one at [[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex|Mojave]], to blast through digital instructions to get the antenna aimed back at Earth again.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

⚫
[[File:ATS-3 Satellite VHF Ground Station Antenna.jpg|thumb|left|ATS-3 Ground Station Antenna]]
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Atlas-SLV3 Agena-D (ATS 3).jpg|Launch of ATS-3
File:Concept artwork of the ATS-3 satellite (G-66-3652).jpg|Concept artwork of the ATS-3 satellite.
⚫
File:ATSIII 10NOV67 153107.jpg|NASA's first color photo [[Digital image#Mosaic|(digital image mosaic)]] of Earth, imaged in 1967 by ATS-3, was used as the cover of ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]''{{'}}s first edition.
File:The First Color Movie of the Planet Earth.webm|Time-lapse footage of the Earth captured by the NASA ATS III satellite in 1967.
File:Hurricane Agnes, 1972 (50700829497).jpg|[[Hurricane Agnes]] made landfall in Florida on June 18, 1972, seen here from the ATS-3 satellite before moving ashore.
File:The Super Outbreak, 1974 (50700829457).jpg|The [[1974 Super Outbreak|April 3-4, 1974, "Super Outbreak"]] is the second-largest outbreak of tornadoes in the U.S. on record, and holds the record for the most F5 tornadoes on a single day. The image seen here is from the ATS-3 satellite on the afternoon of April 3, 1974, as the outbreak was beginning.
⚫
File:ATS-3 Satellite VHF Ground Station Antenna.jpg|ATS-3 Ground Station Antenna
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}{{Commons category|ATS-3}}
* [[1967 in spaceflight]]
* [[1967 in spaceflight]]
* [[First images of Earth from space]]
* [[First images of Earth from space]]

Latest revision as of 18:36, 14 September 2024

ATS-3, Advanced Tech. Sat. 3, ATS-C, 03029
ATS-3 prelaunch
Mission typeWeather
Communications
Technology
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID1967-111A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.3029
Mission duration34 years (final)
57 years, 29 days
(in orbit)
Spacecraft properties
BusHS-306
ManufacturerHughes
Launch mass365.0 kilograms (804.7 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateNovember 5, 1967, 23:37:00 (1967-11-05UTC23:37Z) UTC[1]
RocketAtlas SLV-3 Agena-D
Launch siteCape Canaveral LC-12
End of mission
Deactivated2001 (2002)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeGSO
Semi-major axis42,241.0 kilometres (26,247.3 mi)
Eccentricity0.00043
Perigee altitude35,723 kilometers (22,197 mi)
Apogee altitude35,862 kilometers (22,284 mi)
Inclination6.92 degrees
Period23.93 hours
EpochJanuary 21, 2014, 11:54:19 UTC[2]
← ATS-2
ATS-4 →

Applications Technology Satellite 3, or ATS-3, was a long-lived American experimental geostationary weather and communications satellite, operated by NASA from 1967 to 2001.[3] It was at one time reputed to be the oldest satellite still in operation.[4] As of 1995, NASA referred to the ATS-3 as "The oldest active communications satellite by a wide margin."[5]

On November 10, 1967, ATS-3 took NASA's first color photo (digital image mosaic) of the full-disk Earth, which was subsequently used on the cover of the first Whole Earth Catalog.

History

[edit]

Launched in November 1967, the ATS-3 was in service for 11 years before finally being decommissioned in 1978 along with ATS-1.[6] Among its widest-known achievements are the first full-disk, "true color"[7] composite Earth image (DODGE took color-filtered black-and-white images, put together they produced the very first color image of the full-disk).[8] Its imaging capability has served during disaster situations, from the Mexico earthquake to the Mount St. Helens eruption.[5]

ATS-3 experiments included VHF and C-band communications, a color spin-scan camera[9] (principally developed by Verner E. Suomi), an image dissector camera, a mechanically despun antenna, resistojet thrusters, hydrazine propulsion, optical surface experiments, and the measurement of the electron content of the ionosphere and magnetosphere.

Because of failures in the hydrogen peroxide systems on ATS-1, ATS-3 was equipped with a hydrazine propulsion system. Its success led to its incorporation on ATS-4 and ATS-5 as the sole propulsion system.[5]

Operational details

[edit]

The satellite is in geo-synchronous orbit 34,047 kilometers (21,156 mi) above the Earth's surface. The satellite has served as a communications link for rescue operations, including the 1985 Mexico City earthquake and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.[10]

Circa 1970, ATS-3 was used to collect images of weather patterns, especially developing hurricanes in the Western Hemisphere. 1,200 line photos were downlinked, approximately every 25 minutes, during daylight hours to NOAA's Command and Data Acquisition Station at Wallops Station, Virginia and transferred to various users. The satellite was known for its spinning beam antennas locking up and rotating with the satellite. When that happened, it took a powerful ground-based transmitter, like the one at Mojave, to blast through digital instructions to get the antenna aimed back at Earth again.[citation needed]

[edit]
  • Launch of ATS-3
    Launch of ATS-3
  • Concept artwork of the ATS-3 satellite.
    Concept artwork of the ATS-3 satellite.
  • NASA's first color photo (digital image mosaic) of Earth, imaged in 1967 by ATS-3, was used as the cover of Whole Earth Catalog's first edition.
    NASA's first color photo (digital image mosaic) of Earth, imaged in 1967 by ATS-3, was used as the cover of Whole Earth Catalog's first edition.
  • Time-lapse footage of the Earth captured by the NASA ATS III satellite in 1967.
  • Hurricane Agnes made landfall in Florida on June 18, 1972, seen here from the ATS-3 satellite before moving ashore.
    Hurricane Agnes made landfall in Florida on June 18, 1972, seen here from the ATS-3 satellite before moving ashore.
  • The April 3-4, 1974, "Super Outbreak" is the second-largest outbreak of tornadoes in the U.S. on record, and holds the record for the most F5 tornadoes on a single day. The image seen here is from the ATS-3 satellite on the afternoon of April 3, 1974, as the outbreak was beginning.
    The April 3-4, 1974, "Super Outbreak" is the second-largest outbreak of tornadoes in the U.S. on record, and holds the record for the most F5 tornadoes on a single day. The image seen here is from the ATS-3 satellite on the afternoon of April 3, 1974, as the outbreak was beginning.
  • ATS-3 Ground Station Antenna
    ATS-3 Ground Station Antenna

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ATS-3.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  2. ^ "ATS 3 Satellite details 1967-111A NORAD 3029". N2YO. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  3. ^ "ATS | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  4. ^ "Technology". solarstorms.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Glover, Daniel R. (1997). "Chapter 6: NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958–1995, SP-4217 Beyond the Ionosphere". In Butrica, Andrew J. (ed.). Beyond The Ionosphere: The Development of Satellite Communications. NASA.
  6. ^ "Applications Technology Satellite Program".
  7. ^ Miller, Steven D.; Schmit, Timothy L.; Seaman, Curtis J.; Lindsey, Daniel T.; Gunshor, Mathew M.; Kohrs, Richard A.; Sumida, Yasuhiko; Hillger, Donald (October 1, 2016). "A Sight for Sore Eyes: The Return of True Color to Geostationary Satellites". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (10). American Meteorological Society: 1803–1816. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.1803M. doi:10.1175/bams-d-15-00154.1. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 51994278.
  8. ^ "The First Color Images of the Earth from Space". Geography Realm. March 13, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  9. ^ "NASA – NSSDC – Experiment – Details – Multicolor Spin-Scan Cloudcover Camera (MSSCC)". NASA. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
  10. ^ Pae, Peter, "Satellites' Longevity Limits Sales", Los Angeles Times, December 1, 2008, p. C1.
[edit]

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