Private credit: Difference between revisions
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{{Distinguish|Private banking}} |
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{{Technical|date=October 2019}} |
{{Technical|date=October 2019}} |
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'''Private credit''' is an asset defined by [[non-bank financial institution|non-bank]] [[loan|lending]] where the [[debt]] is not issued or traded on the [[public markets]]. "Private credit" can also be referred to as "[[direct lending]]" or "[[private lending]]". It is a subset of "alternative credit". Estimations of the global private credit industry's size vary; as of April 2024, the [[International Monetary Fund]] claims it is just over $2 trillion,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Charles |last2=Ferreira |first2=Caio |last3=Natalucci |first3=Fabio |last4=Sugimoto |first4=Nobuyasu |date=2024-04-08 |title=Fast-Growing $2 Trillion Private Credit Market Warrants Closer Watch |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/04/08/fast-growing-USD2-trillion-private-credit-market-warrants-closer-watch |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> while [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan]] claims it to be $3.14 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wigglesworth |first=Robin |date=April 17, 2024 |title=Private credit is even larger than you think |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf3f3e70-e849-41db-9a29-f2e5ed988e97 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> |
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The private credit market has shifted away from banks in recent decades. In 1994, U.S. bank underwriting covered over 70 percent of middle market loans.<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s: Summary and Implications|url=https://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/3_85.pdf|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.fdic.gov}}</ref> By 2020, U.S. banks issued/held around 10 percent of middle market loans.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date=10 August 2020 | title=Are There Competitive Concerns in "Middle Market" Lending? | url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/are-there-competitive-concerns-in-middle-market-lending-20200810.html | journal=Fed Notes}}</ref> Direct lending market expanded rapidly in the wake of the 2008 financial crises when the SEC tightened restrictions and capital requirements on public banks. As banks decreased their lending activity, nonbank lenders took their place to address the continued demand for debt financing from corporate borrowers.<ref>{{cite conference | url= https://www.fdic.gov/analysis/cfr/bank-research-conference/annual-18th/7-erel.pdf | title=Nonbank Lending | last1=Chernenko | first1=Sergey | last2= Erel | first2=Isil | date=7 September 2018 | publisher=FDIC Center for Financial Research |location=|conference=}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Private credit has been one of the fastest-growing asset classes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cliffwaterfunds.com/private-credit | title=Private Credit | last1=Nesbitt | first1=Stephen | date=29 November 2022}}</ref> By 2017, private debt fundraising exceeded $100B.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnymellon.com/us/en/insights/all-insights/private-debt-the-rise-of-an-asset-class.html|last=Flanagan|first=Alan|date=2018|title=Private Debt: The Rise of an Asset Class|website=BNY Mellon}}</ref> One factor for the rapid growth has been [[investor]] [[demand]]. As of 2018, returns were averaging 8.1% IRR across all private credit strategies with some strategies yielding as high as 14% IRR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uncipc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PrivateCredit_Draft_v2018-05-07.pdf|title=Performance of Private Credit Funds: A First Look|last=Munday|first=Shawn|date=May 7, 2018|website=University of North Carolina Institute for Private Capital|access-date=October 9, 2019}}</ref> At the same time, supply increased as companies turned to non-bank lenders after the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] due to stricter lending requirements.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/who-needs-a-bank-why-direct-lending-is-surging/2019/03/06/f3db0224-3fd5-11e9-85ad-779ef05fd9d8_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306100617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/who-needs-a-bank-why-direct-lending-is-surging/2019/03/06/f3db0224-3fd5-11e9-85ad-779ef05fd9d8_story.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=March 6, 2019|title=Who Needs a Bank? Why Direct Lending is Surging |last=George|first=Hannah|date=March 6, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Private credit investment rose in emerging and developing markets by 89% to US$10.8 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elisei |first=Chiara |date=2023-02-22 |title=Private credit investments surged 89% in 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/private-credit-investments-surged-89-2022-report-2023-02-22/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Reuters}}</ref> |
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As of the start of Q4, 2019, there were 417 private credit funds seeking to $177B.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The vast majority of the capital was directed to direct lending with mezzanine debt as a distant second. However, there was fund raising for other strategies including distressed debt, venture debt, and special opportunities. In terms of capital raised, Europe is currently outpacing North America. In Q3, 2019, $6.5B was raised for North American funds compared to $13.9B for Europe. Asia came in a distant third with $1.5B raised. |
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One recent trend has been the rise of covenant-lite loans (which is also an issue for publicly traded investment grade and high yield debt).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Risky loans spell trouble for the future - Private Equity News|url=https://www.penews.com/articles/risky-loans-spell-trouble-for-the-future-20191028|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.penews.com}}</ref> This has been driven by investor demand for the relatively high yield compared to alternatives and a willingness to accept less protections. This has resulted in fewer company restrictions and fewer investors |
One recent trend has been the rise of covenant-lite loans (which is also an issue for publicly traded investment grade and high yield debt).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Risky loans spell trouble for the future - Private Equity News|url=https://www.penews.com/articles/risky-loans-spell-trouble-for-the-future-20191028|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.penews.com}}</ref> This has been driven by investor demand for the relatively high yield compared to alternatives and a willingness to accept less protections. This has resulted in fewer company restrictions and fewer investors' rights if the company struggles. That being said, for the investment firms, covenant-lite loans can also be helpful because of the negative optics if a [[portfolio company]] goes into default, and fewer restrictions means fewer ways a company can go into default.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination | last1=Becker | first1=Bo | last2= Ivashina | first2=Victoria | date=1 March 2016 | publisher= Swedish House of Finance, Institute for Financial Research | url=https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/SSRN-id2756926_fccde84f-d333-4569-8fb1-2aa387a2e403.pdf }}</ref> |
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== Role of BDCs == |
== Role of BDCs == |
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In addition to private funds, much of the capital for private debt comes from [[Business Development Company|business development companies]] (BDCs). BDCs were created by Congress in 1980 as closed-end funds regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940 to provide small and growing companies access to capital and to enable private equity funds to access public capital markets. Under the legislation, a BDC must invest at least 70% of its assets in nonpublic US companies with market value less than $250M. Moreover, like |
In addition to private funds, much of the capital for private debt comes from [[Business Development Company|business development companies]] (BDCs). BDCs were created by [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] in 1980 as closed-end funds regulated under the [[Investment Company Act of 1940]] to provide small and growing companies access to capital and to enable private equity funds to access public capital markets. Under the legislation, a BDC must invest at least 70% of its assets in nonpublic US companies with market value less than $250M. Moreover, like [[REIT]]s, as long as 90% or more of the BDC's income was distributed to investors, the BDC would not be taxed at the corporate level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/investor-bulletin-publicly-traded-business-development-companies|title=SEC Investor Bulletin: Publicly Traded Business Development Companies (BDCs)|date=25 September 2020}}</ref> While BDCs are allowed to invest anywhere in the capital structure, the vast majority of the investment has been debt because BDCs typically lever their equity with debt (up to 2X their equity<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bdc-leverage/bdcs-win-leverage-cap-increase-after-us1-3trn-budget-signed-idUSL1N1R51TB|title=BDCs win leverage cap increase after US $1.3T budget signed|newspaper=Reuters |date=23 March 2018 }}</ref>), and fixed income investing supports their debt obligations. With regards to size of the market, as of June 2021, BDC assets totaled $156 billion from 79 funds.<ref>{{Cite magazine | periodical=Private Debt Investor | url=https://www.privatedebtinvestor.com/where-is-the-bdc-market-headed | title= Where is the BDC market headed? | last=Nesbitt | first=Stephen | date=1 October 2021}}</ref> |
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==Public equity investing in private credit== |
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Over 70% of the investor capital for private credit comes from institutional investors.<ref>"Financing the Economy 2018" Alternative Credit Council. https://www.aima.org/educate/aima-research/fte-2018.html</ref> |
Over 70% of the investor capital for private credit comes from institutional investors.<ref>"Financing the Economy 2018" Alternative Credit Council. https://www.aima.org/educate/aima-research/fte-2018.html</ref> |
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For non-institutional investors looking to invest in private capital, few options exist because most of the investment vehicles are private and limited to qualified investors ($5M or more liquid net worth). |
For non-institutional investors looking to invest in private capital, few options exist because most of the investment vehicles are private and limited to qualified investors ($5M or more liquid net worth). As of June 2021, 57% of the BDC market was publicly traded BDCs where retail investors can invest.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/new-bdc-structure-adds-to-competitive-us-middle-market-landscape-08-06-2022 | title=New BDC Structure Adds to Competitive U.S. Middle-Market Landscape | publisher = Fitch Ratings | date=8 June 2022}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Shadow banking system]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 13:05, 15 September 2024
 | This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (October 2019) |
Private credit is an asset defined by non-bank lending where the debt is not issued or traded on the public markets. "Private credit" can also be referred to as "direct lending" or "private lending". It is a subset of "alternative credit". Estimations of the global private credit industry's size vary; as of April 2024, the International Monetary Fund claims it is just over $2 trillion,[1] while JPMorgan claims it to be $3.14 trillion.[2]
The private credit market has shifted away from banks in recent decades. In 1994, U.S. bank underwriting covered over 70 percent of middle market loans.[3] By 2020, U.S. banks issued/held around 10 percent of middle market loans.[4] Direct lending market expanded rapidly in the wake of the 2008 financial crises when the SEC tightened restrictions and capital requirements on public banks. As banks decreased their lending activity, nonbank lenders took their place to address the continued demand for debt financing from corporate borrowers.[5]
Private credit has been one of the fastest-growing asset classes.[6] By 2017, private debt fundraising exceeded $100B.[7] One factor for the rapid growth has been investor demand. As of 2018, returns were averaging 8.1% IRR across all private credit strategies with some strategies yielding as high as 14% IRR.[8] At the same time, supply increased as companies turned to non-bank lenders after the 2007–2008 financial crisis due to stricter lending requirements.[9] Private credit investment rose in emerging and developing markets by 89% to US$10.8 billion in 2022.[10]
One recent trend has been the rise of covenant-lite loans (which is also an issue for publicly traded investment grade and high yield debt).[11] This has been driven by investor demand for the relatively high yield compared to alternatives and a willingness to accept less protections. This has resulted in fewer company restrictions and fewer investors' rights if the company struggles. That being said, for the investment firms, covenant-lite loans can also be helpful because of the negative optics if a portfolio company goes into default, and fewer restrictions means fewer ways a company can go into default.[12]
Role of BDCs
[edit]In addition to private funds, much of the capital for private debt comes from business development companies (BDCs). BDCs were created by Congress in 1980 as closed-end funds regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940 to provide small and growing companies access to capital and to enable private equity funds to access public capital markets. Under the legislation, a BDC must invest at least 70% of its assets in nonpublic US companies with market value less than $250M. Moreover, like REITs, as long as 90% or more of the BDC's income was distributed to investors, the BDC would not be taxed at the corporate level.[13] While BDCs are allowed to invest anywhere in the capital structure, the vast majority of the investment has been debt because BDCs typically lever their equity with debt (up to 2X their equity[14]), and fixed income investing supports their debt obligations. With regards to size of the market, as of June 2021, BDC assets totaled $156 billion from 79 funds.[15]
Public equity investing in private credit
[edit]Over 70% of the investor capital for private credit comes from institutional investors.[16]
For non-institutional investors looking to invest in private capital, few options exist because most of the investment vehicles are private and limited to qualified investors ($5M or more liquid net worth). As of June 2021, 57% of the BDC market was publicly traded BDCs where retail investors can invest.[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Cohen, Charles; Ferreira, Caio; Natalucci, Fabio; Sugimoto, Nobuyasu (2024-04-08). "Fast-Growing $2 Trillion Private Credit Market Warrants Closer Watch". IMF. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
- ^ Wigglesworth, Robin (April 17, 2024). "Private credit is even larger than you think". Financial Times. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
- ^ "The Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s: Summary and Implications" (PDF). www.fdic.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ "Are There Competitive Concerns in "Middle Market" Lending?". Fed Notes. 10 August 2020.
- ^ Chernenko, Sergey; Erel, Isil (7 September 2018). Nonbank Lending (PDF). FDIC Center for Financial Research.
- ^ Nesbitt, Stephen (29 November 2022). "Private Credit".
- ^ Flanagan, Alan (2018). "Private Debt: The Rise of an Asset Class". BNY Mellon.
- ^ Munday, Shawn (May 7, 2018). "Performance of Private Credit Funds: A First Look" (PDF). University of North Carolina Institute for Private Capital. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
- ^ George, Hannah (March 6, 2019). "Who Needs a Bank? Why Direct Lending is Surging". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019.
- ^ Elisei, Chiara (2023-02-22). "Private credit investments surged 89% in 2022". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ "Risky loans spell trouble for the future - Private Equity News". www.penews.com. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Becker, Bo; Ivashina, Victoria (1 March 2016). "Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination" (PDF). Swedish House of Finance, Institute for Financial Research.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "SEC Investor Bulletin: Publicly Traded Business Development Companies (BDCs)". 25 September 2020.
- ^ "BDCs win leverage cap increase after US $1.3T budget signed". Reuters. 23 March 2018.
- ^ Nesbitt, Stephen (1 October 2021). "Where is the BDC market headed?". Private Debt Investor.
- ^ "Financing the Economy 2018" Alternative Credit Council. https://www.aima.org/educate/aima-research/fte-2018.html
- ^ "New BDC Structure Adds to Competitive U.S. Middle-Market Landscape". Fitch Ratings. 8 June 2022.