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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
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{{Year in Germany|1820}}
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Events from the year '''1820 in Germany'''.


==Incumbents==
{{AFC comment|1=Reason for previous decline has not been addressed. The draft needs to be referenced with [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. [[User:Puzzledvegetable|<u style="color:#0000ff"><span style="font-family:Century Gothic;color:#000000">Puzzledvegetable</span></u>]]<b><sup style="font-family:Century Gothic">[[User talk:Puzzledvegetable|Is it teatime already?]]</sup></b> 21:01, 25 June 2020 (UTC)}}


=== Kingdoms ===
{{AFC comment|1=Please add [[WP:RELIABLE]] sources as per [[WP:DOYSTYLE]] [[User:Amkgp| ~ Amkgp]] [[User talk:Amkgp#top|<big>✉</big>]] 13:57, 7 June 2020 (UTC)}}
* '''[[Kingdom of Prussia]]'''
** Monarch – [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2018|title=Frederick William III|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-William-III|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
* '''[[Kingdom of Bavaria]]'''
** [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] (1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825)
* '''[[Kingdom of Saxony]]'''
** [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]] (20 December 1806 – 5 May 1827)
* '''[[Kingdom of Hanover]]'''
** [[George III]] (25 October 1760 –29 January 1820)
** [[George IV]] (29 January 1820 – 26 June 1830)
* '''[[Kingdom of Württemberg]]'''
** [[William I of Württemberg|William]] (30 October 1816 – 25 June 1864)


=== Grand Duchies ===
----
* '''[[Grand Duke of Baden]]'''
** [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden|Louis I]] (8 December 1818 – 30 March 1830)<ref name="genea">{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=38}}</ref>
* '''[[Grand Duke of Hesse]]'''
** [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis I]] (14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830)<ref name="genea" />
* [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|'''Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin''']]
** [[Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Frederick Francis I]]– (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)<ref name="genea" />
* '''[[Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]'''
** [[George, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|George]] (6 November 1816 – 6 September 1860)<ref name="Bogue">{{cite book |last= Bogue|first= David| title =The Men of the Time in 1852, Or, Sketches of Living Notables |url= https://archive.org/details/mentimeinorsket01bogugoog| publisher =G. Barclay| year =1852| pages =[https://archive.org/details/mentimeinorsket01bogugoog/page/n299 287]}}</ref>
* '''[[Grand Duke of Oldenburg]]'''
** [[Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg|Wilhelm]] (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823 ) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was a duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.<ref name="Olden">{{cite web |title=Oldenburg Royal Family |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |website=Monarchies of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317161934/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=17 March 2006 }}</ref>
** [[Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter I]] (2 July 1823 - 21 May 1829)<ref name="Olden"/>
* [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|'''Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach''']]
** [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Charles Frederick]] (14 June 1828 - 8 July 1853)


=== Principalities ===
⚫
{{Year in Germany|1820}}
* '''[[Schaumburg-Lippe]]'''
⚫
Events from the year '''1820 in [[Germany]]'''.
** [[George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|George William]] (13 February 1787 - 1860)
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]'''
** [[Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Friedrich Günther]] (28 April 1807 - 28 June 1867)<ref>{{cite web|title=Monarchies of Europe|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Mecklenburg_Strelitz_Royal_Family.htm#24.7336|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614023242/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Mecklenburg_Strelitz_Royal_Family.htm|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref>
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]'''
** Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 - 19 August 1835)
* '''[[Principality of Lippe]]'''
** [[Leopold II, Prince of Lippe|Leopold II]] (5 November 1802 - 1 January 1851)<ref>{{cite book |year=1850 |publisher=[[Justus Perthes]] |edition=87th |title=[[Almanach de Gotha]] |page=38 }}</ref>
* '''[[Principality of Reuss-Greiz]]'''
** [[Heinrich XIX, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XIX]] (29 January 1817 - 31 October 1836)<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Reuss |url=http://www.europeanheraldry.org/germany/princely-houses/house-reuss/ |website=European Heraldry |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170707/https://europeanheraldry.org/germany/princely-houses/house-reuss/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Waldeck (state)|'''Waldeck and Pyrmont''']]
** [[George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|George II]] (9 September 1813 - 15 May 1845)


==Incumbents==
=== Duchies ===
* [[Anhalt-Dessau|'''Duke of Anhalt-Dessau''']]
* [[King of Bavaria]] – [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]]
** [[Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt|Leopold IV]] (9 August 1817 - 22 May 1871)<ref name="Gotha">{{cite book|title=Almanach de Gotha|year=1867|pages=3}}</ref>
* [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]] – [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]
* '''[[Duke of Brunswick]]'''
* [[King of Saxony]] – [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony]]
** [[Charles II, Duke of Brunswick|Charles II]] (16 June 1815 – 9 September 1830)<ref>Gerhard Schildt: ''Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit'', in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region'', Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.</ref>
* [[King of Württemberg]] – [[William I of Württemberg]]
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]'''
* [[Grand Duke of Baden]] – [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden]]
** Duke of [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (1780–1826) - [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick]]<ref name="genea" />
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]'''
** [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Ernest I]] (9 December 1806 – 12 November 1826)<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ernest I.|volume=9|page=751}}</ref>
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]'''
** [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II]] (24 December 1803 – 20 September 1866)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|title=Biografie Georg I (German)|publisher=Meininger Museen|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915152148/http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Duke of [[Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck|Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]]'''
** [[Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg|Frederick William]] (25 March 1816 – 6 July 1825)<ref name="Statskalender">{{cite book |year=1829 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Stats-Calender for Aaret 1829 |trans-title=Court and State Calendar of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1829 |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918037.pdf#page=29 |format=PDF |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |pages=5, 8, 51 |access-date=16 September 2019 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>


==Events==
==Events==
* January 28 - German-Russian explorer [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] discovered the continent of [[Antarctica]] during [[First Russian Antarctic Expedition]]
*[[28 January]] – German-Russian explorer [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] discovers the continent of [[Antarctica]] during the [[First Russian Antarctic Expedition]]
* April 15 – [[King William I of Württemberg]] marries his cousin, Pauline Therese, in Stuttgart.
*[[15 April]] – [[King William I of Württemberg]] marries his cousin, Pauline Therese, in Stuttgart.
* June 8 - [[Constitution of the German Confederation]]
*[[8 June]] – [[Constitution of the German Confederation]]
* August 27 - German [[Josef Naus]] first ascent of Germany's highest mountain, the [[Zugspitze]].
*[[27 August]] – German [[Josef Naus]] makes the first ascent of Germany's highest mountain, the [[Zugspitze]].
* November 19 - [[Congress of Troppau]]
*[[19 November]] – [[Congress of Troppau]]

==Births==
==Births==
* January 13 - [[Leopold Hoesch (entrepreneur)|Leopold Hoesch]], German entrepreneur (died [[1899 in Germany|1899]])
*[[13 January]] – [[Leopold Hoesch (entrepreneur)|Leopold Hoesch]], German entrepreneur (died [[1899 in Germany|1899]])
* January 16 - [[Johannes Rebmann]], German missonary (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
*[[16 January]] – [[Johannes Rebmann]], German missionary (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
* January 20 - [[Wilhelm Paul Corssen]], German philologist (died [[1875 in Germany|1875]])
*[[20 January]] – [[Wilhelm Paul Corssen]], German philologist (died [[1875 in Germany|1875]])
* January 22 - [[Hermann Lingg]], German poet (died [[1905 in Germany|1905]])
*[[22 January]] – [[Hermann Lingg]], German poet (died [[1905 in Germany|1905]])
* January 25 - [[Adelbert Heinrich von Baudissin]], German writer (died [[1871 in Germany|1871]])
*[[25 January]] – [[Adelbert Heinrich von Baudissin]], German writer (died [[1871 in Germany|1871]])
* February 23 - [[David Kalisch]], German playwright and humorist (died [[1872 in Germany|1872]])
*[[23 February]] – [[David Kalisch]], German playwright and humorist (died [[1872 in Germany|1872]])
* March 4 - [[Ludwig von Henk]], German naval officer (died [[1894 in Germany|1894]])
*[[4 March]] – [[Ludwig von Henk]], German naval officer (died [[1894 in Germany|1894]])
* April 7 - [[Amand Goegg]], German journalist and politician (died [[1897 in Germany|1897]])
*[[7 April]] – [[Amand Goegg]], German journalist and politician (died [[1897 in Germany|1897]])
* April 10 - [[Karl Gustav Ackermann]], German politician (died [[1901 in Germany|1901]])
*[[10 April]] – [[Karl Gustav Ackermann]], German politician (died [[1901 in Germany|1901]])
* April 11 - [[Hermann Knoblauch]], German physicist (died [[1895 in Germany|1895]])
*[[11 April]] – [[Hermann Knoblauch]], German physicist (died [[1895 in Germany|1895]])
* April 22 - [[Karl Twesten]], German politician and writer (died [[1870 in Germany|1870]])
*[[22 April]] – [[Karl Twesten]], German politician and writer (died [[1870 in Germany|1870]])
* May 2 - [[Robert Gerwig]], German civil engineer and politician (died [[1822 in Germany|1882]])
*[[2 May]] – [[Robert Gerwig]], German civil engineer and politician (died [[1882 in Germany|1882]])
* May 24 - [[Carl Ferdinand Appun]], German naturalist (died [[1872]])
*[[24 May]] – [[Carl Ferdinand Appun]], German naturalist (died [[1872 in Germany|1872]])
* June 13 - [[Julius Faucher]], German politician (died [[1878 in Italy|1878]])
*[[13 June]] – [[Julius Faucher]], German politician (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
* June 21 - [[Heinrich Burgers]], German journalist and politician (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
*[[21 June]] – [[Heinrich Burgers]], German journalist and politician (died 1878)
* June 27 - [[Hermann Abeken]], German political writer (died [[1854 in Germany|1854]])
*[[27 June]] – [[Hermann Abeken]], German political writer (died [[1854 in Germany|1854]])
* August 8 - [[Julius Stern]], German composer and pedagogue (died [[1883 in Germany|1883]])
*[[11 July]] – [[Friedrich von Spiegel]], German orientalist (died 1905)
* July 11 - [[Friedrich von Spiegel]], German orientalist (died [[1905 in Germany|1905]])
*[[14 July]] – [[Sigismund Koelle]], German missionary (died [[1902 in Germany|1902]])
* July 14 - [[Sigismund Koelle]], German missonary (died [[1902 in the United Kingdom|1902]])
*[[8 August]] – [[Julius Stern]], German composer and pedagogue (died [[1883 in Germany|1883]])
* August 15 - [[Adolph von Pfretzschner]], German politician (died [[1901 in Germany|1901]])
*[[15 August]] – [[Adolph von Pfretzschner]], German politician (died 1901)
* September 5 - [[Georg Vierling]], German composer [died [[1901 in Germany|1901]])
*[[5 September]] – [[Georg Vierling]], German composer [died 1901)
* September 15 - [[Hermann Heinrich Becker]], German politician (died [[1885 in Germany|1885]])
*[[15 September]] – [[Hermann Heinrich Becker (politician)|Hermann Heinrich Becker]], German politician (died [[1885 in Germany|1885]])
* September 27 – [[Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel]], German classical scholar (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
*[[27 September]] – [[Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel]], German classical scholar (died 1878)
* October 1 - [[Ludwig Meyn]], Germann agricultural scientist, soil scientist, geologist, journalist and mineralogist (died [[1878 in Germany|1878]])
*[[1 October]] – [[Ludwig Meyn]], Germann agricultural scientist, soil scientist, geologist, journalist, and mineralogist (died 1878)
* October 4 - [[Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger]], Bavarian General der Infanterie and War Minister (died [[1901 in Germany|1901]])
*[[4 October]] – [[Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger]], Bavarian General der Infanterie and War Minister (died 1901)
* October 13 - [[Hans von Raumer]], German politician (died [[1851 in Germany|1851]])
*[[13 October]] – [[Hans von Raumer]], German politician (died [[1851 in Germany|1851]])
* November 23 [[Ludwig von Hagn]], German painter (died [[1898 in Germany|1898]])
*[[23 November]] – [[Ludwig von Hagn]], German painter (died [[1898 in Germany|1898]])
* November 28 – [[Friedrich Engels]], German social philosopher (died [[1895 in Germany|1895]])
*[[28 November]] – [[Friedrich Engels]], German social philosopher (died 1895)
* November 29 - [[Ferdinand Ludwig Herff]], German-American physician (died [[1912 in the United States|1912]])
*[[29 November]] – [[Ferdinand Ludwig Herff]], German-American physician (died [[1912 in Germany|1912]])
* December 8 - [[Rochus von Liliencron]], German germanist and historian (died [[1912 in Germany|1912]])
*[[8 December]] – [[Rochus von Liliencron]], German Germanist and historian (died 1912)
* December 18 - [[Karl Becker (painter)|Karl Becker]], German painter (died [[1900 in Germany|1900]])
*[[18 December]] – [[Karl Becker (painter)|Karl Becker]], German painter (died [[1900 in Germany|1900]])
* December 31 - [[Helene Demuth]], German housekeeper (died [[1890 in Germany|1890]])
*[[31 December]] – [[Helene Demuth]], German housekeeper (died [[1890 in Germany|1890]])


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==
* February 10 - [[Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt]], German noblewomen (born [[1738 in Germany|1738]])
*[[10 February]] – [[Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt]], German noblewomen (born 1738)
* February 11 – [[Karl von Fischer]], German architect (born [[1782 in Germany|1782]])
*[[11 February]] – [[Karl von Fischer]], German architect (born 1782)
* February 29 - [[Johann Joachim Eschenburg]], German historian (born [[1743 in Germany|1743]])
*[[29 February]] – [[Johann Joachim Eschenburg]], German historian (born 1743)
* March 7 - [[Louis Engelbert, 6th Duke of Arenberg]], German nobleman (born [[1750 in Germany|1750]])
*[[7 March]] – [[Louis Engelbert, 6th Duke of Arenberg]], German nobleman (born 1750)
* March 27 - [[Gerhard von Kügelgen]], German painter (born [[1772 in Germany|1772]])
*[[27 March]] – [[Gerhard von Kügelgen]], German painter (born 1772)<ref>{{Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie|17|305|307|Kügelgen, Gerhard von|Carl Clauß|118567543}}</ref>
* April 26 - [[Christian Zais]], German architect (born [[1770 in Germany|1770]])
*[[26 April]] – [[Christian Zais]], German architect (born 1770)
* May 14 - [[Paul Struck]], German composer (born [[1776 in Germany|1776]])
*[[14 May]] – [[Paul Struck]], German composer (born 1776)
* May 20 - [[Karl Ludwig Sand]], German university student and member of a liberal Burschenschaft (born [[1795 in Germany|1795]])
*[[20 May]] – [[Karl Ludwig Sand]], German university student and member of a liberal Burschenschaft (born 1795)
* Jun 1 - [[August Ferdinand Bernhardi]], German linguist and writer (born [[1769 in Germany|1769]])
*[[1 June]] – [[August Ferdinand Bernhardi]], German linguist and writer (born 1769)
* June 9 - [[Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau]], German noblewomen (born [[1753 in Germany|1753]])
*[[9 June]] – [[Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau]], German noblewomen (born 1753)
* July 11 - [[Frederick Traugott Pursh]], German-Canadian botanist (born [[1774 in Germany|1774]])
*[[11 July]] – [[Frederick Traugott Pursh]], German-Canadian botanist (born 1774)
* September 13 - [[Princess Adelheid of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym]], German noblewomen (born [[1800 in Germany|1800]])
*[[13 September]] – [[Princess Adelheid of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym]], German noblewomen (born 1800)
* September 19 - [[Johann Georg Meusel]], German historian (born [[1743 in Germany|1743]])
*[[19 September]] – [[Johann Georg Meusel]], German historian (born 1743)<ref>[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Meusel,_Johann_Georg ADB:Meusel, Johann Georg] In: [[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]]</ref>
* December 6 - [[Karl Christian Tittmann]], German protestant theologian (born [[1744 in Germany|1744]])
*[[6 December]] – [[Karl Christian Tittmann]], German protestant theologian (born 1744)
* December 29 – [[Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg]], German regent, social reformer (born [[1769 in Germany|1769]])
*[[29 December]] – [[Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg]], German regent and social reformer (born 1769)<ref>{{Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie|25|275|277|Pauline|August Falkmann|ADB:Pauline}}</ref>


== External links ==
== External links ==
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{{Year in Europe|1820}}
{{Year in Europe|1820}}

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[[:Category:1820 in Germany]]
[[:Category:Years of the 19th century in Germany]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Germany]]
[[:Category:1820 by country]]
[[Category:1820 in the German Confederation]]
[[:Category:1820 in Europe]]
[[Category:1820 by country|Germany]]
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[[Category:1820 in Europe|Germany]]

Latest revision as of 23:29, 15 September 2024

←

1820
in
Germany

→

Decades:
See also:Other events of 1820
History of Germany  • Timeline  • Years

Events from the year 1820 in Germany.

Incumbents

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Kingdoms

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Grand Duchies

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Principalities

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Duchies

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Events

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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  1. ^ "Frederick William III". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 30 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 38.
  3. ^ Bogue, David (1852). The Men of the Time in 1852, Or, Sketches of Living Notables. G. Barclay. pp. 287.
  4. ^ a b "Oldenburg Royal Family". Monarchies of Europe. Archived from the original on 17 March 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  5. ^ "Monarchies of Europe". Archived from the original on 14 June 2007.
  6. ^ Almanach de Gotha (87th ed.). Justus Perthes. 1850. p. 38.
  7. ^ "House of Reuss". European Heraldry. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  8. ^ Almanach de Gotha. 1867. p. 3.
  9. ^ Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.
  10. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ernest I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 751.
  11. ^ "Biografie Georg I (German)". Meininger Museen. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  12. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1829) [1st pub.:1801]. Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Stats-Calender for Aaret 1829 [Court and State Calendar of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1829] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 5, 8, 51. Retrieved 16 September 2019 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  13. ^ Carl Clauß (1883), "Kügelgen, Gerhard von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 17, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 305–307
  14. ^ ADB:Meusel, Johann Georg In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
  15. ^ August Falkmann (1887), "Pauline", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 25, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 275–277
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