Neotropic cormorant: Difference between revisions

Neotropic cormorant
	N. b. mexicanum; Guatemala
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Suliformes
Family:	Phalacrocoracidae
Genus:	Nannopterum
Species:	N. brasilianum
Binomial name
	Nannopterum brasilianum; (Gmelin, 1789)
	Range of Nannopterum brasilianum Accidental occurrence Resident
Synonyms
	Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Humboldt, 1805); Phalacrocorax pampeanus Moreno & Mercerat, 1891; Phalacrocorax vigua; Phalacrocorax brasilianus; Nannopterum olivaceus; Nannopterum vigum; Nannopterum pampeanum; Nesocarbo brasilianum; Nesocarbo olivaceus; Nesocarbo vigum; Nesocarbo pampeanum

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The neotropic cormorant or olivaceous cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianum) is a medium-sized cormorant found throughout the American tropics and subtropics, from the middle Rio Grande and the Gulf and Californian coasts of the United States south through Mexico and Central America to southern South America, where it is called by the indigenous name of biguá. It also breeds in the Bahamas, Cuba, and Trinidad. It can be found both on coasts (including some mangrove areas) and in inland waters. There are at least two subspecies: N. b. mexicanum from Nicaragua northwards and N. b. brasilianum further south. In Peru, the neotropic cormorant is used by the Uru people for fishing.

Taxonomy

The neotropic cormorant was documented in 1658 by the Dutch naturalist Willem Piso after travels in Brazil.^[2] This formed the basis for the formal description and naming of the species by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789. He placed it with the petrels in the genus Procellaria and coined the binomial name Procellaria brasiliana.^[3] Many authors preferred to use Alexander von Humboldt's 1805 description of Pelecanus olivaceus because the identity of Piso's birds was considered uncertain.^[4]^[5] Later, ornithological authorities such as the American Ornithologists' Union began to use Phalacrocorax brasilianus after Ralph Browning argued that Piso's description and paintings do indeed refer to the neotropic cormorant.^[6]^[7]

The neotropic cormorant was formerly placed in the genus Phalacrocorax. A molecular phylogenetic study of the cormorants published in 2014 found that the neotropic cormorant, the double-crested cormorant, and the flightless cormorant formed a clade that was sister to the genus Leucocarbo.^[8] The three species were, therefore, moved to the resurrected genus Nannopterum that had been introduced in 1899 by English ornithologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe to accommodate the flightless cormorant.^[9]^[10]^[11] The genus name Nannopterum combines the Ancient Greek nannos meaning "dwarf" with pteron meaning "wing".^[12]

Two subspecies are recognised:^[11]

N. b. mexicanum (Brandt, JF, 1837) – inland and coastal Great Plains (central USA) from South Dakota and Kansas to the Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico to Nicaragua; Bahamas and Cuba
N. b. brasilianum (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – inland and coastal Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego

Description

This bird is 64 cm (25 in) long with a 100 cm (39 in) wingspan. Adult males weigh from 1.1 to 1.5 kg (2.4 to 3.3 lb), adult females 50 to 100 g (1.8 to 3.5 oz) less. Birds of the southern populations tend to be bigger than the more northerly birds. It is small and slender, especially compared to the larger, heavier-looking double-crested cormorant. It has a long tail and frequently holds its neck in an S-shape. Adult plumage is mainly black, with a yellow-brown throat patch. During breeding, white tufts appear on the sides of the head, there are scattered white filoplumes on the side of the head and the neck, and the throat patch develops a white edge. The upper wings are somewhat grayer than the rest of the body. Juveniles are brownish in color.

Behaviour

Unlike other cormorants, this bird can often be seen perching on wires.

Food and feeding

Its diet consists mainly of small fish, but will also eat tadpoles, frogs, aquatic insects (such as dragonfly nymphs), and shrimp.^[13] Information about its prey is sparse, but inland birds seem to feed on small, abundant fish in ponds and sheltered inlets, less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, with an individual weight of a gram or two, such as Poecilia species especially the sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna. This cormorant forages for food by diving underwater, propelling itself by its feet. Its dives are brief, between 5 and 15 seconds. It is also known to forage in groups, with several birds beating the water with their wings to drive fish forward into shallows.

Breeding

Neotropic cormorants are monogamous and breed in colonies. The nest is a platform of sticks with a depression in the center circled with twigs and grass. It is built a few meters above the ground or water in bushes or trees. Up to five chalky, bluish-white eggs are laid. Most pairs lay three eggs, but the mean number hatched is less than two. The eggs soon become nest-stained. Both sexes incubate for about 25–30 days, and both parents feed the young until around the 11th week. By week 12, they are independent. One brood is raised per year.

This bird is largely a permanent resident, with some birds occasionally wandering north in the warmer months.

Flying in Argentina
Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Brazil
In Costa Rica
In Costa Rica
Flying in Panama
Swallowing a fish at the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Nannopterum brasilianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696773A133550739. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696773A133550739.en. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ Piso, Willem (1658). De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim, quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet (in Latin). Amstelaedami: Apud Ludovicum et Danielem Elzevirios. p. 83.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 564.
^ von Humboldt, Alexander; Bonpland, A. (1811). Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez F. Schoell. p. 6. The volume is dated 1811 on the title page but the first part was issued in 1805.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 169–170.
^ Browning, M. Ralph (1989). "The correct name for the Olivaceous Cormorant, 'Maiague' of Piso (1658)" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 101 (1): 101–106. JSTOR 4162695.
^ "Thirty-Eighth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk. 108 (3): 750–754. 1991. doi:10.2307/4088140. JSTOR 4088140.
^ Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. PMID 24994028.
^ Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1899). A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. Vol. 1. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 235.
^ Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Mason, N.A.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2021). "Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". Ornithology. 138 (ukab037). doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab037.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Neotropic cormorant)".

Johnsgaard, P. A. (1993), Cormorants, darters and pelicans of the world. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Kaufman, Kenn; Lives of North American Birds. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY (1996). ISBN 0-395-77017-3
World Wildlife Fund. 2010. Petenes mangroves. eds. Mark McGinley, C.Michael Hogan & C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
Alsop, Fred J. III; Birds of Texas. Smithsonian Handbooks: DK Publishing, Inc. (2002). ISBN 0-7894-8388-2

External links

"Neotropic cormorant media". Internet Bird Collection.
Neotropic cormorant photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Neotropic Cormorant, Cornell University of Ornithology
Citizen science observations for Neotropic cormorant at iNaturalist

[1] BirdLife International (2018). "Nannopterum brasilianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696773A133550739. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696773A133550739.en. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

[2] Piso, Willem (1658). De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim, quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet (in Latin). Amstelaedami: Apud Ludovicum et Danielem Elzevirios. p. 83.

[3] Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 564.

[4] von Humboldt, Alexander; Bonpland, A. (1811). Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez F. Schoell. p. 6. The volume is dated 1811 on the title page but the first part was issued in 1805.

[5] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 169–170.

[Browning-6] Browning, M. Ralph (1989). "The correct name for the Olivaceous Cormorant, 'Maiague' of Piso (1658)" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 101 (1): 101–106. JSTOR 4162695.

[7] "Thirty-Eighth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk. 108 (3): 750–754. 1991. doi:10.2307/4088140. JSTOR 4088140.

[kennedy2014-8] Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020. PMID 24994028.

[9] Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1899). A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. Vol. 1. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 235.

[10] Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Mason, N.A.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2021). "Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". Ornithology. 138 (ukab037). doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab037.

[ioc-11] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

[12] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[13] "Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Neotropic cormorant)".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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[13]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{speciesbox
+{{Speciesbox
+| image = Neotropic cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianum mexicanum) Peten.jpg
+| image_caption = ''N. b. mexicanum''<br>Guatemala
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22696773/0 |title=''Phalacrocorax brasilianus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Nannopterum brasilianus''  |page=e.T22696773A133550739 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696773A133550739.en |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>
+| genus = Nannopterum
-| image = Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Costa Rica).jpg
+| species = brasilianum
-| genus = Phalacrocorax
-| species = brasilianus
 | authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
+| synonyms = ''Phalacrocorax olivaceus'' <small>([[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]], 1805)</small><br />
-| synonyms =
-''Phalacrocorax olivaceus'' <small>([[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]], 1805)</small><br />
 ''Phalacrocorax pampeanus'' <small>[[Francisco Moreno|Moreno]] & Mercerat, 1891</small><br />
-''Phalacrocorax vigua''</small><br />
+''Phalacrocorax vigua''<br />
-''Nannopterum brasilianus''</small><br />
+''Phalacrocorax brasilianus''<br />
-''Nannopterum brasiliensis''
+''Nannopterum olivaceus''<br />
+''Nannopterum vigum''<br />
+''Nannopterum pampeanum''<br />
+''Nesocarbo brasilianum''<br />
+''Nesocarbo olivaceus''<br />
+''Nesocarbo vigum''<br />
+''Nesocarbo pampeanum''
 | range_map = Olivenscharbe.jpg
-| range_map_caption = Range of ''Phalacrocorax brasilianus''{{leftlegend|#FAED08|Accidental occurrence|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#007236|Resident|outline=gray}}
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''Nannopterum brasilianum''{{leftlegend|#FAED08|Accidental occurrence|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#007236|Resident|outline=gray}}
 }}
-The '''neotropic cormorant''' or '''olivaceous cormorant''' (''Phalacrocorax brasilianus'') is a medium-sized [[cormorant]] found throughout the American [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]], from the middle [[Rio Grande]] and the [[Gulf coast|Gulf]] and [[California]]n coasts of the United States south through [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] to southern [[South America]], where it is called by the Indian name of ''biguá''. It also breeds on the [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]] and [[Trinidad]]. It can be found both at coasts (including some mangrove areas) and on inland waters. There are at least two [[subspecies]]: ''P. b. mexicanus'' from [[Nicaragua]] northwards and ''P. b. brasilianus'' further south. In [[Peru]] the neotropic cormorant is used by the [[Uru people]] for [[fishing]].
+The '''neotropic cormorant''' or '''olivaceous cormorant''' ('''''Nannopterum brasilianum''''') is a medium-sized [[cormorant]] found throughout the American [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]], from the middle [[Rio Grande]] and the [[Gulf coast|Gulf]] and [[California]]n coasts of the United States south through [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] to southern [[South America]], where it is called by the indigenous name of ''biguá''. It also breeds in the [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], and [[Trinidad]]. It can be found both on coasts (including some mangrove areas) and in inland waters. There are at least two [[subspecies]]: ''N. b. mexicanum'' from [[Nicaragua]] northwards and ''N. b. brasilianum'' further south. In [[Peru]], the neotropic cormorant is used by the [[Uru people]] for [[Cormorant fishing|fishing]].
 ==Taxonomy==
+The neotropic cormorant was documented in 1658 by the Dutch naturalist [[Willem Piso]] after travels in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Piso | first=Willem | author-link=Willem Piso | date=1658 | title=De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim, quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet | language=Latin | location=Amstelaedami | publisher=Apud Ludovicum et Danielem Elzevirios | page=83 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10414000 }}</ref> This formed the basis for the [[species description|formal description]] and naming of the species by [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in 1789. He placed it with the petrels in the [[genus]] ''[[Procellaria]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Procellaria brasiliana''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=564 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656057 }}</ref> Many authors preferred to use [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s 1805 description of ''Pelecanus olivaceus'' because the identity of Piso's birds was considered uncertain.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=von Humboldt | first1=Alexander |author1-link=Alexander von Humboldt | last2=Bonpland | first2=A. | author2-link=Aimé Bonpland | date=1811 | title=Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée | language=French | volume=1 | location=Paris | publisher=Chez F. Schoell | page=6 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/61550482 }} The volume is dated 1811 on the title page but the first part was issued in 1805.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=169–170 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108809 }}</ref> Later, ornithological authorities such as the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] began to use ''Phalacrocorax brasilianus'' after Ralph Browning argued that Piso's description and paintings do indeed refer to the neotropic cormorant.<ref name=Browning>{{ cite journal | last=Browning | first=M. Ralph | date=1989 | title=The correct name for the Olivaceous Cormorant, 'Maiague' of Piso (1658) | journal=Wilson Bulletin | volume=101 | issue=1 | pages=101–106 | jstor=4162695 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v101n01/p0101-p0106.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | date=1991 | title=Thirty-Eighth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds | journal=The Auk | volume=108 | issue=3 | pages=750–754 | doi=10.2307/4088140 | jstor=4088140 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
+The neotropic cormorant was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Phalacrocorax]]''. A [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the cormorants published in 2014 found that the neotropic cormorant, the [[double-crested cormorant]], and the [[flightless cormorant]] formed a clade that was [[sister taxon|sister]] to the genus ''[[Leucocarbo]]''.<ref name=kennedy2014>{{Cite journal | last1=Kennedy | first1=M. | last2=Spencer | first2=H.G. | date=2014 | title=Classification of the cormorants of the world | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=79 | pages=249–257 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020| pmid=24994028 }}</ref> The three species were, therefore, moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Nannopterum]]'' that had been introduced in 1899 by English ornithologist [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe]] to accommodate the [[flightless cormorant]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Sharpe | first=Richard Bowdler | author-link=Richard Bowdler Sharpe | year=1899 | title=A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds | volume=1 | location=London | publisher=Trustees of the British Museum | page=235 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8390434 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Chesser | first1=R.T. | last2=Billerman | first2=S.M. | last3=Burns | first3=K.J. | last4=Cicero | first4=C. | last5=Dunn | first5=J.L. | last6=Hernández-Baños | first6=B.E. | last7=Kratter | first7=A.W. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | last9=Mason | first9=N.A. | last10=Rasmussen | first10=P.C. | last11=Remsen | first11=J.V.J. | last12=Stotz | first12=D.F. | last13=Winker | first13=K. | date=2021 | title=Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds | journal=Ornithology | volume=138 | issue=ukab037 | doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab037 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/storks/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> The genus name ''Nannopterum'' combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''nannos'' meaning "dwarf" with ''pteron'' meaning "wing".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=265 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n265/mode/1up }}</ref>
-The species was documented in 1658 by [[Willem Piso]] after travels in [[Brazil]]. This formed the basis for the description and naming of the species by [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in 1789. Many later authors preferred to use the name ''Phalacrocorax olivaceus'' based on [[Alexander von Humboldt]]'s 1805 description because the identity of Piso's birds was considered uncertain. Recently, many authorities such as the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] have begun to use ''Phalacrocorax brasilianus'' after M. Ralph Browning argued that Piso's description and paintings do indeed refer to the neotropic cormorant.<ref name=Browning>Browning, M. Ralph (1989) [http://www.scricciolo.com/Nuovo_Neornithes/Piso%20-%20p0101-p0106.pdf The correct name for the Olivaceous Cormorant, "Maiague" of Piso (1658).], ''Wilson Bulletin'', 101 (1): 101-106.</ref>
+Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
+* ''N. b. mexicanum'' ([[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt, JF]], 1837) – inland and coastal Great Plains (central USA) from South Dakota and Kansas to the Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico to Nicaragua; Bahamas and Cuba
+* ''N. b. brasilianum'' (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – inland and coastal Costa Rica to [[Tierra del Fuego]]
 ==Description==
+This bird is {{convert|64|cm|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}} wingspan. Adult males weigh from {{convert|1.1|to|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, adult females {{convert|50|to|100|g|oz|abbr=on}} less. Birds of the southern populations tend to be bigger than the more northerly birds. It is small and slender, especially compared to the larger, heavier-looking [[double-crested cormorant]]. It has a long tail and frequently holds its neck in an S-shape. Adult [[Feather|plumage]] is mainly black, with a yellow-brown throat patch. During breeding, white tufts appear on the sides of the head, there are scattered white [[filoplume]]s on the side of the head and the neck, and the throat patch develops a white edge. The upper wings are somewhat grayer than the rest of the body. Juveniles are brownish in color.
-This bird is {{convert|64|cm|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}} wingspan. Adults males weigh from {{convert|1.1|to|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, adult females {{convert|50|to|100|g|oz|abbr=on}} less. Birds of the southern populations tend to be bigger than the more northerly birds. It is small and slender, especially compared to the larger, heavier-looking [[double-crested cormorant]]. It has a long tail and frequently holds its neck in an S-shape. Adult [[Feather|plumage]] is mainly black, with a yellow-brown throat patch. During breeding, white tufts appear on the sides of the head, there are scattered white [[filoplume]]s on the side of the head and the neck, and the throat patch develops a white edge. The upper wings are somewhat grayer than the rest of the body. Juveniles are brownish in color.
-<gallery>
-File:Phalacrocorax brasilianus -Argentina -two flying-8.jpg|Flying in Argentina
-File:Neotropic Cormorants1.jpg|New Mexico
-File:Phalacrocorax brasilianus-cooling.jpg|[[Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon]], [[Brazil]]
-</gallery>
 ==Behaviour==
+Unlike other cormorants, this bird can often be seen perching on wires.
+===Food and feeding===
-Its diet consists mainly of small [[fish]], but will also eat [[tadpole]]s, [[frog]]s, and aquatic [[insect]]s. Information about its prey is sparse, but inland birds seem to feed on small, abundant fish in ponds and sheltered inlets, less than {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} in length, with an individual weight of a gram or two, such as ''[[Poecilia]]'' species especially the [[sailfin molly]] ''Poecilia latipinna''. This cormorant forages for food by diving underwater, propelling itself by its feet. Its dives are brief, between 5 and 15 seconds. It is also known to forage in groups, with several birds beating the water with their wings to drive fish forward into shallows.
+Its diet consists mainly of small [[fish]], but will also eat [[tadpole]]s, [[frog]]s, aquatic [[insect]]s (such as [[dragonfly]] [[Nymph (biology)|nymph]]s), and [[shrimp]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phalacrocorax_brasilianus/ | title=Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Neotropic cormorant) }}</ref> Information about its prey is sparse, but inland birds seem to feed on small, abundant fish in ponds and sheltered inlets, less than {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} in length, with an individual weight of a gram or two, such as ''[[Poecilia]]'' species especially the [[sailfin molly]] ''Poecilia latipinna''. This cormorant forages for food by diving underwater, propelling itself by its feet. Its dives are brief, between 5 and 15 seconds. It is also known to forage in groups, with several birds beating the water with their wings to drive fish forward into shallows.
+===Breeding===
 Neotropic cormorants are monogamous and breed in [[bird colony|colonies]]. The [[bird nest|nest]] is a platform of sticks with a depression in the center circled with twigs and grass. It is built a few meters above the ground or water in bushes or trees. Up to five chalky, bluish-white [[Bird egg|eggs]] are laid. Most pairs lay three eggs, but the mean number hatched is less than two. The eggs soon become nest-stained. Both sexes incubate for about 25&ndash;30 days, and both parents feed the young until around the 11th week. By week 12, they are independent. One brood is raised per year.
-Unlike other cormorants, this bird can often be seen perching on wires.
 This bird is largely a permanent resident, with some birds occasionally [[bird migration|wandering]] north in the warmer months.
+<gallery mode="packed">
-== References ==<!-- AnimalBehavior51:273,1197. RevistaBrasileiraDeZoologia23:807:1284,24:253. -->
+File:Phalacrocorax brasilianus -Argentina -two flying-8.jpg|Flying in Argentina
-[[File:Neotropic Cormorants in flights.jpg|right|thumb|Two cormorants in flight, in the [[Pearl Islands]] of Panama]]
+File:Phalacrocorax brasilianus-cooling.jpg|[[Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon]], [[Brazil]]
+File:Neotropic cormorant in Costa Rica.jpg|In Costa Rica
+File:Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Costa Rica).jpg|In Costa Rica
+File:Neotropic Cormorants in flights.jpg|Flying in Panama
+File:Nannopterum brasilianum - Gabi Lopes - 423411640.jpeg|Swallowing a fish at the [[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden]]
+</gallery>
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
 * Johnsgaard, P. A. (1993), ''Cormorants, darters and pelicans of the world''. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
@@ Line 53: / Line 66: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Commons category|Phalacrocorax brasilianus|the neotropic cormorant}}
+{{commons category|Nannopterum brasilianum}}
-{{Wikispecies|Phalacrocorax brasilianus}}
 * {{InternetBirdCollection|neotropic-cormorant-phalacrocorax-olivaceus|Neotropic cormorant}}
 * {{VIREO|Neotropic+Cormorant|Neotropic cormorant}}
+* [https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/neocor/cur/introduction Neotropic Cormorant], Cornell University of Ornithology
-* {{NeotropicalBirds|neocor|Neotropic cormorant}}
 * {{inaturalist taxon|4308}}
@@ Line 64: / Line 76: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q849173}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:cormorant, Neotropic}}
+[[Category:Nannopterum|Neotropic comorant]]
-[[Category:Phalacrocorax|Neotropic comorant]]
 [[Category:Birds of the Americas]]
-[[Category:Birds of the U.S. Rio Grande Valleys]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys]]
 [[Category:Birds of Central America]]
 [[Category:Birds of South America]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1789|Neotropic cormorant]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Neotropic cormorant]]
+[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Nannopterum brasilianum -->