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Coordinates: 39°42′21″N 8°59′26″E / 39.70583°N 8.99056°E / 39.70583; 8.99056
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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Sardinia, Italy}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Su Nuraxi
|name = Su Nuraxi
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|relief =
|relief =
|map_caption = Map showing location in Sardinia
|map_caption = Map showing location in Sardinia
|coordinates = {{coord|39|42|21|N|8|59|26|E|display=inline,title}}
|latd = 39
|latm = 42
|lats = 21
|latNS = N
|longd = 8
|longm = 59
|longs = 26
|longEW = E
|coordinates_display = title, inline
|location = [[Barumini]], [[Sardinia]], Italy
|location = [[Barumini]], [[Sardinia]], Italy
|region =
|region =
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| designation1_offname = Su Nuraxi di Barumini
| designation1_offname = Su Nuraxi di Barumini
| designation1_date = 1997 <small>(21st [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_date = 1997 <small>(21st [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/833 833]
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/833 833]
| designation1_criteria = i, iii, iv
| designation1_criteria = i, iii, iv
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_type = Cultural
Line 51: Line 44:
}}
}}


'''Su Nuraxi''' is a [[nuraghe|nuragic]] archaeological site in [[Barumini]], [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]]. It was included in the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1997 as ''Su Nuraxi di Barumini''.
'''Su Nuraxi''' is a [[nuragic civilization|Nuragic]] archaeological site in [[Barumini]], [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]]. ''Su Nuraxi'' simply means "The Nuraghe" in [[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese]], the southern variant of the [[Sardinian language]].


⚫
Su Nuraxi is a settlement consisting of a seventeenth century BC [[nuraghe]], a bastion of four corner towers plus a central one, and a village inhabited from the thirteenth to the sixth century BC, developed around the nuraghe. They are considered by scholars the most impressive expression of the nuragic civilization and were included in the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Sites]] in 1997 as ''Su Nuraxi di Barumini''.
''Su Nuraxi'' simply means "The Nuraghe" in [[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese]], the southern variant of [[Sardinian language]].

⚫
Su Nuraxi is a settlement consisting by a [[Nuraghe]], dating from the seventeenth century BCE, a bastion of four corner towers plus a central one, and a village inhabited from the thirteenth to the sixth century BCE, developed around the [[Nuraghe]]. They are considered by scholars the most impressive expression of the [[Nuragic civilization]] and were included in the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Sites]] in 1997.


==Nuraghe==
==Nuraghe==
[[File:Il Nuraghe Su Nuraxi incantato " Tra Fiaba e Realtà " 01.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Su Nuraxi in winter]]

===Structure===
===Structure===
[[File:Barumini-Pano 11.jpg|thumb|The main tower and the inner courtyard]]
[[File:Barumini-Pano 11.jpg|thumb|The main tower and the inner courtyard]]
[[File:Su nuraxi interno esterno.JPG|thumb|The Nuraghe and its countryside in summer]]
[[File:Su nuraxi interno esterno.JPG|thumb|The Nuraghe and its countryside in summer]]


The oldest part of the Nuraghe consists of a central tower with three superposed chambers (18.6m high), was built in blocks of basalt between the seventeenth and thirteenth centuries BCE. Later, during the Late Bronze Age, four towers joined by a curtain wall with an upper balcony (no longer extant) were built around the central tower, all communicating with an inner courtyard served by a well. During the Iron Age, the complex was surrounded by a heptalobate curtain wall.
The oldest part of the Nuraghe consists of a central tower with three superposed chambers (18.6m high). It was built in blocks of basalt between the seventeenth and thirteenth centuries BCE. Later, during the [[Late Bronze Age]], four towers joined by a curtain wall with an upper balcony (no longer extant) were built around the central tower, all communicating with an inner courtyard served by a well. During the [[Iron Age]], the complex was surrounded by a curtain wall with seven lobes (heptalobate).


===Function===
===Function===
The real function of the nuraghe is still debated. The discoverer of Su Nuraxi, the archaeologist [[Giovanni Lilliu]], confirmed the traditional interpretation of fortress-site. Other archaeologists believe that the oldest part of the dolmen was destined for a religious purpose, refuge, civil or even parliament or registered the village chief, while the towers were added perhaps intended for military purposes and stock.
The real function of the nuraghe is still debated. The discoverer of Su Nuraxi, the archaeologist [[Giovanni Lilliu]], confirmed the traditional interpretation of fortress-site. Other archaeologists believe that the oldest part of the complex was destined for a religious purpose, refuge, civil or even parliament or registered the village chief, while the towers were added perhaps intended for military purposes and stock.


==Village==
==Village==
[[File:Su Nuraxi 2.jpg|thumb|The village]]
[[File:Su Nuraxi 2.jpg|thumb|The village]]


A village, intended to accommodate the surrounding population, was built around the Nuraghe in the Late Bronze Age. The village consisted of about fifty huts, and was built on a circular plan with large boulders covered with dry stone walls and conical roofs made of wood and branches. Though the huts were structured in a single unit in more remote periods, there was a later, more prevalent tendency to subdivide housing into individual units. Of the huts found, the most significant appear to have been reserved for meetings of the local leaders. These huts were larger and more complex in structure, and the hut reserved for the inhabitants' meetings contained symbols of the deities worshiped by locals. Other rooms have been identified as workshops, kitchens, and agricultural processing centres.
A village, intended to accommodate the surrounding population, was built around the Nuraghe in the Late Bronze Age. The many phases of life in the village render it impossible to establish the number of huts in one phase, the number of huts varied from forty to two hundred, so the population ranged from 100 to 1000 inhabitants<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1983_act_67_1_2467 |title = Civiltà nuragica : origine e sviluppo - Persée|journal = Publications de l'École Française de Rome|year = 1983|volume = 67|issue = 1|pages = 315–333|last1 = Lilliu|first1 = Giovanni}}</ref> and the settlement was built on a circular plan with large boulders covered with dry stone walls and conical roofs made of wood and branches. Though the huts were structured in a single unit in more remote periods, there was a later, more prevalent tendency to subdivide housing into individual units. Of the huts found, the most significant appear to have been reserved for meetings of the local leaders. These huts were larger and more complex in structure, and the hut reserved for the inhabitants' meetings contained symbols of the deities worshiped by locals. Other rooms have been identified as workshops, kitchens, and agricultural processing centres. During the 9-8th century BC a sewerage system was built along with a paved square and streets.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://eprints.uniss.it/5533/1/Moravetti_A_Preistoria_dal_paleolitico_all.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041738/http://eprints.uniss.it/5533/1/Moravetti_A_Preistoria_dal_paleolitico_all.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2018|lang=it|title=Storia della Sardegna|editor-last=Brigaglia|editor-first=Manlio|display-editors=etal|chapter=1: dalla Preistoria all'età bizantina|first=Alberto|last=Moravetti|date=2002|publisher=Editori Laterza|location=Roma-Bari|pages=10–34|isbn=88-421-0672-0}}</ref>


During the sixth century BCE, the buildings were destroyed and subsequently restored by Roman Carthage before being occupied by the Romans. They were eventually completely abandoned.
During the sixth century BCE, the buildings were destroyed and subsequently restored by [[Carthaginian Empire|Carthage]] before being occupied by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. They were eventually completely abandoned.


The nuraghe and the village were strategically connected to the system of other Nuraghes, such as the polylobate nuraghe found beneath the fifteenth-century Palazzo Zapata in the village of Barumini.
The nuraghe and the village were strategically connected to the system of other Nuraghes, such as the polylobate nuraghe found beneath the fifteenth-century Palazzo Zapata in the village of Barumini.
Line 79: Line 72:
The archaeological site was fully excavated between 1950 and 1957 under the direction of [[Giovanni Lilliu]], a local expert. The excavations allowed archaeologists to retrace the different stages of the construction of the towers and surrounding village, confirming that the entire complex was a vibrant, vital centre up to the first century BCE, during the Roman period.
The archaeological site was fully excavated between 1950 and 1957 under the direction of [[Giovanni Lilliu]], a local expert. The excavations allowed archaeologists to retrace the different stages of the construction of the towers and surrounding village, confirming that the entire complex was a vibrant, vital centre up to the first century BCE, during the Roman period.


Excavations brought to light important remains in the form of tools, weapons, pottery, and ornaments.
Excavations brought to light important remains in the form of tools, weapons, pottery, and ornaments.

This site is essential to an understanding of the timeline of Sardinian civilization: "The relative chronology of Sardinian prehistory is largely based on the first modern excavation of a 'nuraghe' at Su Nuraxi, Barumini. Giovanni Lilliu […] used a combination of structural phases and pottery typology to construct a general Nuragic sequence."<ref name="James, Peter">James, Peter; et al (1991). ''Centuries of Darkness''. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 42.</ref>


There is another important nuragic site at nearby Casa Zapata, the important finds of which are on display at the site's museum.
There is another important nuragic site at nearby Casa Zapata, the important finds of which are on display at the site's museum.


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Su Nuraxi from the N-NE.jpg|The view from the N-NE, in the background is the mound of Las Plassas
File:Nuraghe Su Nuraxi - Barumini - Sardinia - Italy - 07.jpg
File:Nuraghe Su Nuraxi - Barumini - Sardinia - Italy - 07.jpg
File:Site nuragique de Barumini Su Nuraxi en Sardaigne, Italie -032.JPG
File:Site nuragique de Barumini Su Nuraxi en Sardaigne, Italie -032.JPG
File:Site nuragique de Barumini Su Nuraxi en Sardaigne, Italie -035.JPG
File:Site nuragique de Barumini Su Nuraxi en Sardaigne, Italie -035.JPG
Image:Inside su nurraxi 2.png|''Su Nuraxi'', seen on the way from the central tower to the east tower.
Image:Inside su nurraxi 2.png|''Su Nuraxi'', seen on the way from the central tower to the east tower.
Image:Inside su nurraxi 1.png|''Su Nuraxi''. Inside the central tower. The man here is 1.80m.
Image:SU NURAXI - BARUMINI.JPG|''Su Nuraxi''. Inside the central tower.
Image:Interiorview barumini.jpg|''Su Nuraxi''.
</gallery>
</gallery>

⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Dyson Stephen L.|first=Rowland Robert J.|title=Shepherds, sailors, & conquerors - Archeology and History in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|location= Philadelphia |publisher= University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archeology and Anthropology|year=2007|isbn=978-1-934536-02-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Dyson Stephen L.|first=Rowland Robert J.|title=Shepherds, sailors, & conquerors - Archeology and History in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|location= Philadelphia |publisher= University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archeology and Anthropology|year=2007|isbn=978-1-934536-02-5}}
*[http://www.sardegnacultura.it/j/v/253?s=20710&v=2&c=2488&c1=2127&t=1 Sardegna Cultura -- Barumini, Complesso di Su Nuraxi]

*Giovanni Lilliu and Raimondo Zucca, ''Su Nuraxi di Barumini.'' Sassari, Carlo Delfino, 2001.
⚫
==References==
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.fondazionebarumini.it/wordpress/?lang=en/ Barumini Sistema Cultura Foundation]
* [http://www.fondazionebarumini.it/en/ Barumini Sistema Cultura Foundation]
* [http://www.neroargento.com/page_galle/nuraxi_gallery.htm Photo Gallery Nuraghe Su Nuraxi]
* [http://www.neroargento.com/page_galle/nuraxi_gallery.htm Photo Gallery Nuraghe Su Nuraxi]
* [http://www.nuraghi.org Nuraghi.org - informational page]
* [http://www.nuraghi.org Nuraghi.org - informational page]
* [https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/su-nuraxi-barumini-italy-17th-century-bce-b8fb1df0d3bb428a88b6245b2c67fc14 3D model of Su Nuraxi]

* {{Cite web|date=2015-11-20|title=Su Nuraxi|url=https://www.sardegnaturismo.it/en/explore/su-nuraxi|access-date=2021-08-28|website=SardegnaTurismo|language=en-gb}}
* {{Cite web|title=Nuraghic village of Su Nuraxi|url=http://virtualarchaeology.sardegnacultura.it/index.php/en/archaeological-sites/periodo-nuragico/villaggio-nuragico-di-su-nuraxi|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Sardegna Virtual Archaeology}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sardinia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sardinia]]
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Sardinia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Sardinia]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Italy]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Italy]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Sardinia]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sardinia]]
[[Category:Nuraghe]]
[[Category:Nuraghe]]
[[Category:National museums of Italy]]

Latest revision as of 05:00, 16 September 2024

Su Nuraxi
Su Nuraxi in Barumini
Su Nuraxi (Barumini) is located in Sardinia
Su Nuraxi (Barumini)
Map showing location in Sardinia
LocationBarumini, Sardinia, Italy
Coordinates39°42′21″N 8°59′26″E / 39.70583°N 8.99056°E / 39.70583; 8.99056
TypeSettlement
History
Founded17th century BCE
Abandoned6th century BCE
PeriodsBronze Age
CulturesNuragic civilization
Site notes
Excavation dates1950-1957
ArchaeologistsGiovanni Lilliu
Official nameSu Nuraxi di Barumini
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iii, iv
Designated1997 (21st session)
Reference no.833
RegionEurope and North America

Su Nuraxi is a Nuragic archaeological site in Barumini, Sardinia, Italy. Su Nuraxi simply means "The Nuraghe" in Campidanese, the southern variant of the Sardinian language.

Su Nuraxi is a settlement consisting of a seventeenth century BC nuraghe, a bastion of four corner towers plus a central one, and a village inhabited from the thirteenth to the sixth century BC, developed around the nuraghe. They are considered by scholars the most impressive expression of the nuragic civilization and were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997 as Su Nuraxi di Barumini.

Nuraghe

[edit]
Su Nuraxi in winter

Structure

[edit]
The main tower and the inner courtyard
The Nuraghe and its countryside in summer

The oldest part of the Nuraghe consists of a central tower with three superposed chambers (18.6m high). It was built in blocks of basalt between the seventeenth and thirteenth centuries BCE. Later, during the Late Bronze Age, four towers joined by a curtain wall with an upper balcony (no longer extant) were built around the central tower, all communicating with an inner courtyard served by a well. During the Iron Age, the complex was surrounded by a curtain wall with seven lobes (heptalobate).

Function

[edit]

The real function of the nuraghe is still debated. The discoverer of Su Nuraxi, the archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu, confirmed the traditional interpretation of fortress-site. Other archaeologists believe that the oldest part of the complex was destined for a religious purpose, refuge, civil or even parliament or registered the village chief, while the towers were added perhaps intended for military purposes and stock.

Village

[edit]
The village

A village, intended to accommodate the surrounding population, was built around the Nuraghe in the Late Bronze Age. The many phases of life in the village render it impossible to establish the number of huts in one phase, the number of huts varied from forty to two hundred, so the population ranged from 100 to 1000 inhabitants[1] and the settlement was built on a circular plan with large boulders covered with dry stone walls and conical roofs made of wood and branches. Though the huts were structured in a single unit in more remote periods, there was a later, more prevalent tendency to subdivide housing into individual units. Of the huts found, the most significant appear to have been reserved for meetings of the local leaders. These huts were larger and more complex in structure, and the hut reserved for the inhabitants' meetings contained symbols of the deities worshiped by locals. Other rooms have been identified as workshops, kitchens, and agricultural processing centres. During the 9-8th century BC a sewerage system was built along with a paved square and streets.[2]

During the sixth century BCE, the buildings were destroyed and subsequently restored by Carthage before being occupied by the Romans. They were eventually completely abandoned.

The nuraghe and the village were strategically connected to the system of other Nuraghes, such as the polylobate nuraghe found beneath the fifteenth-century Palazzo Zapata in the village of Barumini.

Archaeological excavations

[edit]

The archaeological site was fully excavated between 1950 and 1957 under the direction of Giovanni Lilliu, a local expert. The excavations allowed archaeologists to retrace the different stages of the construction of the towers and surrounding village, confirming that the entire complex was a vibrant, vital centre up to the first century BCE, during the Roman period.

Excavations brought to light important remains in the form of tools, weapons, pottery, and ornaments.

There is another important nuragic site at nearby Casa Zapata, the important finds of which are on display at the site's museum.

  • The view from the N-NE, in the background is the mound of Las Plassas
    The view from the N-NE, in the background is the mound of Las Plassas
  • Su Nuraxi, seen on the way from the central tower to the east tower.
    Su Nuraxi, seen on the way from the central tower to the east tower.
  • Su Nuraxi. Inside the central tower.
    Su Nuraxi. Inside the central tower.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lilliu, Giovanni (1983). "Civiltà nuragica : origine e sviluppo - Persée". Publications de l'École Française de Rome. 67 (1): 315–333.
  2. ^ Moravetti, Alberto (2002). "1: dalla Preistoria all'età bizantina". In Brigaglia, Manlio; et al. (eds.). Storia della Sardegna (PDF) (in Italian). Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza. pp. 10–34. ISBN 88-421-0672-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2018.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dyson Stephen L., Rowland Robert J. (2007). Shepherds, sailors, & conquerors - Archeology and History in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. ISBN 978-1-934536-02-5.
  • Sardegna Cultura -- Barumini, Complesso di Su Nuraxi
  • Giovanni Lilliu and Raimondo Zucca, Su Nuraxi di Barumini. Sassari, Carlo Delfino, 2001.
[edit]
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