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|image_caption = ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' flowers and leaves
|image_caption = ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' flowers and leaves
|taxon = Sophora
|taxon = Sophora
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)
|type_species = ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]''
|type_species = ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]''
|type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/40002086 |title=''Sophora'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2010-01-28}}</ref>
|type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/40002086 |title=''Sophora'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2010-01-28}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 59–116; see text
|subdivision = 59–116; see text
⚫
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |title=Genus: ''Sophora'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2009-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152340/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref>
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
* ''Broussonetia'' <small>Ortega</small>
* ''Ammothamnus'' {{small|Bunge (1847)}}
* ''Cephalostigmaton'' <small>([[Gennady Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]) Yakovlev</small>
* ''Cephalostigmaton'' <small>([[Gennady Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]) Yakovlev (1967)</small>
* ''Echinosophora'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>
* ''Echinosophora'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]] (1923)</small>
* ''Edwardsia'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]</small>
* ''Edwardsia'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]] (1808)</small>
* ''Goebelia'' <small>[[Alexander Bunge|Bunge]] ex [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]]</small>
* ''Edwarsia'' {{small|Dumort. (1829), orth. var.}}
* ''Goebelia'' <small>[[Alexander Bunge|Bunge]] ex [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]] (1872)</small>
* ''Keyserlingia'' <small>Bunge ex Boiss.</small>
* ''Keyserlingia'' <small>Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)</small>
* ''Patrinia'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Patrinia'' <small>Raf. (1819), nom. illeg.</small>
* ''Pseudosophora'' <small>Sweet</small>
* ''Pseudosophora'' <small>(DC.) Sweet (1830), nom. superfl.</small>
* ''Radiusia'' <small>Reichb.</small>
* ''Radiusia'' <small>Rchb. (1828)</small>
* ''Vexibia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>
* ''Vexibia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] (1825)</small>
* ''Vibexia'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Vibexia'' <small>Raf. (1832)</small>
* ''Zanthyrsis'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Zanthyrsis'' <small>Raf. (1838)</small>
⚫
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30012214-2 ''Sophora'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |title=Genus: ''Sophora'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2009-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152340/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref>
}}
}}


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The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Dermatophyllum]]'' (the mescalbeans). ''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Dermatophyllum'' [[amylose]].
The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Dermatophyllum]]'' (the mescalbeans). ''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Dermatophyllum'' [[amylose]].


The New Zealand ''Sophora'' species are known as [[kōwhai|kowhai]].<ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD | year = 2001 | title = ''Sophora'' (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–53 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The New Zealand ''Sophora'' species are known as [[kowhai]].<ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD | year = 2001 | title = ''Sophora'' (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–53 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39...17H }}</ref>


The seeds of species such as ''Sophora affinis'' and ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' are reported to be poisonous.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=529}}</ref>
The seeds of species such as ''Sophora affinis'' and ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' are reported to be poisonous.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=529}}</ref>
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==Species==
==Species==
''Sophora'' comprises the following species:<ref name="Heenan" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-1-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. (Cont.) | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-2-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D | year = 1999 | title = Evidence for the recent dispersal of ''Sophora'' (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data | journal = [[Journal of Biogeography|J Biogeogr]] | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–577 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x | jstor = 2656144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michell AB, Heenan PB | year = 2002 | title = ''Sophora'' sect. ''Edwardsia'' (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|Bot J Linn Soc]] | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–441 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Sophora&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Sophora'' | author = Staff writer(s); no by-line. | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11294 | title = GRIN species records of ''Sophora'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="PlantList">{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Sophora/ | title = The Plant List entry for ''Sophora'' | date = 2013 | website = [[The Plant List]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref>
''Sophora'' comprises the following species:<ref name = powo/><ref name="Heenan" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-1-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. (Cont.) | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-2-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D | year = 1999 | title = Evidence for the recent dispersal of ''Sophora'' (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data | journal = [[Journal of Biogeography|J Biogeogr]] | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–577 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x | jstor = 2656144 | bibcode = 1999JBiog..26..565H | s2cid = 84721754 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michell AB, Heenan PB | year = 2002 | title = ''Sophora'' sect. ''Edwardsia'' (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|Bot J Linn Soc]] | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–441 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Sophora&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Sophora'' | author = Staff writer(s); no by-line. | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11294 | title = GRIN species records of ''Sophora'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="PlantList">{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Sophora/ | title = The Plant List entry for ''Sophora'' | date = 2013 | website = [[The Plant List]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref>
{{div col}}
{{div col}}


* ''[[Sophora albescens]]'' {{small|([[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]]) C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora albescens]]'' {{small|([[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]]) C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora albo-petiolulata]]'' {{small|Léonard}}
* ''[[Sophora albopetiolulata]]'' {{small|Léonard}}
* ''[[Sophora alopecuroides]]'' {{small|L.}}—sophora root
* ''[[Sophora alopecuroides]]'' {{small|L.}}—sophora root
** var. ''alopecuroides''
⚫
** var. ''tomentosa'' {{small|(Boiss.) Bornm.}}
* ''[[Sophora bakeri]]'' {{small|Prain}}
* ''[[Sophora bakeri]]'' {{small|Prain}}
* ''[[Sophora benthamii]]'' {{small|Steenis}}
* ''[[Sophora benthamii]]'' {{small|Steenis}}
* ''[[Sophora brachygyna]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora brachygyna]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora cassioides]]'' {{small|([[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]) Sparre}}—Pelú ([[Chile]])<ref>{{cite journal | author = Heenan PB | year = 2001 | title = The correct name for Chilean ''pelú'' (Fabaceae): the identity of ''Edwardsia macnabiana'' and the reinstatement of ''Sophora cassioides'' | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–170 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* ''[[Sophora cassioides]]'' {{small|([[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]) Sparre}}—Pelú ([[Chile]])<ref>{{cite journal | author = Heenan PB | year = 2001 | title = The correct name for Chilean ''pelú'' (Fabaceae): the identity of ''Edwardsia macnabiana'' and the reinstatement of ''Sophora cassioides'' | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–170 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39..167H }}</ref>
* ''[[Sophora chathamica]]'' {{small|[[Leonard Cockayne|Cockayne]]}}—coastal kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora chathamica]]'' {{small|[[Leonard Cockayne|Cockayne]]}}—coastal kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' {{small|([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]}}—Māmane ([[Hawaii]])
* ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' {{small|([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]}}—Māmane ([[Hawaii]])
* ''[[Sophora davidii]]'' {{small|(Franch.) Kom. ex Pavol.}}
* ''[[Sophora davidi]]'' {{small|(Franch.) Skeels}}
* ''[[Sophora denudata]]'' {{small|Bory}}
* ''[[Sophora denudata]]'' {{small|Bory}}
* ''[[Sophora dunnii]]'' {{small|Craib}}
* ''[[Sophora dunii]]'' {{small|Craib}}
* ''[[Sophora exigua]]'' {{small|Craib}}
* ''[[Sophora exigua]]'' {{small|Craib}}
* ''[[Sophora fernandeziana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) [[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}} ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
* ''[[Sophora fernandeziana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) [[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}} ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
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* ''[[Sophora fraseri]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Sophora fraseri]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' {{small|(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange}}—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' {{small|(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange}}—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand)
⚫
* ''[[Sophora gibbosa]]'' {{small|(DC.) Yakovlev}}
* ''[[Sophora godleyi]]''—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora godleyi]]''—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora howinsula]]'' {{small|([[Walter Oliver|W.R.B.Oliv.]]) P.S.Green }}—lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai
* ''[[Sophora howinsula]]'' {{small|([[Walter Oliver|W.R.B.Oliv.]]) P.S.Green }}—lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai
⚫
* ''[[Sophora huamotensis]]'' {{small|Mattapha, Suddee & Rueangr.}}
* ''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' {{small|[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]}}
* ''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' {{small|[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]}}
* ''[[Sophora interrupta]]'' {{small|Bedd.}}
* ''[[Sophora interrupta]]'' {{small|Bedd.}}
* ''[[Sophora jaubertii]]'' {{small|Spach}}
* ''[[Sophora jaubertii]]'' {{small|Spach}}
* ''[[Sophora koreensis]]'' {{small|[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]}} – Korean necklace pod<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=450|access-date=16 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Sophora koreensis]]'' {{small|[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]}} – Korean necklace pod<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=450|access-date=16 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
⚫
* ''[[Sophora lanaiensis]]'' {{small|(Chock) O. Deg. & I. Deg.}}
* ''[[Sophora leachiana]]'' {{small|M. Peck}}
* ''[[Sophora leachiana]]'' {{small|M. Peck}}
* ''[[Sophora linearifolia]]'' {{small|Griseb.}}
* ''[[Sophora linearifolia]]'' {{small|Griseb.}}
* ''[[Sophora longicarinata]]'' {{small|(G.Simpson) Allan}}—limestone kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora longicarinata]]'' {{small|(G.Simpson) Allan}}—limestone kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora longipes]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
* ''[[Sophora longipes]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
* ''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' {{small|[[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]]}}—mayo or mayú (Chile)
* ''[[Sophora macnabiana]]'' {{small|(Graham) Skottsb.}}
* ''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' {{small|[[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]]}} — mayo or mayú (Chile)
* ''[[Sophora mangarevaensis]]'' {{small|[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]}} ([[French Polynesia]])
* ''[[Sophora mangarevaensis]]'' {{small|[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]}} ([[French Polynesia]])
* ''[[Sophora masafuerana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Skottsb.}} (Juan Fernández Islands)
* ''[[Sophora masafuerana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Skottsb.}} (Juan Fernández Islands)
* ''[[Sophora microcarpa]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora microcarpa]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora microphylla]]'' {{small|Aiton}}—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora microphylla]]'' {{small|Aiton}}—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora molloyi]]''—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora mollis]]'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}}
* ''[[Sophora mollis]]'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}}
** subsp. ''griffithii'' {{small|(Stocks) Ali}}
** subsp. ''griffithii'' {{small|(Stocks) Ali}}
** subsp. ''mollis'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}}
** subsp. ''mollis'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}}
* ''[[Sophora moorcroftiana]]'' {{small|(Benth.) Baker}}
* ''[[Sophora molloyi]]''—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
⚫
* ''[[Sophora moorcroftiana]]'' {{small|(Benth.) Benth. ex Baker}}
* ''[[Sophora nuttalliana]]'' {{small|B.L. Turner}}
* ''[[Sophora nuttalliana]]'' {{small|B.L. Turner}}
⚫
* ''[[Sophora oblongata]]'' {{small|P.C.Tsoong}}
* ''[[Sophora pachycarpa]]'' {{small|Schrenk ex [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]}}
* ''[[Sophora pachycarpa]]'' {{small|Schrenk ex [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]}}
⚫
* ''[[Sophora polyphylla]]'' {{small|Urb.}}
* ''[[Sophora praetorulosa]]'' {{small|Chun & T. Chen}}
* ''[[Sophora praetorulosa]]'' {{small|Chun & T. Chen}}
⚫
* ''[[Sophora prazeri]]'' {{small|Prain}}
⚫
** var. ''mairei'' {{small|(Pamp.) P.C.Tsoong}}
** var. ''prazeri'' {{small|Prain}}
* ''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' {{small|Buchanan}}—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' {{small|Buchanan}}—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora raivavaeensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia)
* ''[[Sophora raivavaeensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia)
* ''[[Sophora rapaensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia)
* ''[[Sophora rapaensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia)
* ''[[Sophora rhynchocarpa]]'' {{small|Griseb.}}
* ''[[Sophora reedeana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Yakovlev}}
* ''[[Sophora rhynchocarpa]]'' {{small|Griseb.}} (unplaced)
* ''[[Sophora saxicola]]'' {{small|Proctor}} ([[Jamaica]])
* ''[[Sophora saxicola]]'' {{small|Proctor}} ([[Jamaica]])
* ''Sophora secundiflora'', a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to ''[[Dermatophyllum secundiflorum]]''.
* ''Sophora secundiflora'', a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to ''[[Dermatophyllum secundiflorum]]''.
⚫
* ''[[Sophora songarica]]'' {{small|Schrenk}}
* ''[[Sophora stenophylla]]'' {{small|A. Gray}}
* ''[[Sophora stenophylla]]'' {{small|A. Gray}}
* ''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' {{small|J.F. Mill.}}—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' {{small|J.F. Mill.}}—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand)
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* ''[[Sophora tonkinensis]]'' {{small|Gagnep.}}
* ''[[Sophora tonkinensis]]'' {{small|Gagnep.}}
* ''[[Sophora toromiro]]'' {{small|[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}}—toromiro ([[Easter Island]])
* ''[[Sophora toromiro]]'' {{small|[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}}—toromiro ([[Easter Island]])
⚫
* ''[[Sophora unifoliata]]'' {{small|(Rock) O. Deg. & Sherff}}
* ''[[Sophora velutina]]'' {{small|Lindl.}}
* ''[[Sophora velutina]]'' {{small|Lindl.}}
** subsp. ''cavaleriei'' {{small|(H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett}}
** subsp. ''cavaleriei'' {{small|(H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett}}
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<!--Sophora acuminata was reclassified as Sophora benthamii.
<!--Sophora acuminata was reclassified as Sophora benthamii.
Sophora affinis was reclassified as Styphnolobium affine.
Sophora affinis was reclassified as Styphnolobium affine.
Sophora alba was reclassified as Baptisia alba.
Sophora alba was reclassified as Baptisia alba.
Sophora albicans is a synonym of Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides
Sophora alpina was reclassified as Thermopsis alpina.
Sophora alpina was reclassified as Thermopsis alpina.
⚫
Sophora ambigua is a synonym of Sophora velutina subsp. velutina
⚫
Sophora angulata was reclassified as Erythrostemon angulatus
Sophora angustifolia was reclassified as Sophora flavescens.
Sophora angustifolia was reclassified as Sophora flavescens.
Sophora arenicola was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora arenicola was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
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Sophora dispar was reclassified as Sophora dunnii.
Sophora dispar was reclassified as Sophora dunnii.
Sophora duclouxii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora duclouxii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
⚫
Sophora dunii is a misspelling of Sophora dunnii.
Sophora fometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora fometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora formosa was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum.
Sophora formosa was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum.
Line 145: Line 150:
Sophora galioides was reclassified as Cyclopia galioides.
Sophora galioides was reclassified as Cyclopia galioides.
Sophora genistoides was reclassified as Cyclopia genistoides.
Sophora genistoides was reclassified as Cyclopia genistoides.
Sophora gibbosa was reclassified as Ammothamnus gibbosus.
Sophora glauca was reclassified as Sophora albescens and Sophora velutina.
Sophora glauca was reclassified as Sophora albescens and Sophora velutina.
Sophora griffithii was reclassified as Sophora mollis.
Sophora griffithii was reclassified as Sophora mollis.
Line 164: Line 168:
Sophora littoralis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora littoralis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora lupinoides was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides.
Sophora lupinoides was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides.
Sophora macnabiana was reclassified as Sophora cassioides.
Sophora mairei was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora mairei was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora monosperma was reclassified as Ormosia monosperma.
Sophora monosperma was reclassified as Ormosia monosperma.
Sophora nitens was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora nitens was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora nitida was reclassified as Sophora denudata.
Sophora nitida was reclassified as Sophora denudata.
⚫
Sophora obliqua was reclassified as Pityrocarpa obliqua.
Sophora occidentalis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora occidentalis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora oligosperma was reclassified as Sophora albo-petiolulata.
Sophora oligosperma was reclassified as Sophora albo-petiolulata.
Line 205: Line 207:
The status of the following species is unresolved:<ref name="PlantList" />
The status of the following species is unresolved:<ref name="PlantList" />
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
* ''Sophora albicans'' {{small|J.St.-Hil.}}
⚫
* ''Sophora ambigua'' {{small|P.C.Tsoong}}
* ''Sophora angulata'' {{small|(Hook. & Arn.) Ravenna}}
* ''Sophora angustifolia'' {{small|Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye}}
* ''Sophora angustifolia'' {{small|Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye}}
* ''Sophora biflora'' {{small|Houtt.}}
* ''Sophora biflora'' {{small|Houtt.}}
Line 249: Line 248:
* ''Sophora sibirica'' {{small|Holub}}
* ''Sophora sibirica'' {{small|Holub}}
* ''Sophora sinica'' {{small|Rosier}}
* ''Sophora sinica'' {{small|Rosier}}
* ''Sophora sinuata'' {{small|Larrañaga}}
* ''Sophora sinuata'' {{small|[[Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Larrañaga]]}}
* ''Sophora sororia'' {{small|Hance}}
* ''Sophora sororia'' {{small|Hance}}
* ''Sophora sumatrana'' {{small|Yakovlev}}
* ''Sophora sumatrana'' {{small|Yakovlev}}
Line 267: Line 266:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}}
* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/smacr.html ''Sophora macrocarpa'' pictures from ''Chilebosque'']
* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/smacr.html ''Sophora macrocarpa'' pictures from ''Chilebosque'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q309213}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q309213}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Sophora| ]]
[[Category:Sophora| ]]

Latest revision as of 06:11, 16 September 2024

Sophora
Sophora chrysophylla flowers and leaves
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Sophoreae
Genus: Sophora
L. (1753)
Type species
Sophora tomentosa
L.[1]
Species

59–116; see text

Synonyms[2][3]
  • Ammothamnus Bunge (1847)
  • Cephalostigmaton (Yakovlev) Yakovlev (1967)
  • Echinosophora Nakai (1923)
  • Edwardsia Salisb. (1808)
  • Edwarsia Dumort. (1829), orth. var.
  • Goebelia Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)
  • Keyserlingia Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)
  • Patrinia Raf. (1819), nom. illeg.
  • Pseudosophora (DC.) Sweet (1830), nom. superfl.
  • Radiusia Rchb. (1828)
  • Vexibia Raf. (1825)
  • Vibexia Raf. (1832)
  • Zanthyrsis Raf. (1838)

Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae. The species have a pantropical distribution.[4][5] The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.[6]

The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Dermatophyllum amylose.

The New Zealand Sophora species are known as kowhai.[7]

The seeds of species such as Sophora affinis and Sophora chrysophylla are reported to be poisonous.[8]

Fossil record

[edit]

One Sophora fossil seed pod from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Miller clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee, United States.[9]

Species

[edit]

Sophora comprises the following species:[2][7][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

[edit]

The status of the following species is unresolved:[16]

  • Sophora angustifolia Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye
  • Sophora biflora Houtt.
  • Sophora biflora Retz.
  • Sophora buxifolia Retz.
  • Sophora chathamica Cockayne
  • Sophora coerulea Moench
  • Sophora cuneifolia Steud.
  • Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels
  • Sophora donihuensis Ravenna
  • Sophora genistaefolia Salisb.
  • Sophora genistoides L.
  • Sophora glabra Moench
  • Sophora glabra Hassk.
  • Sophora godleyi Heenan & de Lange
  • Sophora grandiflora (Salisb.) Skottsb.
  • Sophora grisea O.Deg. & Sherff
  • Sophora hirsuta Aiton
  • Sophora houghiana Wall.
  • Sophora howinsula (W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green
  • Sophora jabandas Montrouz.
  • Sophora juncea Schrad.
  • Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta Buc'hoz
  • Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John
  • Sophora mecosperma J.St.-Hil.
  • Sophora molloyi Heenan & de Lange
  • Sophora molokaiensis O. Degener & I. Degener
  • Sophora mutabilis Salisb.
  • Sophora myrtillifolia Retz.
  • Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
  • Sophora oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav.
  • Sophora oligophylla Baker
  • Sophora pendula Spach
  • Sophora pentaphylla Desv.
  • Sophora persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.
  • Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T.C. Chen
  • Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John
  • Sophora rapaensis H.St.John
  • Sophora robinoides Walp.
  • Sophora senegalensis Deless. ex DC.
  • Sophora sibirica Holub
  • Sophora sinica Rosier
  • Sophora sinuata Larrañaga
  • Sophora sororia Hance
  • Sophora sumatrana Yakovlev
  • Sophora sylvatica Burch.
  • Sophora tetraptera J. Miller
  • Sophora tiloebsis Blume ex Miq.
  • Sophora tiloensis Blume ex Miq.
  • Sophora trifolia Steud.
  • Sophora triphylla Sweet
  • Sophora vanioti H. Lév.
  • Sophora vestita Nakai
  • Sophora viciifolis Hance

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sophora L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  2. ^ a b Sophora L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Genus: Sophora L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  4. ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  5. ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  6. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  7. ^ a b Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD (2001). "Sophora (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 17–53. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39...17H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715.
  8. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 529. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  9. ^ The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the Eocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 0 947643 40 0
  10. ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (1): 1–22.
  11. ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn. (Cont.)" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (2): 143–167.
  12. ^ Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D (1999). "Evidence for the recent dispersal of Sophora (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data". J Biogeogr. 26 (3): 565–577. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26..565H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x. JSTOR 2656144. S2CID 84721754.
  13. ^ Michell AB, Heenan PB (2002). "Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans". Bot J Linn Soc. 140 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x.
  14. ^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Sophora". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 18 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Sophora". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  16. ^ a b "The Plant List entry for Sophora". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  17. ^ Heenan PB (2001). "The correct name for Chilean pelú (Fabaceae): the identity of Edwardsia macnabiana and the reinstatement of Sophora cassioides". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 167–170. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39..167H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725.
  18. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 450. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
[edit]
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