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{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Taxobox_begin | color=lightgreen | name= ''Sophora''}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:Kowhai flowers.jpg|250px]] | caption = ''Sophora tetraptera'' flowers and leaves}}
|image = Starr 081014-0282 Sophora chrysophylla.jpg
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = lightgreen}}
|image_caption = ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' flowers and leaves
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Plant]]ae}}
|taxon = Sophora
{{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]}}
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]}}
|type_species = ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]''
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Fabales]]}}
|type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/40002086 |title=''Sophora'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2010-01-28}}</ref>
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Fabaceae]]}}
|subdivision_ranks = Species
{{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Faboideae]]}}
|subdivision = 59–116; see text
{{Taxobox_tribus_entry | taxon = [[Sophoreae]]}}
|synonyms =
{{Taxobox genus entry | taxon = '''''Sophora'''''}}
* ''Ammothamnus'' {{small|Bunge (1847)}}
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
* ''Cephalostigmaton'' <small>([[Gennady Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]) Yakovlev (1967)</small>
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = Species}}
* ''Echinosophora'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]] (1923)</small>
About 60-70 species, including:<br/>
* ''Edwardsia'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]] (1808)</small>
''Sophora alopecuroides'' - Sophora Root<br/>
* ''Edwarsia'' {{small|Dumort. (1829), orth. var.}}
''[[Kowhai|Sophora microphylla]]'' - Kowhai<br/>
* ''Goebelia'' <small>[[Alexander Bunge|Bunge]] ex [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]] (1872)</small>
''[[Kowhai|Sophora tetraptera]]'' - Kowhai<br/>
* ''Keyserlingia'' <small>Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)</small>
''[[toromiro|Sophora toromiro]]'' - Toromiro
* ''Patrinia'' <small>Raf. (1819), nom. illeg.</small>
{{Taxobox_end}}
* ''Pseudosophora'' <small>(DC.) Sweet (1830), nom. superfl.</small>
* ''Radiusia'' <small>Rchb. (1828)</small>
* ''Vexibia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] (1825)</small>
* ''Vibexia'' <small>Raf. (1832)</small>
* ''Zanthyrsis'' <small>Raf. (1838)</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30012214-2 ''Sophora'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |title=Genus: ''Sophora'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2009-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152340/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref>
}}


'''''Sophora''''' is a [[genus]] of about 45 [[species]] of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the pea [[family (biology)|family]] Fabaceae. The species have a [[pantropical]] distribution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SONU&photoID=sose8_001_avd.tif |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SOTO3 |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-03-20}}</ref> The generic name is derived from ''sophera'', an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4th |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=356}}</ref>
'''''Sophora''''' is a [[genus]] of about 60-70 species of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. The species are native from southeast [[Europe]] across southern [[Asia]], [[Australasia]], the islands of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and western [[South America]].


The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'', which differs in lacking [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Calia]]'' (the [[mescalbean]]s).
The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Dermatophyllum]]'' (the mescalbeans). ''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Dermatophyllum'' [[amylose]].


The New Zealand ''Sophora'' species are known as [[kowhai]].<ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD | year = 2001 | title = ''Sophora'' (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–53 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39...17H }}</ref>
The [[New Zealand]] ''Sophora'' species are known as [[Kowhai]].


The seeds of species such as ''Sophora affinis'' and ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' are reported to be poisonous.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=529}}</ref>
The [[Toromiro]] was formerly a common tree in the forests of [[Easter Island]]. The tree fell victim to the deforestation that eliminated the island's forests by the [[18th century]], and later became [[extinct]] in the wild. The tree is being reintroduced to the island in a scientific project led by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].


==Fossil record==
[[Category:Faboideae]]
One ''Sophora'' [[fossil]] seed pod from the middle [[Eocene epoch]] has been described from the Miller clay pit in [[Henry County, Tennessee]], [[United States]].<ref>The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the [[Eocene]] of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, [[The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], {{ISBN|0 947643 40 0}}</ref>
{{plant-stub}}


==Species==
[[it:Sophora]]
''Sophora'' comprises the following species:<ref name = powo/><ref name="Heenan" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-1-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. (Cont.) | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-2-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D | year = 1999 | title = Evidence for the recent dispersal of ''Sophora'' (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data | journal = [[Journal of Biogeography|J Biogeogr]] | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–577 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x | jstor = 2656144 | bibcode = 1999JBiog..26..565H | s2cid = 84721754 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michell AB, Heenan PB | year = 2002 | title = ''Sophora'' sect. ''Edwardsia'' (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|Bot J Linn Soc]] | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–441 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Sophora&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Sophora'' | author = Staff writer(s); no by-line. | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11294 | title = GRIN species records of ''Sophora'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="PlantList">{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Sophora/ | title = The Plant List entry for ''Sophora'' | date = 2013 | website = [[The Plant List]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref>
[[ja:&#12456;&#12531;&#12472;&#12517;]]
{{div col}}

* ''[[Sophora albescens]]'' {{small|([[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]]) C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora albopetiolulata]]'' {{small|Léonard}}
* ''[[Sophora alopecuroides]]'' {{small|L.}}—sophora root
** var. ''alopecuroides''
** var. ''tomentosa'' {{small|(Boiss.) Bornm.}}
* ''[[Sophora bakeri]]'' {{small|Prain}}
* ''[[Sophora benthamii]]'' {{small|Steenis}}
* ''[[Sophora brachygyna]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora cassioides]]'' {{small|([[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]) Sparre}}—Pelú ([[Chile]])<ref>{{cite journal | author = Heenan PB | year = 2001 | title = The correct name for Chilean ''pelú'' (Fabaceae): the identity of ''Edwardsia macnabiana'' and the reinstatement of ''Sophora cassioides'' | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–170 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39..167H }}</ref>
* ''[[Sophora chathamica]]'' {{small|[[Leonard Cockayne|Cockayne]]}}—coastal kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' {{small|([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]}}—Māmane ([[Hawaii]])
* ''[[Sophora davidi]]'' {{small|(Franch.) Skeels}}
* ''[[Sophora denudata]]'' {{small|Bory}}
* ''[[Sophora dunii]]'' {{small|Craib}}
* ''[[Sophora exigua]]'' {{small|Craib}}
* ''[[Sophora fernandeziana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) [[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}} ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
** var. ''fernandeziana'' {{small|(Phil.) Skottsb.}}
** var. ''reedeana'' {{small|(R.A.Phillips) Skottsb.}}
* ''[[Sophora flavescens]]'' {{small|[[William Aiton|Aiton]]}}—ku shen (Eastern Asia)
** var. ''flavescens'' {{small|Aiton}}
** var. ''galegoides'' {{small|(Pall.) DC.}}
** var. ''kronei'' {{small|(Hance) C.Y.Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora franchetiana]]'' {{small|Dunn}}
* ''[[Sophora fraseri]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
* ''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' {{small|(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange}}—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora gibbosa]]'' {{small|(DC.) Yakovlev}}
* ''[[Sophora godleyi]]''—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora howinsula]]'' {{small|([[Walter Oliver|W.R.B.Oliv.]]) P.S.Green }}—lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai
* ''[[Sophora huamotensis]]'' {{small|Mattapha, Suddee & Rueangr.}}
* ''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' {{small|[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]}}
* ''[[Sophora interrupta]]'' {{small|Bedd.}}
* ''[[Sophora jaubertii]]'' {{small|Spach}}
* ''[[Sophora koreensis]]'' {{small|[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]}} – Korean necklace pod<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=450|access-date=16 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Sophora leachiana]]'' {{small|M. Peck}}
* ''[[Sophora linearifolia]]'' {{small|Griseb.}}
* ''[[Sophora longicarinata]]'' {{small|(G.Simpson) Allan}}—limestone kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora longipes]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
* ''[[Sophora macnabiana]]'' {{small|(Graham) Skottsb.}}
* ''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' {{small|[[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]]}} — mayo or mayú (Chile)
* ''[[Sophora mangarevaensis]]'' {{small|[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]}} ([[French Polynesia]])
* ''[[Sophora masafuerana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Skottsb.}} (Juan Fernández Islands)
* ''[[Sophora microcarpa]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora microphylla]]'' {{small|Aiton}}—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora mollis]]'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}}
** subsp. ''griffithii'' {{small|(Stocks) Ali}}
** subsp. ''mollis'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}}
* ''[[Sophora molloyi]]''—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora moorcroftiana]]'' {{small|(Benth.) Benth. ex Baker}}
* ''[[Sophora nuttalliana]]'' {{small|B.L. Turner}}
* ''[[Sophora oblongata]]'' {{small|P.C.Tsoong}}
* ''[[Sophora pachycarpa]]'' {{small|Schrenk ex [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]}}
* ''[[Sophora praetorulosa]]'' {{small|Chun & T. Chen}}
* ''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' {{small|Buchanan}}—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora raivavaeensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia)
* ''[[Sophora rapaensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia)
* ''[[Sophora reedeana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Yakovlev}}
* ''[[Sophora rhynchocarpa]]'' {{small|Griseb.}} (unplaced)
* ''[[Sophora saxicola]]'' {{small|Proctor}} ([[Jamaica]])
* ''Sophora secundiflora'', a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to ''[[Dermatophyllum secundiflorum]]''.
* ''[[Sophora songarica]]'' {{small|Schrenk}}
* ''[[Sophora stenophylla]]'' {{small|A. Gray}}
* ''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' {{small|J.F. Mill.}}—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand)
* ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' {{small|L.}}—necklace pod ([[Pantropical]] on coasts)
** subsp. ''littoralis'' {{small|(Schrad.) Yakovlev}}
** subsp. ''occidentalis'' {{small|(L.) Brummitt}}
** subsp. ''tomentosa'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Sophora tonkinensis]]'' {{small|Gagnep.}}
* ''[[Sophora toromiro]]'' {{small|[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}}—toromiro ([[Easter Island]])
* ''[[Sophora velutina]]'' {{small|Lindl.}}
** subsp. ''cavaleriei'' {{small|(H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett}}
** subsp. ''velutina'' {{small|Lindl.}}
** subsp. ''zimbabweensis'' {{small|J. B. Gillett & Brummitt}}
* ''[[Sophora violacea]]'' {{small|Thwaites}}
* ''[[Sophora wightii]]'' {{small|[[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]}} ([[India]])
* ''[[Sophora xanthoantha]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora yunnanensis]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}}
* ''[[Sophora zeylanica]]'' {{small|Trimen}}
{{div col end}}
<!--Sophora acuminata was reclassified as Sophora benthamii.
Sophora affinis was reclassified as Styphnolobium affine.
Sophora alba was reclassified as Baptisia alba.
Sophora albicans is a synonym of Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides
Sophora alpina was reclassified as Thermopsis alpina.
Sophora ambigua is a synonym of Sophora velutina subsp. velutina
Sophora angulata was reclassified as Erythrostemon angulatus
Sophora angustifolia was reclassified as Sophora flavescens.
Sophora arenicola was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora argentea was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium.
Sophora arizonica was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum.
Sophora aurea was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea.
Sophora australis was reclassified as Baptisia australis.
Sophora bhutanica was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora bifolia was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium.
Sophora buxbaumii was reclassified as Sophora mollis.
Sophora caerulea was reclassified as Baptisia australis.
Sophora calyptrata was reclassified as Podalyria calyptrata.
Sophora capensis was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides.
Sophora carnosa was reclassified as Sophora nuttalliana.
Sophora cavaleriei was reclassified as Sophora velutina.
Sophora conzattii was reclassified as Styphnolobium conzattii.
Sophora crassifolia was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora dispar was reclassified as Sophora dunnii.
Sophora duclouxii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora fometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora formosa was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum.
Sophora fabacea was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides.
Sophora galegoides was reclassified as Sophora flavescens.
Sophora galioides was reclassified as Cyclopia galioides.
Sophora genistoides was reclassified as Cyclopia genistoides.
Sophora glauca was reclassified as Sophora albescens and Sophora velutina.
Sophora griffithii was reclassified as Sophora mollis.
Sophora gypsophila was reclassified as Dermatophyllum gypsophilum.
Sophora havanensis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora heptaphylla was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla, Sophora wightii, and Sophora zeylanica.
Sophora heterophylla was reclassified as Sophora wightii.
Sophora hortensis was reclassified as Sophora mollis.
Sophora japonica was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum.
Sophora juanhintoniana was reclassified as Dermatophyllum juanhintonianum.
Sophora juncea was reclassified as Viminaria juncea.
Sophora kentukea was reclassified as Cladrastis kentukea.
Sophora korolkowii was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum.
Sophora kronei was reclassified as Sophora flavescens.
Sophora lanceolata was reclassified as Baptisia lanceolata.
Sophora lehmanni is a misspelling of Sophora lehmannii, which was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmannii.
Sophora lehmannii was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmanni.
Sophora littoralis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora lupinoides was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides.
Sophora mairei was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora monosperma was reclassified as Ormosia monosperma.
Sophora nitens was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora nitida was reclassified as Sophora denudata.
Sophora occidentalis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora oligosperma was reclassified as Sophora albo-petiolulata.
Sophora orientalis was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides.
Sophora oroboides was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides.
Sophora pallida was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides.
Sophora perfoliata was reclassified as Baptisia perfoliata.
Sophora philippinensis was reclassified as Sophora velutina.
Sophora platycarpa was reclassified as Cladrastis platycarpa.
Sophora prodanii was reclassified as Sophora jaubertii.
Sophora purpusii was reclassified as Dermatophyllum purpusii.
Sophora raivavaensis is a misspelling of Sophora raivavaeensis.
Sophora retusa was reclassified as Sophora denudata.
Sophora rubriflora was reclassified as Sophora violacea.
Sophora secundiflora was reclassified as Dermatophyllum secundiflorum.
Sophora sempervirens was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora.
Sophora sericea was reclassified as Podalyria sericea, Sophora denudata, and Sophora nuttalliana.
Sophora shikokiana was reclassified as Cladrastis shikokiana.
Sophora sinensis was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum.
Sophora somalensis was reclassified as Millettia usaramensis.
Sophora songorica was reclassified as Ammothamnus songoricus.
Sophora speciosa was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora.
Sophora subprostrata was reclassified as Sophora tonkinensis.
Sophora sylvatica was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea.
Sophora tinctoria was reclassified as Baptisia tinctoria.
Sophora tometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa.
Sophora viciaefolia is a misspelling of Sophora viciifolia, which was reclassified as Sophora davidii.
Sophora viciifolia was reclassified as Sophora davidii.
Sophora villosa was reclassified as Thermopsis villosa.
Sophora wilsonii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri.
Sophora xanthantha is a misspelling of Sophora xanthoantha. Ref. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=901028-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DSophora%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dspec%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_species%3Dxanthoantha%26output_format%3Dnormal
Sophora zambesiaca was reclassified as Xanthocercis zambesiaca.-->

==Species names with uncertain taxonomic status==
The status of the following species is unresolved:<ref name="PlantList" />
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
* ''Sophora angustifolia'' {{small|Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye}}
* ''Sophora biflora'' {{small|Houtt.}}
* ''Sophora biflora'' {{small|Retz.}}
* ''Sophora buxifolia'' {{small|Retz.}}
* ''Sophora chathamica'' {{small|Cockayne}}
* ''Sophora coerulea'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Sophora cuneifolia'' {{small|Steud.}}
* ''Sophora davidii'' {{small|(Franch.) Skeels}}
* ''Sophora donihuensis'' {{small|Ravenna}}
* ''Sophora genistaefolia'' {{small|Salisb.}}
* ''Sophora genistoides'' {{small|L.}}
* ''Sophora glabra'' {{small|Moench}}
* ''Sophora glabra'' {{small|Hassk.}}
* ''Sophora godleyi'' {{small|Heenan & de Lange}}
* ''Sophora grandiflora'' {{small|(Salisb.) Skottsb.}}
* ''Sophora grisea'' {{small|O.Deg. & Sherff}}
* ''Sophora hirsuta'' {{small|Aiton}}
* ''Sophora houghiana'' {{small|Wall.}}
* ''Sophora howinsula'' {{small|(W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green}}
* ''Sophora jabandas'' {{small|Montrouz.}}
* ''Sophora juncea'' {{small|Schrad.}}
* ''Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta'' {{small|Buc'hoz}}
* ''Sophora mangarevaensis'' {{small|H.St.John}}
* ''Sophora mecosperma'' {{small|J.St.-Hil.}}
* ''Sophora molloyi'' {{small|Heenan & de Lange}}
* ''Sophora molokaiensis'' {{small|O. Degener & I. Degener}}
* ''Sophora mutabilis'' {{small|Salisb.}}
* ''Sophora myrtillifolia'' {{small|Retz.}}
* ''Sophora oblongata'' {{small|P.C.Tsoong}}
* ''Sophora oblongifolia'' {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}}
* ''Sophora oligophylla'' {{small|Baker}}
* ''Sophora pendula'' {{small|Spach}}
* ''Sophora pentaphylla'' {{small|Desv.}}
* ''Sophora persica'' {{small|(Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.}}
* ''Sophora praetorulosa'' {{small|Chun & T.C. Chen}}
* ''Sophora raivavaeensis'' {{small|H.St.John}}
* ''Sophora rapaensis'' {{small|H.St.John}}
* ''Sophora robinoides'' {{small|Walp.}}
* ''Sophora senegalensis'' {{small|Deless. ex DC.}}
* ''Sophora sibirica'' {{small|Holub}}
* ''Sophora sinica'' {{small|Rosier}}
* ''Sophora sinuata'' {{small|[[Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Larrañaga]]}}
* ''Sophora sororia'' {{small|Hance}}
* ''Sophora sumatrana'' {{small|Yakovlev}}
* ''Sophora sylvatica'' {{small|Burch.}}
* ''Sophora tetraptera'' {{small|J. Miller}}
* ''Sophora tiloebsis'' {{small|Blume ex Miq.}}
* ''Sophora tiloensis'' {{small|Blume ex Miq.}}
* ''Sophora trifolia'' {{small|Steud.}}
* ''Sophora triphylla'' {{small|Sweet}}
* ''Sophora vanioti'' {{small|H. Lév.}}
* ''Sophora vestita'' {{small|Nakai}}
* ''Sophora viciifolis'' {{small|Hance}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}}
* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/smacr.html ''Sophora macrocarpa'' pictures from ''Chilebosque'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q309213}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sophora| ]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 06:11, 16 September 2024

Sophora
Sophora chrysophylla flowers and leaves
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Sophoreae
Genus: Sophora
L. (1753)
Type species
Sophora tomentosa
L.[1]
Species

59–116; see text

Synonyms[2][3]
  • Ammothamnus Bunge (1847)
  • Cephalostigmaton (Yakovlev) Yakovlev (1967)
  • Echinosophora Nakai (1923)
  • Edwardsia Salisb. (1808)
  • Edwarsia Dumort. (1829), orth. var.
  • Goebelia Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)
  • Keyserlingia Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)
  • Patrinia Raf. (1819), nom. illeg.
  • Pseudosophora (DC.) Sweet (1830), nom. superfl.
  • Radiusia Rchb. (1828)
  • Vexibia Raf. (1825)
  • Vibexia Raf. (1832)
  • Zanthyrsis Raf. (1838)

Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae. The species have a pantropical distribution.[4][5] The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.[6]

The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Dermatophyllum amylose.

The New Zealand Sophora species are known as kowhai.[7]

The seeds of species such as Sophora affinis and Sophora chrysophylla are reported to be poisonous.[8]

Fossil record

[edit]

One Sophora fossil seed pod from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Miller clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee, United States.[9]

Species

[edit]

Sophora comprises the following species:[2][7][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

[edit]

The status of the following species is unresolved:[16]

  • Sophora angustifolia Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye
  • Sophora biflora Houtt.
  • Sophora biflora Retz.
  • Sophora buxifolia Retz.
  • Sophora chathamica Cockayne
  • Sophora coerulea Moench
  • Sophora cuneifolia Steud.
  • Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels
  • Sophora donihuensis Ravenna
  • Sophora genistaefolia Salisb.
  • Sophora genistoides L.
  • Sophora glabra Moench
  • Sophora glabra Hassk.
  • Sophora godleyi Heenan & de Lange
  • Sophora grandiflora (Salisb.) Skottsb.
  • Sophora grisea O.Deg. & Sherff
  • Sophora hirsuta Aiton
  • Sophora houghiana Wall.
  • Sophora howinsula (W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green
  • Sophora jabandas Montrouz.
  • Sophora juncea Schrad.
  • Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta Buc'hoz
  • Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John
  • Sophora mecosperma J.St.-Hil.
  • Sophora molloyi Heenan & de Lange
  • Sophora molokaiensis O. Degener & I. Degener
  • Sophora mutabilis Salisb.
  • Sophora myrtillifolia Retz.
  • Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
  • Sophora oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav.
  • Sophora oligophylla Baker
  • Sophora pendula Spach
  • Sophora pentaphylla Desv.
  • Sophora persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.
  • Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T.C. Chen
  • Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John
  • Sophora rapaensis H.St.John
  • Sophora robinoides Walp.
  • Sophora senegalensis Deless. ex DC.
  • Sophora sibirica Holub
  • Sophora sinica Rosier
  • Sophora sinuata Larrañaga
  • Sophora sororia Hance
  • Sophora sumatrana Yakovlev
  • Sophora sylvatica Burch.
  • Sophora tetraptera J. Miller
  • Sophora tiloebsis Blume ex Miq.
  • Sophora tiloensis Blume ex Miq.
  • Sophora trifolia Steud.
  • Sophora triphylla Sweet
  • Sophora vanioti H. Lév.
  • Sophora vestita Nakai
  • Sophora viciifolis Hance

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sophora L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  2. ^ a b Sophora L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Genus: Sophora L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  4. ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  5. ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  6. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  7. ^ a b Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD (2001). "Sophora (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 17–53. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39...17H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715.
  8. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 529. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  9. ^ The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the Eocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 0 947643 40 0
  10. ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (1): 1–22.
  11. ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn. (Cont.)" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (2): 143–167.
  12. ^ Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D (1999). "Evidence for the recent dispersal of Sophora (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data". J Biogeogr. 26 (3): 565–577. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26..565H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x. JSTOR 2656144. S2CID 84721754.
  13. ^ Michell AB, Heenan PB (2002). "Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans". Bot J Linn Soc. 140 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x.
  14. ^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Sophora". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 18 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Sophora". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  16. ^ a b "The Plant List entry for Sophora". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  17. ^ Heenan PB (2001). "The correct name for Chilean pelú (Fabaceae): the identity of Edwardsia macnabiana and the reinstatement of Sophora cassioides". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 167–170. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39..167H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725.
  18. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 450. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
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