Sophora: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of plants}} |
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{{taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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|image = Starr 081014-0282 Sophora chrysophylla.jpg |
|image = Starr 081014-0282 Sophora chrysophylla.jpg |
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|image_caption = ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' flowers and leaves |
|image_caption = ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' flowers and leaves |
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|taxon = Sophora |
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753) |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |
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|ordo = [[Fabales]] |
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|familia = [[Fabaceae]] |
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|subfamilia = [[Faboideae]] |
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|tribus = [[Sophoreae]]<ref name="Cardoso1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, ((Van Wyk B-E)), Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629913002585 | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany|S Afr J Bot]] | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 }}</ref> |
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|genus = '''''Sophora''''' |
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|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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|type_species = ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' |
|type_species = ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' |
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|type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/40002086 |title=''Sophora'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden | |
|type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/40002086 |title=''Sophora'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2010-01-28}}</ref> |
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|subdivision_ranks = Species |
|subdivision_ranks = Species |
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|subdivision = 59–116; see text |
|subdivision = 59–116; see text |
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|synonyms = |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |title=Genus: ''Sophora'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref> |
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* ''Ammothamnus'' {{small|Bunge (1847)}} |
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|synonyms = * ''Cephalostigmaton'' <small>([[Gennady Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]) Yakovlev</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Cephalostigmaton'' <small>([[Gennady Yakovlev|Yakovlev]]) Yakovlev (1967)</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Echinosophora'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]] (1923)</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Edwardsia'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]] (1808)</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Edwarsia'' {{small|Dumort. (1829), orth. var.}} |
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* '' |
* ''Goebelia'' <small>[[Alexander Bunge|Bunge]] ex [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]] (1872)</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Keyserlingia'' <small>Bunge ex Boiss. (1872)</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Patrinia'' <small>Raf. (1819), nom. illeg.</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Pseudosophora'' <small>(DC.) Sweet (1830), nom. superfl.</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Radiusia'' <small>Rchb. (1828)</small> |
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* '' |
* ''Vexibia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] (1825)</small> |
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* ''Vibexia'' <small>Raf. (1832)</small> |
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* ''Zanthyrsis'' <small>Raf. (1838)</small> |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30012214-2 ''Sophora'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |title=Genus: ''Sophora'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2009-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152340/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11294 |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref> |
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}} |
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'''''Sophora''''' is a [[genus]] of about 45 [[species]] of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the pea [[family (biology)|family]] Fabaceae. The species are native to southeast Europe, southern Asia, Australasia, various Pacific islands, western South America, the western United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SONU&photoID=sose8_001_avd.tif |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> Florida<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SOTO3 |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> and Puerto Rico. The generic name is derived from ''sophera'', an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4th |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=356}}</ref> |
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'''''Sophora''''' is a [[genus]] of about 45 [[species]] of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the pea [[family (biology)|family]] Fabaceae. The species have a [[pantropical]] distribution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SONU&photoID=sose8_001_avd.tif |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SOTO3 |title=PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod |work=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-03-20}}</ref> The generic name is derived from ''sophera'', an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4th |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=356}}</ref> |
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The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Dermatophyllum]]'' (the mescalbeans). ''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Dermatophyllum'' [[amyloid]]. |
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The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Dermatophyllum]]'' (the mescalbeans). ''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Dermatophyllum'' [[amylose]]. |
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The New Zealand ''Sophora'' species are known as [[Kowhai]].<ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD | year = 2001 | title = ''Sophora'' (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715#.U3ovTigvAfU | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–53 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715 }}</ref> |
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The New Zealand ''Sophora'' species are known as [[kowhai]].<ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD | year = 2001 | title = ''Sophora'' (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–53 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39...17H }}</ref> |
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The [[Toromiro]] (''Sophora toromiro'') was formerly a common tree in the forests of [[Easter Island]]. The tree fell victim to the deforestation that eliminated the island's forests by the 18th century, and later became [[Extinct in the Wild|extinct in the wild]]. The tree is being reintroduced to the island in a scientific project partly led jointly by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Göteborg Botanical Garden]], where the only remaining plants of this species with a documented origin were propagated in the 1960s from seeds collected by [[Thor Heyerdahl]]. |
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The seeds of species such as ''Sophora affinis'' and ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' are reported to be poisonous.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=529}}</ref> |
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''Mayo'' or ''Mayú'' (''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'') is a small tree that inhabits the [[Chilean Matorral]]. |
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==Fossil record== |
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One ''Sophora'' [[fossil]] seed pod from the middle [[Eocene epoch]] has been described from the Miller clay pit in [[Henry County, Tennessee]], [[United States]].<ref>The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the [[Eocene]] of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, [[The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], {{ISBN|0 947643 40 0}}</ref> |
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==Species== |
==Species== |
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''Sophora'' comprises the following species:<ref name="Heenan" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-1-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. (Cont.) | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-2-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D | year = 1999 | title = Evidence for the recent dispersal of ''Sophora'' (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data |
''Sophora'' comprises the following species:<ref name = powo/><ref name="Heenan" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-1-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Tsoong P-C)), ((Ma C-Y)) | year = 1981 | title = A study on the genus ''Sophora'' Linn. (Cont.) | url = http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL19-2-1.pdf | journal = [[Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|Acta Phytotaxon Sin]] | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D | year = 1999 | title = Evidence for the recent dispersal of ''Sophora'' (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data | journal = [[Journal of Biogeography|J Biogeogr]] | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 565–577 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x | jstor = 2656144 | bibcode = 1999JBiog..26..565H | s2cid = 84721754 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michell AB, Heenan PB | year = 2002 | title = ''Sophora'' sect. ''Edwardsia'' (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|Bot J Linn Soc]] | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–441 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Sophora&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Sophora'' | author = Staff writer(s); no by-line. | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11294 | title = GRIN species records of ''Sophora'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="PlantList">{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Sophora/ | title = The Plant List entry for ''Sophora'' | date = 2013 | website = [[The Plant List]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] | access-date = 18 May 2014 }}</ref> |
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{{div col |
{{div col}} |
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<!-- Sophora acuminata was reclassified as Sophora benthamii. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora albescens]]'' {{small|([[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]]) C.Y. Ma}} |
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<!-- Sophora affinis was reclassified as Styphnolobium affine. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora albopetiolulata]]'' {{small|Léonard}} |
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<!-- Sophora alba was reclassified as Baptisia alba. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora alopecuroides]]'' {{small|L.}}—sophora root |
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** var. ''alopecuroides'' |
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* ''[[Sophora albo-petiolulata]]'' <small>Léonard</small> |
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** var. ''tomentosa'' {{small|(Boiss.) Bornm.}} |
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* ''[[Sophora alopecuroides]]'' <small>L.</small>—Sophora Root |
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* ''[[Sophora bakeri]]'' {{small|Prain}} |
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<!-- Sophora alpina was reclassified as Thermopsis alpina. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora benthamii]]'' {{small|Steenis}} |
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<!-- Sophora angustifolia was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora brachygyna]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}} |
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<!-- Sophora arenicola was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora cassioides]]'' {{small|([[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]) Sparre}}—Pelú ([[Chile]])<ref>{{cite journal | author = Heenan PB | year = 2001 | title = The correct name for Chilean ''pelú'' (Fabaceae): the identity of ''Edwardsia macnabiana'' and the reinstatement of ''Sophora cassioides'' | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–170 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001NZJB...39..167H }}</ref> |
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<!-- Sophora argentea was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora chathamica]]'' {{small|[[Leonard Cockayne|Cockayne]]}}—coastal kowhai (New Zealand) |
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<!-- Sophora arizonica was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' {{small|([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]}}—Māmane ([[Hawaii]]) |
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<!-- Sophora aurea was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora davidi]]'' {{small|(Franch.) Skeels}} |
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<!-- Sophora australis was reclassified as Baptisia australis. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora denudata]]'' {{small|Bory}} |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora dunii]]'' {{small|Craib}} |
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* ''[[Sophora exigua]]'' {{small|Craib}} |
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<!-- Sophora bhutanica was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora fernandeziana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) [[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}} ([[Juan Fernández Islands]]) |
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<!-- Sophora bifolia was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium. --> |
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* '' |
** var. ''fernandeziana'' {{small|(Phil.) Skottsb.}} |
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** var. ''reedeana'' {{small|(R.A.Phillips) Skottsb.}} |
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<!-- Sophora buxbaumii was reclassified as Sophora mollis. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora flavescens]]'' {{small|[[William Aiton|Aiton]]}}—ku shen (Eastern Asia) |
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<!-- Sophora caerulea was reclassified as Baptisia australis. --> |
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** var. ''flavescens'' {{small|Aiton}} |
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<!-- Sophora calyptrata was reclassified as Podalyria calyptrata. --> |
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** var. ''galegoides'' {{small|(Pall.) DC.}} |
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<!-- Sophora capensis was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides. --> |
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** var. ''kronei'' {{small|(Hance) C.Y.Ma}} |
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<!-- Sophora carnosa was reclassified as Sophora nuttalliana. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora franchetiana]]'' {{small|Dunn}} |
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* ''[[Sophora cassioides]]'' <small>([[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]) Sparre</small>—Pelú ([[Chile]])<ref>{{cite journal | author = Heenan PB. | year = 2001 | title = The correct name for Chilean ''pelú'' (Fabaceae): the identity of ''Edwardsia macnabiana'' and the reinstatement of ''Sophora cassioides'' | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725#.U3oh4igvAfU | journal = [[New Zealand Journal of Botany|New Zealand J Bot]] | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–170 | doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725 }}</ref> |
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* ''[[Sophora fraseri]]'' {{small|Benth.}} |
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<!-- Sophora cavaleriei was reclassified as Sophora velutina. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' {{small|(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange}}—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Sophora gibbosa]]'' {{small|(DC.) Yakovlev}} |
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* ''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' <small>([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small>—Māmane ([[Hawaii]]) |
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* ''[[Sophora godleyi]]''—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand) |
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<!-- Sophora conzattii was reclassified as Styphnolobium conzattii. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora howinsula]]'' {{small|([[Walter Oliver|W.R.B.Oliv.]]) P.S.Green }}—lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai |
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<!-- Sophora crassifolia was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora huamotensis]]'' {{small|Mattapha, Suddee & Rueangr.}} |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' {{small|[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]}} |
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* ''[[Sophora interrupta]]'' {{small|Bedd.}} |
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<!-- Sophora dispar was reclassified as Sophora dunnii. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora jaubertii]]'' {{small|Spach}} |
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<!-- Sophora duclouxii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora koreensis]]'' {{small|[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]}} – Korean necklace pod<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=450|access-date=16 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> |
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<!-- Sophora dunii is a misspelling of Sophora dunnii. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora leachiana]]'' {{small|M. Peck}} |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora linearifolia]]'' {{small|Griseb.}} |
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* ''[[Sophora longicarinata]]'' {{small|(G.Simpson) Allan}}—limestone kowhai (New Zealand) |
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<!-- Sophora fabacea was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora longipes]]'' {{small|Merr.}} |
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* ''[[Sophora macnabiana]]'' {{small|(Graham) Skottsb.}} |
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* ''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' {{small|[[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]]}} — mayo or mayú (Chile) |
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** var. ''reedeana'' <small>(R.A.Phillips) Skottsb.</small> |
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* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora mangarevaensis]]'' {{small|[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]}} ([[French Polynesia]]) |
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* ''[[Sophora masafuerana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Skottsb.}} (Juan Fernández Islands) |
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** var. ''flavescens'' <small>Aiton</small> |
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* ''[[Sophora microcarpa]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}} |
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* ''[[Sophora microphylla]]'' {{small|Aiton}}—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand) |
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** var. ''kronei'' <small>(Hance) C.Y.Ma</small> |
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* ''[[Sophora mollis]]'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}} |
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<!-- Sophora fometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa. --> |
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** subsp. ''griffithii'' {{small|(Stocks) Ali}} |
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<!-- Sophora formosa was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum. --> |
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** subsp. ''mollis'' {{small|(Royle) Baker}} |
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* ''[[Sophora franchetiana]]'' <small>Dunn</small> |
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* ''[[Sophora fraseri]]'' <small>Benth.</small> |
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* ''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' <small>(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange</small>—Waitakere Kowhai (New Zealand) |
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<!-- Sophora galegoides was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. --> |
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<!-- Sophora galioides was reclassified as Cyclopia galioides. --> |
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<!-- Sophora genistoides was reclassified as Cyclopia genistoides. --> |
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<!-- Sophora gibbosa was reclassified as Ammothamnus gibbosus. --> |
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<!-- Sophora glauca was reclassified as Sophora albescens and Sophora velutina. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora godleyi]]''—Godley Kowhai, Papa Kowhai (New Zealand) |
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<!-- Sophora griffithii was reclassified as Sophora mollis. --> |
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<!-- Sophora gypsophila was reclassified as Dermatophyllum gypsophilum. --> |
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<!-- Sophora havanensis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. --> |
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<!-- Sophora heptaphylla was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla, Sophora wightii, and Sophora zeylanica. --> |
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<!-- Sophora heterophylla was reclassified as Sophora wightii. --> |
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<!-- Sophora hortensis was reclassified as Sophora mollis. --> |
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* ''[[Sophora howinsula]]'' <small>([[Walter Oliver|W.R.B.Oliv.]]) P.S.Green </small>—Lignum Vitae, Lord Howe Kowhai |
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* ''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]</small> |
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* ''[[Sophora interrupta]]'' <small>Bedd.</small> |
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<!-- Sophora japonica was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora jaubertii]]'' <small>Spach</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora juanhintoniana was reclassified as Dermatophyllum juanhintonianum. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora juncea was reclassified as Viminaria juncea. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora kentukea was reclassified as Cladrastis kentukea. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora koreensis]]'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small> – Korean necklace pod<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=450|access-date=16 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]}}</ref> |
|||
<!-- Sophora korolkowii was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora kronei was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora lanaiensis]]'' <small>(Chock) O. Deg. & I. Deg.</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora lanceolata was reclassified as Baptisia lanceolata. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora leachiana]]'' <small>M. Peck</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora lehmanni is a misspelling of Sophora lehmannii, which was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmannii. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora lehmannii was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmanni. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora linearifolia]]'' <small>Griseb.</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora littoralis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora longicarinata]]'' <small>(G.Simpson) Allan</small>—Limestone Kowhai (New Zealand) |
|||
* ''[[Sophora longipes]]'' <small>Merr.</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora lupinoides was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora macnabiana was reclassified as Sophora cassioides. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' <small>[[James Edward Smith|Sm.]]</small>—Mayo or Mayú (Chile) |
|||
<!-- Sophora mairei was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora mangarevaensis]]'' <small>[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]</small> ([[French Polynesia]]) |
|||
* ''[[Sophora masafuerana]]'' <small>(Phil.) Skottsb.</small> (Juan Fernández Islands) |
|||
* ''[[Sophora microcarpa]]'' <small>C.Y. Ma</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora microphylla]]'' <small>Aiton</small>—Small-leaved Kowhai (New Zealand) |
|||
* ''[[Sophora molloyi]]''—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand) |
* ''[[Sophora molloyi]]''—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand) |
||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora moorcroftiana]]'' {{small|(Benth.) Benth. ex Baker}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora nuttalliana]]'' {{small|B.L. Turner}} |
|||
** subsp. ''griffithii'' <small>(Stocks) Ali</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora oblongata]]'' {{small|P.C.Tsoong}} |
|||
** subsp. ''mollis'' <small>(Royle) Baker</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora pachycarpa]]'' {{small|Schrenk ex [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora monosperma was reclassified as Ormosia monosperma. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora praetorulosa]]'' {{small|Chun & T. Chen}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' {{small|Buchanan}}—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand) |
|||
<!-- Sophora nitens was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora raivavaeensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia) |
|||
<!-- Sophora nitida was reclassified as Sophora denudata. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora rapaensis]]'' {{small|H.St.John}} (French Polynesia) |
||
* ''[[Sophora reedeana]]'' {{small|(Phil.) Yakovlev}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora obliqua was reclassified as Pityrocarpa obliqua. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora rhynchocarpa]]'' {{small|Griseb.}} (unplaced) |
|||
<!-- Sophora occidentalis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora saxicola]]'' {{small|Proctor}} ([[Jamaica]]) |
|||
<!-- Sophora oligosperma was reclassified as Sophora albo-petiolulata. --> |
|||
* ''Sophora secundiflora'', a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to ''[[Dermatophyllum secundiflorum]]''. |
|||
* ''[[Sophora songarica]]'' {{small|Schrenk}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora oroboides was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora stenophylla]]'' {{small|A. Gray}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' {{small|J.F. Mill.}}—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand) |
|||
<!-- Sophora pallida was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' {{small|L.}}—necklace pod ([[Pantropical]] on coasts) |
|||
<!-- Sophora perfoliata was reclassified as Baptisia perfoliata. --> |
|||
** subsp. ''littoralis'' {{small|(Schrad.) Yakovlev}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora philippinensis was reclassified as Sophora velutina. --> |
|||
** subsp. ''occidentalis'' {{small|(L.) Brummitt}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora platycarpa was reclassified as Cladrastis platycarpa. --> |
|||
* '' |
** subsp. ''tomentosa'' {{small|L.}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora tonkinensis]]'' {{small|Gagnep.}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora toromiro]]'' {{small|[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]}}—toromiro ([[Easter Island]]) |
||
* ''[[Sophora velutina]]'' {{small|Lindl.}} |
|||
** var. ''mairei'' <small>(Pamp.) P.C.Tsoong</small> |
|||
** |
** subsp. ''cavaleriei'' {{small|(H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett}} |
||
** subsp. ''velutina'' {{small|Lindl.}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora prodanii was reclassified as Sophora jaubertii. --> |
|||
** subsp. ''zimbabweensis'' {{small|J. B. Gillett & Brummitt}} |
|||
* ''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' <small>Buchanan</small>—Dwarf Kowhai, Prostrate Kowhai (New Zealand) |
|||
* ''[[Sophora violacea]]'' {{small|Thwaites}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora purpusii was reclassified as Dermatophyllum purpusii. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora wightii]]'' {{small|[[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]}} ([[India]]) |
|||
<!-- Sophora raivavaensis is a misspelling of Sophora raivavaeensis. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora xanthoantha]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora |
* ''[[Sophora yunnanensis]]'' {{small|C.Y. Ma}} |
||
* ''[[Sophora zeylanica]]'' {{small|Trimen}} |
|||
<!-- Sophora retusa was reclassified as Sophora denudata. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora rhynchocarpa]]'' <small>Griseb.</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora rubriflora was reclassified as Sophora violacea. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora saxicola]]'' <small>Proctor</small> ([[Jamaica]]) |
|||
* Sophora secundiflora, a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to [[Dermatophyllum secundiflorum]]. |
|||
<!-- Sophora secundiflora was reclassified as Dermatophyllum secundiflorum. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora sempervirens was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora sericea was reclassified as Podalyria sericea, Sophora denudata, and Sophora nuttalliana. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora shikokiana was reclassified as Cladrastis shikokiana. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora sinensis was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora somalensis was reclassified as Millettia usaramensis. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora songorica was reclassified as Ammothamnus songoricus. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora speciosa was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora stenophylla]]'' <small>A. Gray</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora subprostrata was reclassified as Sophora tonkinensis. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora sylvatica was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' <small>J.F. Mill.</small>—Large-leaved Kowhai, Taupo Kowhai (New Zealand) |
|||
<!-- Sophora tinctoria was reclassified as Baptisia tinctoria. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' <small>L.</small>—Necklace Pod ([[Pantropical]] on coasts) |
|||
** subsp. ''littoralis'' <small>(Schrad.) Yakovlev</small> |
|||
** subsp. ''occidentalis'' <small>(L.) Brummitt</small> |
|||
** subsp. ''tomentosa'' <small>L.</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora tometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora tonkinensis]]'' <small>Gagnep.</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora toromiro]]'' <small>[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]</small>—Toromiro ([[Easter Island]]) |
|||
* ''[[Sophora unifoliata]]'' <small>(Rock) O. Deg. & Sherff</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora velutina]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> |
|||
** subsp. ''cavaleriei'' <small>(H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett</small> |
|||
** subsp. ''velutina'' <small>Lindl.</small> |
|||
** subsp. ''zimbabweensis'' <small>J. B. Gillett & Brummitt</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora viciaefolia is a misspelling of Sophora viciifolia, which was reclassified as Sophora davidii. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora viciifolia was reclassified as Sophora davidii. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora villosa was reclassified as Thermopsis villosa. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora violacea]]'' <small>Thwaites</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora wightii]]'' <small>[[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]</small> ([[India]]) |
|||
<!-- Sophora wilsonii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. --> |
|||
<!-- Sophora xanthoantha is a misspelling of Sophora xanthantha. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora xanthantha]]'' <small>C.Y. Ma</small> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora yunnanensis]]'' <small>C.Y. Ma</small> |
|||
<!-- Sophora zambesiaca was reclassified as Xanthocercis zambesiaca. --> |
|||
* ''[[Sophora zeylanica]]'' <small>Trimen</small> |
|||
{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
||
<!--Sophora acuminata was reclassified as Sophora benthamii. |
|||
Sophora affinis was reclassified as Styphnolobium affine. |
|||
Sophora alba was reclassified as Baptisia alba. |
|||
Sophora albicans is a synonym of Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides |
|||
Sophora alpina was reclassified as Thermopsis alpina. |
|||
Sophora ambigua is a synonym of Sophora velutina subsp. velutina |
|||
Sophora angulata was reclassified as Erythrostemon angulatus |
|||
Sophora angustifolia was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. |
|||
Sophora arenicola was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora argentea was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium. |
|||
Sophora arizonica was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum. |
|||
Sophora aurea was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea. |
|||
Sophora australis was reclassified as Baptisia australis. |
|||
Sophora bhutanica was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. |
|||
Sophora bifolia was reclassified as Ammodendron bifolium. |
|||
Sophora buxbaumii was reclassified as Sophora mollis. |
|||
Sophora caerulea was reclassified as Baptisia australis. |
|||
Sophora calyptrata was reclassified as Podalyria calyptrata. |
|||
Sophora capensis was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides. |
|||
Sophora carnosa was reclassified as Sophora nuttalliana. |
|||
Sophora cavaleriei was reclassified as Sophora velutina. |
|||
Sophora conzattii was reclassified as Styphnolobium conzattii. |
|||
Sophora crassifolia was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora dispar was reclassified as Sophora dunnii. |
|||
Sophora duclouxii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. |
|||
Sophora fometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora formosa was reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum. |
|||
Sophora fabacea was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides. |
|||
Sophora galegoides was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. |
|||
Sophora galioides was reclassified as Cyclopia galioides. |
|||
Sophora genistoides was reclassified as Cyclopia genistoides. |
|||
Sophora glauca was reclassified as Sophora albescens and Sophora velutina. |
|||
Sophora griffithii was reclassified as Sophora mollis. |
|||
Sophora gypsophila was reclassified as Dermatophyllum gypsophilum. |
|||
Sophora havanensis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora heptaphylla was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla, Sophora wightii, and Sophora zeylanica. |
|||
Sophora heterophylla was reclassified as Sophora wightii. |
|||
Sophora hortensis was reclassified as Sophora mollis. |
|||
Sophora japonica was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. |
|||
Sophora juanhintoniana was reclassified as Dermatophyllum juanhintonianum. |
|||
Sophora juncea was reclassified as Viminaria juncea. |
|||
Sophora kentukea was reclassified as Cladrastis kentukea. |
|||
Sophora korolkowii was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. |
|||
Sophora kronei was reclassified as Sophora flavescens. |
|||
Sophora lanceolata was reclassified as Baptisia lanceolata. |
|||
Sophora lehmanni is a misspelling of Sophora lehmannii, which was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmannii. |
|||
Sophora lehmannii was reclassified as Ammothamnus lehmanni. |
|||
Sophora littoralis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora lupinoides was reclassified as Thermopsis lupinoides. |
|||
Sophora mairei was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. |
|||
Sophora monosperma was reclassified as Ormosia monosperma. |
|||
Sophora nitens was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora nitida was reclassified as Sophora denudata. |
|||
Sophora occidentalis was reclassified as Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora oligosperma was reclassified as Sophora albo-petiolulata. |
|||
Sophora orientalis was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides. |
|||
Sophora oroboides was reclassified as Virgilia oroboides. |
|||
Sophora pallida was reclassified as Sophora alopecuroides. |
|||
Sophora perfoliata was reclassified as Baptisia perfoliata. |
|||
Sophora philippinensis was reclassified as Sophora velutina. |
|||
Sophora platycarpa was reclassified as Cladrastis platycarpa. |
|||
Sophora prodanii was reclassified as Sophora jaubertii. |
|||
Sophora purpusii was reclassified as Dermatophyllum purpusii. |
|||
Sophora raivavaensis is a misspelling of Sophora raivavaeensis. |
|||
Sophora retusa was reclassified as Sophora denudata. |
|||
Sophora rubriflora was reclassified as Sophora violacea. |
|||
Sophora secundiflora was reclassified as Dermatophyllum secundiflorum. |
|||
Sophora sempervirens was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora. |
|||
Sophora sericea was reclassified as Podalyria sericea, Sophora denudata, and Sophora nuttalliana. |
|||
Sophora shikokiana was reclassified as Cladrastis shikokiana. |
|||
Sophora sinensis was reclassified as Styphnolobium japonicum. |
|||
Sophora somalensis was reclassified as Millettia usaramensis. |
|||
Sophora songorica was reclassified as Ammothamnus songoricus. |
|||
Sophora speciosa was reclassified as Sophora secundiflora. |
|||
Sophora subprostrata was reclassified as Sophora tonkinensis. |
|||
Sophora sylvatica was reclassified as Calpurnia aurea. |
|||
Sophora tinctoria was reclassified as Baptisia tinctoria. |
|||
Sophora tometosa is a misspelling of Sophora tomentosa. |
|||
Sophora viciaefolia is a misspelling of Sophora viciifolia, which was reclassified as Sophora davidii. |
|||
Sophora viciifolia was reclassified as Sophora davidii. |
|||
Sophora villosa was reclassified as Thermopsis villosa. |
|||
Sophora wilsonii was reclassified as Sophora prazeri. |
|||
Sophora xanthantha is a misspelling of Sophora xanthoantha. Ref. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=901028-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3DSophora%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dspec%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_species%3Dxanthoantha%26output_format%3Dnormal |
|||
Sophora zambesiaca was reclassified as Xanthocercis zambesiaca.--> |
|||
==Species names with uncertain taxonomic status== |
==Species names with uncertain taxonomic status== |
||
The status of the following species is unresolved:<ref name="PlantList" /> |
The status of the following species is unresolved:<ref name="PlantList" /> |
||
{{div col|colwidth=300px}} |
{{div col|colwidth=300px}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora angustifolia'' {{small|Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora biflora'' {{small|Houtt.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora biflora'' {{small|Retz.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora buxifolia'' {{small|Retz.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora chathamica'' {{small|Cockayne}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora coerulea'' {{small|Moench}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora cuneifolia'' {{small|Steud.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora davidii'' {{small|(Franch.) Skeels}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora donihuensis'' {{small|Ravenna}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora genistaefolia'' {{small|Salisb.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora genistoides'' {{small|L.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora glabra'' {{small|Moench}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora glabra'' {{small|Hassk.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora godleyi'' {{small|Heenan & de Lange}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora grandiflora'' {{small|(Salisb.) Skottsb.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora grisea'' {{small|O.Deg. & Sherff}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora hirsuta'' {{small|Aiton}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora houghiana'' {{small|Wall.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora howinsula'' {{small|(W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora jabandas'' {{small|Montrouz.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora juncea'' {{small|Schrad.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta'' {{small|Buc'hoz}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora mangarevaensis'' {{small|H.St.John}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora mecosperma'' {{small|J.St.-Hil.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora molloyi'' {{small|Heenan & de Lange}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora molokaiensis'' {{small|O. Degener & I. Degener}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora mutabilis'' {{small|Salisb.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora myrtillifolia'' {{small|Retz.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora oblongata'' {{small|P.C.Tsoong}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora oblongifolia'' {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora oligophylla'' {{small|Baker}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora pendula'' {{small|Spach}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora pentaphylla'' {{small|Desv.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora persica'' {{small|(Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora praetorulosa'' {{small|Chun & T.C. Chen}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora raivavaeensis'' {{small|H.St.John}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora rapaensis'' {{small|H.St.John}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora robinoides'' {{small|Walp.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora senegalensis'' {{small|Deless. ex DC.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora sibirica'' {{small|Holub}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora sinica'' {{small|Rosier}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora sinuata'' {{small|[[Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Larrañaga]]}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora sororia'' {{small|Hance}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora sumatrana'' {{small|Yakovlev}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora sylvatica'' {{small|Burch.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora tetraptera'' {{small|J. Miller}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora tiloebsis'' {{small|Blume ex Miq.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora tiloensis'' {{small|Blume ex Miq.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora trifolia'' {{small|Steud.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora triphylla'' {{small|Sweet}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora vanioti'' {{small|H. Lév.}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora vestita'' {{small|Nakai}} |
||
* ''Sophora |
* ''Sophora viciifolis'' {{small|Hance}} |
||
* ''Sophora triphylla'' <small>Sweet</small> |
|||
* ''Sophora vanioti'' <small>H. Lév.</small> |
|||
* ''Sophora vestita'' <small>Nakai</small> |
|||
* ''Sophora viciifolis'' <small>Hance</small> |
|||
{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{ |
{{Reflist|3}} |
||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
{{ |
* {{Commons category-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}} |
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* {{Wikispecies-inline|Sophora|''Sophora''}} |
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* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/smacr.html ''Sophora macrocarpa'' pictures from ''Chilebosque''] |
* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/shrb/smacr.html ''Sophora macrocarpa'' pictures from ''Chilebosque''] |
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[[Category:Sophoreae]] |
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[[Category:Sophora| ]] |
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[[Category:Fabaceae genera]] |
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:11, 16 September 2024
| Sophora | |
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| Sophora chrysophylla flowers and leaves | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Sophoreae |
| Genus: | Sophora L. (1753) |
| Type species | |
| Sophora tomentosa L.[1]
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| Species | |
|
59–116; see text | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
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Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the pea family Fabaceae. The species have a pantropical distribution.[4][5] The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.[6]
The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Dermatophyllum amylose.
The New Zealand Sophora species are known as kowhai.[7]
The seeds of species such as Sophora affinis and Sophora chrysophylla are reported to be poisonous.[8]
Fossil record
[edit]One Sophora fossil seed pod from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Miller clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee, United States.[9]
Species
[edit]Sophora comprises the following species:[2][7][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
- Sophora albescens (Rehder) C.Y. Ma
- Sophora albopetiolulata Léonard
- Sophora alopecuroides L.—sophora root
- var. alopecuroides
- var. tomentosa (Boiss.) Bornm.
- Sophora bakeri Prain
- Sophora benthamii Steenis
- Sophora brachygyna C.Y. Ma
- Sophora cassioides (Phil.) Sparre—Pelú (Chile)[17]
- Sophora chathamica Cockayne—coastal kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem.—Māmane (Hawaii)
- Sophora davidi (Franch.) Skeels
- Sophora denudata Bory
- Sophora dunii Craib
- Sophora exigua Craib
- Sophora fernandeziana (Phil.) Skottsb. (Juan Fernández Islands)
- var. fernandeziana (Phil.) Skottsb.
- var. reedeana (R.A.Phillips) Skottsb.
- Sophora flavescens Aiton—ku shen (Eastern Asia)
- var. flavescens Aiton
- var. galegoides (Pall.) DC.
- var. kronei (Hance) C.Y.Ma
- Sophora franchetiana Dunn
- Sophora fraseri Benth.
- Sophora fulvida (Allan) Heenan & de Lange—Waitakere kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora gibbosa (DC.) Yakovlev
- Sophora godleyi—Godley kowhai, papa kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora howinsula (W.R.B.Oliv.) P.S.Green —lignum vitae, Lord Howe kowhai
- Sophora huamotensis Mattapha, Suddee & Rueangr.
- Sophora inhambanensis Klotzsch
- Sophora interrupta Bedd.
- Sophora jaubertii Spach
- Sophora koreensis Nakai – Korean necklace pod[18]
- Sophora leachiana M. Peck
- Sophora linearifolia Griseb.
- Sophora longicarinata (G.Simpson) Allan—limestone kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora longipes Merr.
- Sophora macnabiana (Graham) Skottsb.
- Sophora macrocarpa Sm. — mayo or mayú (Chile)
- Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
- Sophora masafuerana (Phil.) Skottsb. (Juan Fernández Islands)
- Sophora microcarpa C.Y. Ma
- Sophora microphylla Aiton—small-leaved kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker
- subsp. griffithii (Stocks) Ali
- subsp. mollis (Royle) Baker
- Sophora molloyi—Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker
- Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner
- Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
- Sophora pachycarpa Schrenk ex C.A.Mey.
- Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T. Chen
- Sophora prostrata Buchanan—dwarf kowhai, prostrate kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
- Sophora rapaensis H.St.John (French Polynesia)
- Sophora reedeana (Phil.) Yakovlev
- Sophora rhynchocarpa Griseb. (unplaced)
- Sophora saxicola Proctor (Jamaica)
- Sophora secundiflora, a popular landscape plant, was reclassified to Dermatophyllum secundiflorum.
- Sophora songarica Schrenk
- Sophora stenophylla A. Gray
- Sophora tetraptera J.F. Mill.—large-leaved kowhai, Taupo kowhai (New Zealand)
- Sophora tomentosa L.—necklace pod (Pantropical on coasts)
- subsp. littoralis (Schrad.) Yakovlev
- subsp. occidentalis (L.) Brummitt
- subsp. tomentosa L.
- Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.
- Sophora toromiro Skottsb.—toromiro (Easter Island)
- Sophora velutina Lindl.
- subsp. cavaleriei (H.Lev.) Brummitt & J.B.Gillett
- subsp. velutina Lindl.
- subsp. zimbabweensis J. B. Gillett & Brummitt
- Sophora violacea Thwaites
- Sophora wightii Baker (India)
- Sophora xanthoantha C.Y. Ma
- Sophora yunnanensis C.Y. Ma
- Sophora zeylanica Trimen
Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
[edit]The status of the following species is unresolved:[16]
- Sophora angustifolia Q.Q.Liu & H.Y.Ye
- Sophora biflora Houtt.
- Sophora biflora Retz.
- Sophora buxifolia Retz.
- Sophora chathamica Cockayne
- Sophora coerulea Moench
- Sophora cuneifolia Steud.
- Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels
- Sophora donihuensis Ravenna
- Sophora genistaefolia Salisb.
- Sophora genistoides L.
- Sophora glabra Moench
- Sophora glabra Hassk.
- Sophora godleyi Heenan & de Lange
- Sophora grandiflora (Salisb.) Skottsb.
- Sophora grisea O.Deg. & Sherff
- Sophora hirsuta Aiton
- Sophora houghiana Wall.
- Sophora howinsula (W.R.B. Oliv.) P. Green
- Sophora jabandas Montrouz.
- Sophora juncea Schrad.
- Sophora ludovice-Adecim-Asexta Buc'hoz
- Sophora mangarevaensis H.St.John
- Sophora mecosperma J.St.-Hil.
- Sophora molloyi Heenan & de Lange
- Sophora molokaiensis O. Degener & I. Degener
- Sophora mutabilis Salisb.
- Sophora myrtillifolia Retz.
- Sophora oblongata P.C.Tsoong
- Sophora oblongifolia Ruiz & Pav.
- Sophora oligophylla Baker
- Sophora pendula Spach
- Sophora pentaphylla Desv.
- Sophora persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Rech.f.
- Sophora praetorulosa Chun & T.C. Chen
- Sophora raivavaeensis H.St.John
- Sophora rapaensis H.St.John
- Sophora robinoides Walp.
- Sophora senegalensis Deless. ex DC.
- Sophora sibirica Holub
- Sophora sinica Rosier
- Sophora sinuata Larrañaga
- Sophora sororia Hance
- Sophora sumatrana Yakovlev
- Sophora sylvatica Burch.
- Sophora tetraptera J. Miller
- Sophora tiloebsis Blume ex Miq.
- Sophora tiloensis Blume ex Miq.
- Sophora trifolia Steud.
- Sophora triphylla Sweet
- Sophora vanioti H. Lév.
- Sophora vestita Nakai
- Sophora viciifolis Hance
References
[edit]- ^ "Sophora L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ a b Sophora L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Genus: Sophora L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner silky sophora". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ "PLANTS Profile Sophora tomentosa L.yellow necklacepod". USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
- ^ a b Heenan PB, de Lange PJ, Wilton AD (2001). "Sophora (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 17–53. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39...17H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512715.
- ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 529. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
- ^ The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the Eocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 0 947643 40 0
- ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (1): 1–22.
- ^ Tsoong P-C, Ma C-Y (1981). "A study on the genus Sophora Linn. (Cont.)" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxon Sin. 19 (2): 143–167.
- ^ Hurr KA, Lockhart PJ, Heenan PB, Penny D (1999). "Evidence for the recent dispersal of Sophora (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data". J Biogeogr. 26 (3): 565–577. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26..565H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00302.x. JSTOR 2656144. S2CID 84721754.
- ^ Michell AB, Heenan PB (2002). "Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae): further evidence from nrDNA sequence data of a recent and rapid radiation around the Southern Oceans". Bot J Linn Soc. 140 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00101.x.
- ^ Staff writer(s); no by-line. "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Sophora". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Sophora". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ a b "The Plant List entry for Sophora". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ Heenan PB (2001). "The correct name for Chilean pelú (Fabaceae): the identity of Edwardsia macnabiana and the reinstatement of Sophora cassioides". New Zealand J Bot. 39 (1): 167–170. Bibcode:2001NZJB...39..167H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512725.
- ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 450. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Sophora at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Sophora at Wikispecies- Sophora macrocarpa pictures from Chilebosque
| Authority control databases: National |
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