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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{taxobox
{{speciesbox
⚫
|name = Trema lamarckiana
|image = Trema lamarckiana - Lamarcks Trema (3777300907).jpg
|image =
|image_caption = West Indian Nettle Tree
|image_caption = West Indian nettle tree
⚫
|genus = Trema
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|species = lamarckianum
|unranked_divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
|authority = (Schult.) Blume
|unranked_classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
|status = LC
|ordo = [[Urticales]]
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|familia = [[Ulmaceae]]
|status_ref = <ref>Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2018. ''Trema lamarckiana''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T135821499A135821501. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T135821499A135821501.en. Accessed on 01 September 2022.</ref>
⚫
|genus = ''[[Trema]]''
⚫
}}
|species = '''''T. lamarckiana'''''

| binomial = ''Trema lamarckiana''
⚫
'''''Trema lamarckianum''''', '''Lamarck's trema''',<ref>{{PLANTS |id=TRLA2 |taxon=''Trema lamarckiana'' |accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> '''West Indian nettle tree''', or '''pain-in-the-back''' is a plant [[species]] in the genus ''[[Trema (plant)|Trema]]'' of the family [[Cannabaceae]]. It is a small evergreen shrub that is native of [[Florida]] and the [[West Indies]]. It has several common names such as pain-in-back, cabrilla and Lamarck trema. It is 6 m tall growing all year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=TRLA2&display=31 |work=USDA |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Notes on Florida's endangered and threatened plants |url=http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/botany/images/Notes2003.pdf |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019014855/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/botany/images/Notes2003.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume">{{cite journal |title=''Trema lamarckiana'' (Roem. & Schult.) Blume |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/Trema%20lamarckiana.pdf |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>
| binomial_authority =(Roem.& Schult.) Blume
⚫
|}}
⚫
The '''West Indian Nettle Tree''','''''Trema lamarckiana''''', is a [[species]] of a plant in the [[Ulmaceae]] family belonging to a genus of Treme Lour. It is a small evergreen shrub that is native of [[Florida]] and [[West India]]. It has several common names such as pain-in-back, cabrilla and Lamarck trema. It is 6 m tall growing all year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=TRLA2&display=31|work=USDA|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Notes on Florida's endangered and threatened plants|url=http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/botany/images/Notes2003.pdf|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume">{{cite journal|title=Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/Trema%20lamarckiana.pdf|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
⚫
The native regions where ''Trema lamarckianum'' occurs include Florida in [[North America]], [[West Indies]], [[Bermuda]], [[Grand Cayman]] and [[the Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution Map |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501308 |work=Flora of North America |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Distribution map of Trema lamarckiana Blume.gif|left|thumb|Distribution Map of Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume in the United States]]


⚫
==Habitat and ecology==
⚫
The native regions where ''Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume'' occurs include Florida in [[North America]], [[West India]], [[Bermuda]], [[Grand Cayman]] and [[the Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Distribution Map|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501308|work=Flora of North America|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref>
⚫
''Trema lamarckianum'' is considered a [[pioneer species]] and can grow in a wide range of disturbed areas, even those whose ground is predominately [[sedimentary]] or [[igneous rocks]]. The areas in [[Puerto Rico]] where this species grows has an annual rainfall between 1200 and 3000&nbsp;mm. It does not like shade and usually grows in areas whose vegetation is primarily [[herbs]] and [[shrubs]]. They can be found growing on road cuts, unsteady slopes and [[landslides]]areas, disrupting work at these sites.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>

⚫
==Habitat and Ecology==
⚫
It is considered a [[pioneer species]] that it survives on wide range of areas from [[sedimentary]] to [[igneous rocks]]. It is commonly seen in serpentine areas. The areas in [[Puerto Rico]] where this species grows get annual rainfall between 1200 to 3000&nbsp;mm. It does not like shade and usually lives in where [[herbs]], [[shrubs]] and trees grow. The common places they grow are road cuts, unsteady slopes and [[landslides]] and automatically disrupted sites.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
⚫
The plant is mainly supported by its roots which are [[Lateral root|lateral]], rigid but flexible. It usually has one main stem and it is covered by [[Bark (botany)|bark]] of brownish grey color with small [[lenticels]] over inner [[Bark (botany)|bark]] of pinkish-brown color. The species is monopodial, in which the main stem continually maintains to produce the branches and some of those become thicker and develop into the main branches for older plants. The leaves are alternate and they are connected to twigs by 8 to 10 m long of [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]]. Their [[blade]]s are approximately 2-4(-6) × 2-2.5(-3) cm ovate-lantiolate, green color and have rough surfaces.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>



⚫
The plant is mainly supported by its roots which are [[lateral]], rigid but flexible. It usually has one main stem and it is covered by [[bark]] of brownish grey color with small [[lenticels]] over inner [[bark]] of pinkish brown color. The species is monopodial, in which the main stem continually maintains to produce the branches and some of those become thicker and develop into the main branches for older plants. The leaves are alternate and they are connected to twigs by 8 to 10 m long of [[petioles]]. Their [[blades]] are approximately 2-4(-6) × 2-2.5(-3) cm ovate-lantiolate, green color and have rough surfaces.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>


==Flowers and fruit==
==Flowers and fruit==
After it grows up to 1 m, it begins to produce flowers and fruits. During the time it favors moisture, it produces abundant numbers of fruits and seeds. The average weight of fruits collected in Puerto Rico was 0.0077 ± 0.0001 g/fruit. The average weight of air-dried seeds was 0.0024 ± 0.0000 g/seed, in other words, 1&nbsp;kg held 416,000 seeds. Approximately, 60–120 days after sowing in commercial [[potting mix]], 38 percent of seeds develop into flowers/fruit. Birds scatter the seeds. Seedlings are usually seen on disturbed area where seed-bearing plants exist. Young plants tend to grow when it is cut. <ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>
After it grows up to 1 m, it begins to produce flowers and fruits. During the time it favors moisture, it produces abundant numbers of fruits and seeds. The average weight of fruits collected in Puerto Rico was 0.0077 ± 0.0001 g/fruit. The average weight of air-dried seeds was 0.0024 ± 0.0000 g/seed, in other words, 1&nbsp;kg held 416,000 seeds. Approximately, 60–120 days after sowing in commercial [[potting mix]], 38 percent of seeds have germinated. Birds scatter the seeds. Seedlings are usually seen on disturbed area where seed-bearing plants exist. Young plants tend to grow when forest lands are cut.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>


==Growth and Management==
==Growth and management==
They grow slowly at early stage. Later, they grow 1 m/year and the growth rate declines as they become old. Its lifespan is 10 to 20 years. According to the record, the species is not weedy. Reproduction can be enhanced by disturbing the soil close to seed-bearing plants before the seasonal rain begins.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>
They grow slowly at early stage. Later, they grow 1 m/year and the growth rate declines as they become old. Its lifespan is 10 to 20 years. According to the record, the species is not weedy. Reproduction can be enhanced by disturbing the soil close to seed-bearing plants before the seasonal rain begins.<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>


==Benefits==
==Benefits==
The role of species is very important in disrupted ground. It colonizes and helps prevent soil from [[corrosion]]. It might be practical for site stabilization plantings even though it has never been used. Trema lamarckiana (Schult.) Blume has been recorded as a [[nitrogen-fixing]] species (Winrock International 2002). The wood is smooth and rarely used. The fruits it bears are significant nutrients for endangered Puerto Rican [[plain pigeons]], ''Columba inornata webmorei'' (Division of Endangered Species 2002).<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>
The role of species is very important in disrupted ground. It colonizes and helps prevent soil from [[erosion]]. It might be practical for site stabilization plantings even though it has never been used. ''Trema lamarckianum'' has been recorded as a [[nitrogen-fixing]] species (Winrock International 2002). The wood is smooth and rarely used. The fruits it bears are significant nutrients for endangered Puerto Rican [[plain pigeons]], ''Columba inornata webmorei'' (Division of Endangered Species 2002).<ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>


==Synonyms==
==Synonyms==
*Celtis lamarckiana Roem. & Schult.
*''Celtis lamarckiana'' Roem. & Schult.
*Sponia lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Decne.
*''Sponia lamarckiana'' (Roem. & Schult.) Decne.
*Celtis lima Lam.
*''Celtis lima'' Lam.
*Trema lima authors, not Blume <ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>
*''Trema lima'' authors, not Blume <ref name="Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume"/>
⚫
*''Trema lamarckiana''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
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*[http://irapl.altervista.org/botany/main.php?taxon=Trema+lamarckiana Botany On Line]
*[http://irapl.altervista.org/botany/main.php?taxon=Trema+lamarckiana Botany On Line]
*[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33300066?tab=specimens Tropicos]
*[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33300066?tab=specimens Tropicos]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7838024}}


[[Category:Ulmaceae]]
[[Category:Trema (plant)|lamarckianum]]

Latest revision as of 16:59, 16 September 2024

Trema lamarckianum
West Indian nettle tree
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Trema
Species:
T. lamarckianum
Binomial name
Trema lamarckianum
(Schult.) Blume

Trema lamarckianum, Lamarck's trema,[2] West Indian nettle tree, or pain-in-the-back is a plant species in the genus Trema of the family Cannabaceae. It is a small evergreen shrub that is native of Florida and the West Indies. It has several common names such as pain-in-back, cabrilla and Lamarck trema. It is 6 m tall growing all year.[3][4][5]

Distribution

[edit]

The native regions where Trema lamarckianum occurs include Florida in North America, West Indies, Bermuda, Grand Cayman and the Bahamas.[6]

Habitat and ecology

[edit]

Trema lamarckianum is considered a pioneer species and can grow in a wide range of disturbed areas, even those whose ground is predominately sedimentary or igneous rocks. The areas in Puerto Rico where this species grows has an annual rainfall between 1200 and 3000 mm. It does not like shade and usually grows in areas whose vegetation is primarily herbs and shrubs. They can be found growing on road cuts, unsteady slopes and landslidesareas, disrupting work at these sites.[5]

Morphology

[edit]

The plant is mainly supported by its roots which are lateral, rigid but flexible. It usually has one main stem and it is covered by bark of brownish grey color with small lenticels over inner bark of pinkish-brown color. The species is monopodial, in which the main stem continually maintains to produce the branches and some of those become thicker and develop into the main branches for older plants. The leaves are alternate and they are connected to twigs by 8 to 10 m long of petioles. Their blades are approximately 2-4(-6) × 2-2.5(-3) cm ovate-lantiolate, green color and have rough surfaces.[5]

Flowers and fruit

[edit]

After it grows up to 1 m, it begins to produce flowers and fruits. During the time it favors moisture, it produces abundant numbers of fruits and seeds. The average weight of fruits collected in Puerto Rico was 0.0077 ± 0.0001 g/fruit. The average weight of air-dried seeds was 0.0024 ± 0.0000 g/seed, in other words, 1 kg held 416,000 seeds. Approximately, 60–120 days after sowing in commercial potting mix, 38 percent of seeds have germinated. Birds scatter the seeds. Seedlings are usually seen on disturbed area where seed-bearing plants exist. Young plants tend to grow when forest lands are cut.[5]

Growth and management

[edit]

They grow slowly at early stage. Later, they grow 1 m/year and the growth rate declines as they become old. Its lifespan is 10 to 20 years. According to the record, the species is not weedy. Reproduction can be enhanced by disturbing the soil close to seed-bearing plants before the seasonal rain begins.[5]

Benefits

[edit]

The role of species is very important in disrupted ground. It colonizes and helps prevent soil from erosion. It might be practical for site stabilization plantings even though it has never been used. Trema lamarckianum has been recorded as a nitrogen-fixing species (Winrock International 2002). The wood is smooth and rarely used. The fruits it bears are significant nutrients for endangered Puerto Rican plain pigeons, Columba inornata webmorei (Division of Endangered Species 2002).[5]

Synonyms

[edit]
  • Celtis lamarckiana Roem. & Schult.
  • Sponia lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Decne.
  • Celtis lima Lam.
  • Trema lima authors, not Blume [5]
  • Trema lamarckiana

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2018. Trema lamarckiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T135821499A135821501. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T135821499A135821501.en. Accessed on 01 September 2022.
  2. ^ NRCS. "Trema lamarckiana". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  3. ^ "Classification". USDA. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  4. ^ "Notes on Florida's endangered and threatened plants" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ "Distribution Map". Flora of North America. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
[edit]
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