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{{Short description|Narrative subgenre of drama and psychological fiction}}
{{Short description|Narrative subgenre of drama with psychological fiction}}

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'''Psychological drama''', or '''psychodrama''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychodrama definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/psychodrama |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> is a [[Genre|subgenre]] of [[drama]] and [[Psychological fiction|psychological fiction]], generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted in a dramatic work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Psychological Drama Movies |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls089213480/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Rate Your Music - Psychological Drama |url=https://rateyourmusic.com/film_genre/Psychological+Drama/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Infobox art movement|influences=* [[Psychological fiction]]
* [[Art film|Arthouse film]]
* [[Independent film]]
* [[Melodrama]]
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* [[Slice of life]]}}'''Psychological drama''', or '''psychodrama''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychodrama definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/psychodrama |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> is a [[Genre|subgenre]] of [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] and [[psychological fiction]] literatures that generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted by the drama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Psychological Drama Movies |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls089213480/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Rate Your Music - Psychological Drama |url=https://rateyourmusic.com/film_genre/Psychological+Drama/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychological Drama - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/genre/Psychological+Drama }}</ref> It is widely known as one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction; the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series.


== Discussion of the subgenre ==
== Discussion of the subgenre ==
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Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a [[Shock value|strong, emotional value]] from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle.<ref name=":9" />
Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a [[Shock value|strong, emotional value]] from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle.<ref name=":9" />


It can be also characterized as primary [[Plot (narrative)|character-driven]], in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drame psychologique |url=http://www.lecinema.free.fr/htm/Genre/Drame_psychologique.htm |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.lecinema.free.fr}}</ref> The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagu |first=Tony |title=The Notebooks of a Cinephile |isbn=978-2-342-02123-3 |pages=196}}</ref>
It can be also characterized as primary [[Plot (narrative)|character-driven]], in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drame psychologique |url=http://www.lecinema.free.fr/htm/Genre/Drame_psychologique.htm |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.lecinema.free.fr}}</ref> The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagu |first=Tony |title=The Notebooks of a Cinephile |date=4 April 2014 |isbn=978-2-342-02123-3 |pages=196|publisher=Société des Ecrivains }}</ref>


=== Related with genres ===
=== Related with genres ===
It often overlaps with other genres such as [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[fantasy]], [[black comedy|dark comedy]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] and [[science fiction]], and it is closely related with the [[psychological horror]] and [[psychological thriller]] genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' [[Trope (literature)|tropes]] to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone, nearly similar to [[melodrama]].
It often overlaps with other genres such as [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[fantasy]], [[black comedy|dark comedy]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] and [[science fiction]], and it is closely related with the [[psychological horror]] and [[psychological thriller]] genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' [[Trope (literature)|tropes]] to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone, nearly similar to [[melodrama]].


The difference between "drama" and "'''psychological drama'''" that places emphasis is that in the latter scenario, the focus is more on the psychological character of the characters and on existentialism in general, and not on the context of the narrative itself. So, the end is not necessarily tragic: the main character can doubt himself and sometimes overcome his intimate problems. Psychological drama can be very clearly distinguished from [[Comedy drama|dramedy]], as there is no to minimal humor in it but since the subgenre is rather devoid of humor.
The difference between "drama" and "'''psychological drama'''" that places emphasis is that in the latter scenario, the focus is more on the psychological character of the characters and on existentialism in general, and not on the context of the narrative itself. So, the end is not necessarily tragic: the main character can doubt himself and sometimes overcome his intimate problems. Psychological drama can be very clearly distinguished from [[Comedy drama|dramedy]], as there is no to minimal humor in it like ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997) and ''[[The Truman Show]]'' (1998) but since the subgenre is rather devoid of humor.


=== Techniques ===
=== Techniques ===
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=== Films ===
=== Films ===
[[File:The Whispering Chorus 1918 newspaperad.jpg|thumb|''[[The Whispering Chorus]]'' (1918) is considered an early example of this subgenre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Whispering Chorus |url=https://www.listal.com/movie/the-whispering-chorus |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.listal.com}}</ref>]]
Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in the earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited ''The Whispering Chorus'' (1918)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Whispering Chorus |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F5CC6AD906 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Greed (1924 film)|''Greed'']] (1924).<ref>{{Citation |title=Greed |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/A2F740D803 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include ''[[La vuelta al nido]]'' (1938),<ref>{{cite book |last=Zolezzi |first=Emilio |title=Noticias del viejo cine criollo |publisher=[[Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken]] |year=2006 |isbn=9789876030182 |location=Buenos Aires |page=23 |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Death of a Salesman (1951 film)|Death of a Salesman]]'' (1951),<ref>{{Citation |title=Death of a Salesman (1951) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/F161A36DBB |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Johnny Belinda (1948 film)|Johnny Belinda]]'' (1948),<ref>{{Citation |title=Johnny Belinda (1948) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/DFD6F605DA |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951),<ref>{{Citation |title=A Place in the Sun (1951) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/EE323CFFB4 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Snake Pit (1948) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/03C1BFC078 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>


Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially [[Social issue|social issues]] and/or [[Psychosexual development|psychosexual]] themes, most notably [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Citation |title=Lolita (1962) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/3711C17849 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), and ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Citation |title=Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - Flickchart |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/eyes-wide-shut-v158829 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> Other acclaimed films with similar themes including ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1972),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=Oscar-winning director Bernardo Bertolucci dies at 77 |url=https://apnews.com/article/bernardo-bertolucci-ap-top-news-rome-paris-international-news-15b3aae5cd0a4c8ebf30c11eb8bdbb11 |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975),<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/524F1C7D3F |access-date=2021-07-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Sarah |date=2021-08-11 |title=Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas |url=https://www.looper.com/484400/movies-like-requiem-for-a-dream-for-fans-of-psychological-dramas/ |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=Looper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Ninth Configuration]]'' (1980),<ref>{{cite book |last=Reyes |first=Xavier Aldana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |title=Gothic Cinema |date=December 12, 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1315395364}}</ref> ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd - The Wall]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Pink Floyd The Wall |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/00C2D3EDFB |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (both 1982)<ref name="Reilly2">{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Kaitlin |title=The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/238540/best-psychological-drama-films |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' (1994),<ref>{{Citation |title=Heavenly Creatures |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/9A7A53789E |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Breaking the Waves]]'' (1996),<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Breaking the Waves (1996) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/3EC1BB4797 |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> ''[[I Stand Alone (film)|I Stand Alone]]'' (1998), ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999), ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-22 |title=Movie Review Throwbacks: Requiem for a Dream {{!}} |url=https://www.ecufilmfestival.com/movie-review-throwbacks-requiem-for-a-dream/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=www.ecufilmfestival.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150819/https://www.ecufilmfestival.com/movie-review-throwbacks-requiem-for-a-dream/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Piano Teacher (film)|The Piano Teacher]]'' (2001), ''[[Elephant (2003 film)|Elephant]]'' (2003),<ref name="Reilly2" /> ''[[Enter the Void]]'' (2009),<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Enter the Void (2009) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/8D79E68AA0 |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Biutiful]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biutiful - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/A8CEA2BD42 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=AllMovie |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shame (2011 film)|Shame]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Citation |title=Shame (2011) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/CE4BF46A72 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hunt (2012 film)|''Jagten'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seferou |first=Aliki |date=2018-02-08 |title=The 11 Most Controversial Films in Denmark |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/denmark/articles/11-controversial-films-denmark/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> and ''[[The Master (2012 film)|The Master]]'' (both 2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-02 |title=The Master – review |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/sep/02/the-master-review |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Nymphomaniac (film)|Nymphomaniac]]'' (2013),<ref name=":7" /> ''[[Whiplash (2014 film)|Whiplash]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2014-10-10 |title='Whiplash': What the Critics Are Saying |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/whiplash-review-what-critics-are-739461/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Reilly2" /> ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of the Dog review: a gripping psychodrama |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/reviews/power-dog-draws-out-instability-american-west-myths |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=BFI |date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=2021-09-02 |title='The Power of the Dog' Review: Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-power-of-the-dog-review-jane-campion-benedict-cumberbatch-kirsten-dunst-jesse-plemons-1235054229/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Review: 'The Power of the Dog' is a sublime gothic Western |url=https://apnews.com/article/film-reviews-entertainment-reviews-arts-and-entertainment-jane-campion-b03ab22da222bcab8caf3f06085555f1 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Blonde (2022 film)|Blonde]]'' and ''[[The Whale (2022 film)|The Whale]]'' (both 2022).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2022-12-09 |title=What to Know About 'The Whale' Controversy |url=https://time.com/6240001/the-whale-fatsuit-controversy/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
==== Early examples ====
Psychological drama is possibly known one of the fewest and oldest of film subgenres in the early-20th century, with the earliest examples are ''[[The Whispering Chorus]]'' (1918)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Whispering Chorus (1918) - Cecil B. DeMille {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-whispering-chorus-v116704 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Whispering Chorus |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F5CC6AD906 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Greed (1924 film)|''Greed'']] (1924).<ref>{{Citation |title=Greed |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/A2F740D803 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Greed (1924) - Erich von Stroheim {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/greed-v20855 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> Other early examples of popular psychological drama films in the early-to-mid 20th century include:
* ''[[La vuelta al nido]]'' (1938)<ref>{{cite book |last=Zolezzi |first=Emilio |title=Noticias del viejo cine criollo |publisher=[[Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken]] |year=2006 |isbn=9789876030182 |location=Buenos Aires |page=23 |language=es}}</ref>
* ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' (1946)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) - William Wyler {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-best-years-of-our-lives-v4943 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Death of a Salesman (1951 film)|Death of a Salesman]]'' (1951)<ref>{{Citation |title=Death of a Salesman (1951) - Laslo Benedek {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/death-of-a-salesman-v89008 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Johnny Belinda (1948 film)|Johnny Belinda]]'' (1948)<ref>{{Citation |title=Johnny Belinda (1948) - Jean Negulesco {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/johnny-belinda-v26428 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951)<ref>{{Citation |title=A Place in the Sun (1951) - George Stevens {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-place-in-the-sun-v38269 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Snake Pit (1948) - Anatole Litvak {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-snake-pit-v45324 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'' (1951)<ref>{{Citation |title=A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - Elia Kazan {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-streetcar-named-desire-v47311 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Drunken Angel]]'' (1948)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Drunken Angel (1948) - Akira Kurosawa &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-drunken-angel-vm1088496}}</ref>
==== Modern examples ====


Films have some thematically-linked franchises or [[Trilogy|trilogies]] to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably [[Alejandro González Iñárritu|Iñárritu]]'s [[Alejandro González Iñárritu#2000s|Death trilogy]] (consists ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000), ''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003) and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006)) and [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s [[Three Colours trilogy|''Three Colours'' trilogy]].
* 1960s - ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Citation |title=Lolita (1962) - Stanley Kubrick {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/lolita-v29846 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Swimmer (1968 film)|The Swimmer]]'' (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Swimmer: A prophetic modernist fable set in a fading Eden |url=https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/1292-the-swimmer-a-prophetic-modernist-fable-set-in-a-fading-eden/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Library of America |language=en-US}}</ref>

* 1970s - ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]'' (1972),<ref>{{cite web |title=Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) - Werner Herzog &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/aguirre-the-wrath-of-god-vm1053470}}</ref> ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975),<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Milos Forman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-v36363 |access-date=2021-07-01 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976),<ref>{{Citation |title=Taxi Driver (1976) - Martin Scorsese {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/taxi-driver-v48731 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Equus (film)|Equus]]'' (1977)<ref>{{Citation |title=Equus (1977) - Sidney Lumet {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/equus-v15943 |access-date=2021-08-29 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1980s - ''[[Ordinary People]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Ordinary People (1980) - Robert Redford, R. Redman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ordinary-people-v36600 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Ninth Configuration]]'' (both 1980),<ref>{{cite book |last=Reyes |first=Xavier Aldana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |title=Gothic Cinema |date=December 12, 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1315395364}}</ref> ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd - The Wall]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982) - Alan Parker {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/pink-floyd-the-wall-v38166 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Pink Floyd The Wall |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/00C2D3EDFB |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (both 1982),<ref name="Reilly2">{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Kaitlin |title=The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/238540/best-psychological-drama-films |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sophie's Choice (1982) - Alan J. Pakula {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/sophies-choice-v45699 |access-date=2022-01-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' (1984)<ref>{{cite web |title=1984 (1984) - Michael Radford &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v91}}</ref>
[[Cinema of Asia|Asian films]] have contributed the subgenre, often employs several psychological and social elements. For example: [[Akira Kurosawa]], a Japanese renowned filmmaker, known for his landmark filmography with the subgenre, notably ''[[Drunken Angel]]'' (1948)<ref name=":8" /> and ''[[Ikiru]]'' (1952).<ref>{{Citation |title=Ikiru (1952) - Akira Kurosawa {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ikiru-v24340 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> Each films including ''[[The Demon (1978 film)|The Demon]]'' (1978), ''[[Batch '81]]'' (1982), ''[[Silip]]'' (1986), ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007), ''[[Himizu (film)|Himizu]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minoru Furuya's Himizu Manga Gets Live-Action Film |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-06-09/minoru-furuya-himizu-manga-gets-live-action-film |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Aparisyon]]'' (2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-10 |title=Exclusive Interview: "I wanted to break as many rules as possible" Isabel Sandoval on her early films Señorita & Apparition now playing on Criterion Channel |url=https://thequeerreview.com/2021/05/10/exclusive-interview-isabel-sandoval-on-senorita-apparition-on-criterion-channel/ |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=The Queer Review |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Like Father, Like Son (2013 film)|Like Father, Like Son]]'' and ''[[Norte, the End of History]]'' (both 2013), ''[[Black Stone (film)|Black Stone]]'' (2015), ''[[Last Night (2017 film)|Last Night]]'' (2017), and ''[[Family History (2019 film)|Family History]]'' and ''[[John Denver Trending]]'' (both 2019).
* 1990s - ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' (1994),<ref>{{Citation |title=Heavenly Creatures |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/9A7A53789E |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Heavenly Creatures (1994) - Peter Jackson {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/heavenly-creatures-v133852 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shine (film)|Shine]]'' (1996),<ref>{{Citation |title=Shine (1996) - Scott Hicks {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/shine-v135474 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997),<ref>{{Citation |title=Good Will Hunting (1997) - Gus Van Sant {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/good-will-hunting-v160083 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Truman Show]]'' (1998),<ref>{{Citation |title=The Truman Show (1998) - Peter Weir, Michael J. McAlister {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-truman-show-v161628 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - Stanley Kubrick {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/eyes-wide-shut-v158829 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Eyes Wide Shut |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/A2E97FADB9 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Fight Club]]'' (both 1999)<ref>{{Citation |title=Fight Club (1999) - David Fincher {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/fight-club-v180767 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2000s - ''[[The Hours (film)|The Hours]]'' (2002),<ref>{{Citation |title=The Hours (2002) - Stephen Daldry {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-hours-v272631 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Elephant (2003 film)|Elephant]]'',<ref name="Reilly2" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Elephant (2003) - Gus Van Sant, Gus Van {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/elephant-v285911 |access-date=2022-01-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]'' (2004), ''[[Little Children (film)|Little Children]]'' (2006),<ref name="Reilly2" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Little Children (2006) - Todd Field {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/little-children-v325930 |access-date=2022-01-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Funny People]]'' (2009)<ref>{{Citation |title=Funny People (2009) - Judd Apatow {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/funny-people-v433971 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2010s - ''[[Himizu (film)|Himizu]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minoru Furuya's Himizu Manga Gets Live-Action Film |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-06-09/minoru-furuya-himizu-manga-gets-live-action-film |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shame (2011 film)|Shame]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Shame (2011) - Steve McQueen {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/shame-v547377 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sucker Punch (2011 film)|Sucker Punch]]'' (all three in 2011),<ref>{{Citation |title=Sucker Punch (2011) - Zack Snyder {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/sucker-punch-v481741 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Aparisyon]]'', [[The Hunt (2012 film)|''Jagten'']] (both 2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-10 |title=Exclusive Interview: "I wanted to break as many rules as possible" Isabel Sandoval on her early films Señorita & Apparition now playing on Criterion Channel |url=https://thequeerreview.com/2021/05/10/exclusive-interview-isabel-sandoval-on-senorita-apparition-on-criterion-channel/ |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=The Queer Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seferou |first=Aliki |date=2018-02-08 |title=The 11 Most Controversial Films in Denmark |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/denmark/articles/11-controversial-films-denmark/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> ''[[Whiplash (2014 film)|Whiplash]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2014-10-10 |title='Whiplash': What the Critics Are Saying |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/whiplash-review-what-critics-are-739461/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Reilly2" /> (both 2014), [[All I See Is You (film)|''All I See Is You'']] (2016)''<ref>{{Citation |title=All I See Is You (2016) - Marc Forster {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/all-i-see-is-you-v668458 |access-date=2021-08-27 |language=en}}</ref>''
* 2020s - ''[[The Father (2020 film)|The Father]]'' (2020)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Father (2020) - Florian Zeller {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-father-v724935 |access-date=2022-04-16 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Bo Burnham: Inside]]'', ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]'' (both 2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of the Dog review: a gripping psychodrama |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/reviews/power-dog-draws-out-instability-american-west-myths |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=2021-09-02 |title='The Power of the Dog' Review: Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-power-of-the-dog-review-jane-campion-benedict-cumberbatch-kirsten-dunst-jesse-plemons-1235054229/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Review: 'The Power of the Dog' is a sublime gothic Western |url=https://apnews.com/article/film-reviews-entertainment-reviews-arts-and-entertainment-jane-campion-b03ab22da222bcab8caf3f06085555f1 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>


=== Television ===
=== Television ===


*''[[The Affair (TV series)|The Affair]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=John |date=23 August 2019 |title=Anna Paquin on Joanie's Story & Getting Answers in 'The Affair' Season 5 |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/803390/the-affair-season-5-anna-paquin-joanie/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=TV Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[The Affair (TV series)|The Affair]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=John |date=23 August 2019 |title=Anna Paquin on Joanie's Story & Getting Answers in 'The Affair' Season 5 |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/803390/the-affair-season-5-anna-paquin-joanie/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=TV Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Bates Motel (TV series)|Bates Motel]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=The Best TV Shows to Get You in the Mood for Fall (Sweaters and Cider Optional) |url=https://collider.com/best-fall-shows-to-watch/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[The Bear (TV series)|The Bear]]''
*''[[The Bear (TV series)|The Bear]]''
*''[[Beef (TV series)|Beef]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Beef TV Series: Why you can't afford to miss series of the year |url=https://showsnob.com/2023/04/13/why-you-cant-miss-beef/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Show Snob |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Beef (TV series)|Beef]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Beef TV Series: Why you can't afford to miss series of the year |url=https://showsnob.com/2023/04/13/why-you-cant-miss-beef/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Show Snob |language=en-US}}</ref>
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*''[[Maniac (miniseries)|Maniac]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=2018-09-13 |title=TV Review: 'Maniac' With Emma Stone and Jonah Hill |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/reviews/maniac-review-emma-stone-jonah-hill-netflix-1202931847/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Maniac (miniseries)|Maniac]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=2018-09-13 |title=TV Review: 'Maniac' With Emma Stone and Jonah Hill |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/reviews/maniac-review-emma-stone-jonah-hill-netflix-1202931847/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Ray Donovan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashley |first=James |date=2021-08-03 |title=Ray Donovan Season 8 Release Date, Cast, Plot - All We Know So Far |url=https://www.thebulletintime.com/news/ray-donovan-season-8/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=The Bulletin Time |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Ray Donovan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashley |first=James |date=2021-08-03 |title=Ray Donovan Season 8 Release Date, Cast, Plot - All We Know So Far |url=https://www.thebulletintime.com/news/ray-donovan-season-8/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=The Bulletin Time |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[The Kingdom (miniseries)|Riget]]''
* ''[[This Is Us]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[This Is Us]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Yellowjackets (TV series)|Yellowjackets]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Lorraine |date=2021-12-09 |title=Trust us: It's time to catch up on 'Yellowjackets,' your next TV obsession |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-12-09/yellowjackets-showtime-juliette-lewis-christina-ricci-melanie-lynskey?_amp=true |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Yellowjackets (TV series)|Yellowjackets]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Lorraine |date=2021-12-09 |title=Trust us: It's time to catch up on 'Yellowjackets,' your next TV obsession |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-12-09/yellowjackets-showtime-juliette-lewis-christina-ricci-melanie-lynskey?_amp=true |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Animated series<!-- Each animated series internationally included Japanese animation, or say "anime" as a part of it. -->===
=== Animated series<!-- Each animated series internationally included Japanese animation, or say "anime" as a part of it. -->===
Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with [[mental health]] and [[psychological trauma]]; these included ''[[BoJack Horseman|Bojack Horseman]]'',''<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How 'BoJack Horseman' Depicts Depression More Honestly Than Any Show On TV |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/how-bojack-horseman-depicts-depression-more-honestly-than-any-show-on-tv-80926 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref>'' ''[[Moral Orel|Morel Orel]]'', and ''[[Steven Universe Future]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Kai-Ming |date=2020-09-12 |title=Steven Universe Future: Normalizing Mental Health Awareness |url=https://medium.com/cinemania/steven-universe-future-normalizing-mental-health-awareness-fd0389dfab23 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Cinemania |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jade |date=2021-05-05 |title=Steven Universe Future Wasn't Afraid To Teach The Meaning Of Trauma |url=https://www.thegamer.com/steven-universe-future-trauma/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>
Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with [[mental health]] and [[psychological trauma]]; these included ''[[BoJack Horseman|Bojack Horseman]]'',''<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How 'BoJack Horseman' Depicts Depression More Honestly Than Any Show On TV |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/how-bojack-horseman-depicts-depression-more-honestly-than-any-show-on-tv-80926 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref>'' ''[[Moral Orel|Morel Orel]]'', ''[[Steven Universe Future]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Kai-Ming |date=2020-09-12 |title=Steven Universe Future: Normalizing Mental Health Awareness |url=https://medium.com/cinemania/steven-universe-future-normalizing-mental-health-awareness-fd0389dfab23 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Cinemania |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jade |date=2021-05-05 |title=Steven Universe Future Wasn't Afraid To Teach The Meaning Of Trauma |url=https://www.thegamer.com/steven-universe-future-trauma/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Undone (TV series)|Undone]]''.[[File:Hideaki Anno.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Japanese filmmaker and animator '''Hideaki Anno''' created ''Neon Genesis Evangelion''.]]Japanese filmmaker and animator [[Hideaki Anno]], who is best known of creating [[anime]] series ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=September 8, 2007 |title=Human-Sized Eva Spear Auctioned for 13.7 Million Yen |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722201122/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CJAS Newsletter Archives -- In the Eyes of Hideaki Anno, Writer and Director of Evangelion |url=http://www.cjas.org/~echen/articles/spring97/05_03b.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.cjas.org}}</ref> The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to [[The End of Evangelion|reboot a feature film as an alternative ending]].


Japanese filmmaker and animator [[Hideaki Anno]] created ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' is also the most notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=September 8, 2007 |title=Human-Sized Eva Spear Auctioned for 13.7 Million Yen |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722201122/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CJAS Newsletter Archives -- In the Eyes of Hideaki Anno, Writer and Director of Evangelion |url=http://www.cjas.org/~echen/articles/spring97/05_03b.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.cjas.org}}</ref> Additionally, some anime series portrayed in psychological elements including ''[[Akagi (manga)|Akagi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-27 |title=AnimeNation Anime News Blog » Blog Archive » Ask John: What Are Some Good Psychological Anime? |url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127180749/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-date=2012-01-27 |access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref>, [[The Flowers of Evil (manga)|''The Flowers of Evil'']]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Webb |first=Charles |title=Sentai Filmworks Bringing Rotoscoped 'Flowers of Evil' Anime To The U.S. |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=MTV News |language=en}}</ref>, ''[[The Fruit of Grisaia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses "Le Fruit de la Grisaia" |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2014-10-02/sentai-filmworks-licenses-le-fruit-de-la-grisaia/.79506 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniplex of America Adds Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai and DAKAICHI – I'm being harassed by the sexiest man of the year - to Fall 2018 Anime Line-Up |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2018-09-22/aniplex-of-america-adds-rascal-does-not-dream-of-bunny-girl-senpai-and-dakaichi-im-being-harassed-/.137191 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Scum's Wish]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-22 |title=Scum's Wish [Anime Review] |url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/scums-wish-anime-review/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Otaku USA Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Scum's Wish: A romantic drama that is decidedly unromantic |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/blog/2017/06/13/scums-wish-romantic-drama-decidedly-unromantic |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=SBS PopAsia |language=en}}</ref>'', [[The Tatami Galaxy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tatami Galaxy (TV) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=11200 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'', [[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Right Turn Only!! - Hikikomori Festival |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2007-02-20 |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>, and ''[[Wonder Egg Priority]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=The Best Anime of 2021 Winner |url=https://sea.ign.com/attack-on-titan-1/179657/feature/the-best-anime-of-2021 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |language=en-sg}}</ref>.
Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including ''[[Akagi (manga)|Akagi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-27 |title=AnimeNation Anime News Blog » Blog Archive » Ask John: What Are Some Good Psychological Anime? |url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127180749/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-date=2012-01-27 |access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref> [[The Flowers of Evil (manga)|''The Flowers of Evil'']],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Webb |first=Charles |title=Sentai Filmworks Bringing Rotoscoped 'Flowers of Evil' Anime To The U.S. |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104003200/http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2020 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=MTV News |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Fruit of Grisaia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses "Le Fruit de la Grisaia" |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2014-10-02/sentai-filmworks-licenses-le-fruit-de-la-grisaia/.79506 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniplex of America Adds Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai and DAKAICHI – I'm being harassed by the sexiest man of the year - to Fall 2018 Anime Line-Up |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2018-09-22/aniplex-of-america-adds-rascal-does-not-dream-of-bunny-girl-senpai-and-dakaichi-im-being-harassed-/.137191 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Scum's Wish]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-22 |title=Scum's Wish [Anime Review] |url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/scums-wish-anime-review/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Otaku USA Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Scum's Wish: A romantic drama that is decidedly unromantic |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/blog/2017/06/13/scums-wish-romantic-drama-decidedly-unromantic |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=SBS PopAsia |language=en}}</ref>'', [[The Tatami Galaxy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tatami Galaxy (TV) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=11200 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'', [[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Right Turn Only!! - Hikikomori Festival |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2007-02-20 |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Wonder Egg Priority]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=The Best Anime of 2021 Winner |url=https://sea.ign.com/attack-on-titan-1/179657/feature/the-best-anime-of-2021 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |language=en-sg}}</ref>


=== Animated films<!-- Each animated films internationally included Japanese animation, or say "anime" as a part of it. --> ===
=== Animated films<!-- Each animated films internationally included Japanese animation, or say "anime" as a part of it. --> ===
''[[A Silent Voice (manga)|A Silent Voice]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Silent Voice (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=16661 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>, [[It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)|''It's Such a Beautiful Day'']], ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' (and [[Inside Out 2|its sequel]]), ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'', and [[When Marnie Was There (film)|''When Marnie Was There'']]''<ref name="animenewsnetwork.com2">{{Cite web |title=When Marnie Was There (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15761 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'' are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as [[Panic attack|anxiety attack]] and [[Abandonment (emotional)|fear of abandonment]] and [[Death anxiety|death]].
''[[A Silent Voice (film)|A Silent Voice]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Silent Voice (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=16661 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref> ''[[Anomalisa]]'', [[It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)|''It's Such a Beautiful Day'']], ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' (and [[Inside Out 2|its sequel]]), ''[[The Missing (2023 film)|The Missing]]'', ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'', and [[When Marnie Was There (film)|''When Marnie Was There'']]''<ref name="animenewsnetwork.com2">{{Cite web |title=When Marnie Was There (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15761 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'' are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as [[Panic attack|anxiety attack]], [[Abandonment (emotional)|fear of abandonment]] and [[Death anxiety|death]], and society.

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[[Adam Elliot]] is the most notable example of animated psychological drama films, confronted with bitterness and human conditions. His films included ''[[Harvie Krumpet]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Citation |title=Harvie Krumpet |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F9BB64FF37 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mary and Max]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary and Max |url=https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/movie-reviews/mary-and-max |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Raising Children Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=Mary and Max: rewatching classic Australian films |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/30/mary-and-max-rewatching-classic-australian-films |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Memoir of a Snail]]'' (2024).


=== Literature ===
=== Literature ===
*''[[Chicago (manga)|Chicago]]'', Yumi Tamura (2000)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=Chicago, Volume 2: Book Of Justice by Yumi Tamura, Paperback {{!}} Barnes & Noble® |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206221743/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
*''[[Chicago (manga)|Chicago]]'', Yumi Tamura (2000)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=Chicago, Volume 2: Book Of Justice by Yumi Tamura, Paperback {{!}} Barnes & Noble® |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206221743/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
*''The Winter Wives'', [[Linden MacIntyre]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacIntyre |first=Linden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGcFEAAAQBAJ |title=The Winter Wives |date=2021-08-10 |publisher=Random House of Canada |isbn=978-0-7352-8206-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linden MacIntyre investigates deception, financial crimes and identity in psychological drama, The Winter Wives |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/linden-macintyre-investigates-deception-financial-crimes-and-identity-in-psychological-drama-the-winter-wives |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=calgaryherald |language=en-CA}}</ref>
*''The Winter Wives'', [[Linden MacIntyre]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacIntyre |first=Linden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGcFEAAAQBAJ |title=The Winter Wives |date=2021-08-10 |publisher=Random House of Canada |isbn=978-0-7352-8206-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linden MacIntyre investigates deception, financial crimes and identity in psychological drama, The Winter Wives |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/linden-macintyre-investigates-deception-financial-crimes-and-identity-in-psychological-drama-the-winter-wives |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=calgaryherald |language=en-CA}}</ref>
*''Final Psychodrama'', Davide Roccamo (2021)<ref>Amazon.it
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*''Saint X'', Joe Otterson (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2022-01-24 |title=Hulu Orders Series Adaptation of Alexis Schaitkin Psychological Drama Novel 'Saint X' |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/hulu-series-saint-x-alexis-schaitkin-1235161550/ |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
https://www.amazon.it
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/102876145-final-psychodrama
</ref>
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*''Saint X'', Alexis Schaitkin (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2022-01-24 |title=Hulu Orders Series Adaptation of Alexis Schaitkin Psychological Drama Novel 'Saint X' |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/hulu-series-saint-x-alexis-schaitkin-1235161550/ |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Trish'', James C. Bennett (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author James C. Bennett's new book "Trish" is a stunning psychological drama of one man's confusion as he experiences different forms of his own reality |url=https://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/22/08/n28594607/author-james-c-bennetts-new-book-trish-is-a-stunning-psychological-drama-of-one-mans-confusion-as- |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Benzinga |language=English}}</ref>
*''Trish'', James C. Bennett (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author James C. Bennett's new book "Trish" is a stunning psychological drama of one man's confusion as he experiences different forms of his own reality |url=https://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/22/08/n28594607/author-james-c-bennetts-new-book-trish-is-a-stunning-psychological-drama-of-one-mans-confusion-as- |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Benzinga |language=English}}</ref>
*''Final Psychodrama'', Davide Roccamo (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.amazon.it/FINAL-PSYCHODRAMA-Davide-Roccamo-ebook/dp/B08QY4WY7S}}</ref>


=== Theater ===
=== Theater ===
*''The Chinese Lady'', [[Lloyd Suh]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=Review: 'The Chinese Lady' a layered intimate psychological drama at the Long Wharf |url=https://news.yahoo.com/review-chinese-lady-layered-intimate-162600316.html |access-date=2021-10-24 |website=news.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''The Chinese Lady'', [[Lloyd Suh]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=Review: 'The Chinese Lady' a layered intimate psychological drama at the Long Wharf |url=https://news.yahoo.com/review-chinese-lady-layered-intimate-162600316.html |access-date=2021-10-24 |website=news.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Known filmmakers ==
== Filmmakers ==
*[[Paul Thomas Anderson]] - An American filmmaker known for his depictions of flawed characters and exploration of subjects and themes such as dysfunctional families, alienation, loneliness and redemption. Known psychological dramas of his include ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999), ''[[There Will Be Blood]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coman|first=Brian|date=2018-06-05|title=There Will Be Blood|url=https://filmdaze.net/there-will-be-blood/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Film Daze|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[The Master (2012 film)|The Master]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-02|title=The Master – review|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/sep/02/the-master-review|access-date=2022-01-22|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Paul Thomas Anderson]] - An American filmmaker known for his depictions of flawed characters and exploration of subjects and themes such as dysfunctional families, alienation, loneliness and redemption.
*[[Sofia Coppola]] - An American filmmaker, daughter of [[Francis Ford Coppola]], known for psychological drama films about isolation and society.
*[[Darren Aronofsky]] - An American filmmaker, well known for directing some of the most notoriously visceral psychological dramas in the 21st century, such as the [[Cult following|cult classic]] film, ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-22|title=Movie Review Throwbacks: Requiem for a Dream {{!}}|url=https://www.ecufilmfestival.com/movie-review-throwbacks-requiem-for-a-dream/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.ecufilmfestival.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> and others that subjects of actor's career resurgence and deal with melodramatic themes and surrealism in films such as ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' (2008), ''[[Black Swan (film)|Black Swan]]'' (2010), ''[[Mother!]]'' (2017), and ''[[The Whale (2022 film)|The Whale]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandler|first=Sarah|date=2021-08-11|title=Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas|url=https://www.looper.com/484400/movies-like-requiem-for-a-dream-for-fans-of-psychological-dramas/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Looper.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Whale (2022) - Darren Aronofsky {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-whale-v733534 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-25}}</ref>
*[[Ingmar Bergman]] - A Swedish filmmaker, regarded by many as one of the greatest directors in European cinema, who applied his creative and [[avant-garde]] vision<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ingmar Bergman {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/ingmar-bergman-p81548|access-date=2021-08-19|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref> to psychological drama films such as ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]'' (1966).<ref>{{Citation|title=Persona (1966) - Ingmar Bergman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/persona-v158987|language=en|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref>
**Examples: ''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]'' (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandler|first=Sarah|date=2021-08-11|title=Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas|url=https://www.looper.com/484400/movies-like-requiem-for-a-dream-for-fans-of-psychological-dramas/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Looper.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lost in Translation (2003) - Sofia Coppola {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/lost-in-translation-v283628|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref>
*[[Todd Field]] - An American filmmaker well known of his filmography introduced with psychologically-mind characters and themes.
*[[Bernardo Bertolucci]] - An Italian filmmaker, who is known for exploring "sexual relations among characters stuck in a psychological crisis" such as in his erotic film ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1972).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Oscar-winning director Bernardo Bertolucci dies at 77|url=https://apnews.com/article/bernardo-bertolucci-ap-top-news-rome-paris-international-news-15b3aae5cd0a4c8ebf30c11eb8bdbb11|access-date=2021-07-05|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref>
**Examples: ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Bedroom (2001) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/64AAE5A355 }}</ref> ''[[Little Children (film)|Little Children]]'' (2006),<ref name="Reilly2" /> and ''[[Tár]]'' (2022).
*[[Sofia Coppola]] - An American filmmaker, daughter of [[Francis Ford Coppola]], known for psychological drama films such as ''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]'' (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandler|first=Sarah|date=2021-08-11|title=Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas|url=https://www.looper.com/484400/movies-like-requiem-for-a-dream-for-fans-of-psychological-dramas/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Looper.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lost in Translation (2003) - Sofia Coppola {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/lost-in-translation-v283628|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref>
*[[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] - A Mexican filmmaker who has directed numerous films that focus on aspects of the human condition.
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*[[Adam Elliot]] - An Australian stop-motion animator known of [[clayography]] works focused on psychological elements with bitterness and human conditions. His films included ''[[Harvie Krumpet]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Citation |title=Harvie Krumpet |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F9BB64FF37 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Harvie Krumpet (2003) - Adam Elliot {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/harvie-krumpet-v302236 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mary and Max]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary and Max |url=https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/movie-reviews/mary-and-max |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Raising Children Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=Mary and Max: rewatching classic Australian films |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/30/mary-and-max-rewatching-classic-australian-films |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Memoir of a Snail]]'' (2024).
*[[Charlie Kaufman]] - An American director and screenwriter, whose work explores universal themes like [[identity crisis]], [[Death|mortality]], and the [[meaning of life]] through a [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] or [[Parapsychology|parapsychological]] framework.
*[[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] - A Mexican filmmaker who has directed numerous films that focus on aspects of the human condition, notably [[Alejandro González Iñárritu#2000s|The Death trilogy]]; ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000), ''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003) and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006) as well as his fourth feature, ''[[Biutiful]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alejandro González Iñárritu {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/alejandro-gonz%C3%A1lez-i%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu-p297411|access-date=2021-07-06|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Charlie Kaufman]] - An American director and screenwriter, whose work explores universal themes like [[identity crisis]], [[Death|mortality]], and the [[meaning of life]] through a [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] or [[Parapsychology|parapsychological]] framework, as shown in films like his directorial works, ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'' (2008) and ''[[Anomalisa]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anomalisa|url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/news-and-features/blogs/detail/cultural-blog/2016/11/14/anomalisa|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.rcpsych.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlie Kaufman {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/charlie-kaufman-p271315|access-date=2021-08-13|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref>
**Examples: ''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anomalisa|url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/news-and-features/blogs/detail/cultural-blog/2016/11/14/anomalisa|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.rcpsych.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlie Kaufman {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/charlie-kaufman-p271315|access-date=2021-08-13|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Andrei Tarkovsky]] - A Soviet and Russian filmmaker, known for his philosophical and psychological movies dealing with [[existence]], [[faith]] and dreamlike [[Memory|memories]].
*[[Krzysztof Kieślowski]] - A Polish filmmaker, known for his psychological drama films such as the [[Three Colours trilogy|''Three Colours'' trilogy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krzysztof Kieslowski {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/krzysztof-kieslowski-p97360|access-date=2021-07-06|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
**Examples: ''[[Solaris (1972 film)|Solaris]]'' (1972), ''[[Mirror (1975 film)|Mirror]]'' (1975) and ''[[Stalker (1979 film)|Stalker]]'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSPDT - Andrei Tarkovsky|url=http://www.theyshootpictures.com////tarkovskyandrei.htm|access-date=2021-12-27|website=TSPDT|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Akira Kurosawa]] - A Japanese filmmaker, considered among the greatest directors of all time, who directed psychological dramas such as ''[[Drunken Angel]]'' (1948)<ref>{{Citation|title=Drunken Angel|url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/824D915A80|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Drunken Angel (1948) - Akira Kurosawa {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-drunken-angel-v14877|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> and ''[[Ikiru]]'' (1952).<ref>{{Citation|title=Ikiru (1952) - Akira Kurosawa {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ikiru-v24340|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref>
*[[Yorgos Lanthimos]] - A Greek filmmaker known for his themes about absurdity, animal cruelty, odd behaviors, dark humors, and unrequited relationships.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scott|first=Cam|title=Favouritism In The Field of Vision: Yorgos Lanthimos' The Favourite – Senses of Cinema|date=2 February 2009 |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2021/feature-articles/favouritism-in-the-field-of-vision-yorgos-lanthimos-the-favourite/|access-date=2021-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]] - An American filmmaker and actor, well known for his critically acclaimed [[independent film]]s ''[[The Station Agent]]'' (2003) and ''[[The Visitor (2007 feature film)|The Visitor]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tom McCarthy {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/tom-mccarthy-p455452|access-date=2021-08-19|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Brillante Mendoza]] - A Filipino filmmaker, known for his independent psychological drama films like ''[[The Masseur]]'' (2005) and ''[[Captive (2012 film)|Captive]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Citation|title=The Masseur (2005) - Brillante Mendoza {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-masseur-v336088|language=en|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref>
*[[Gaspar Noé]] - An Argentine avant-garde filmmaker shares an attenuated use of narrative, generally assaulting and often illegible cinematography, confrontational subject material, a treatment of sexual behavior as violent rather than mutually intimate, and a pervasive sense of social nihilism or despair, with such his polarizing feature films as ''[[I Stand Alone (film)|I Stand Alone]]'' (1998), ''[[Irréversible]]'' (2002), ''[[8 (2008 film)|8]]'' (2008), ''[[Enter the Void]]'' (2009), and ''[[Vortex (2021 film)|Vortex]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaspar Noé {{!}} Movies and Filmography |url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/gaspar-no%C3%A9-p205571/filmography |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=AllMovie |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Vortex (2021) - Gaspar Noé {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/vortex-v731232 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=8 (2008) - Jane Campion, Gael García Bernal, Jan Kounen, Mira Nair, Gaspar Noé, Abderrahmane Sissako, Gus Van Sant, Wim Wenders {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/8-v484592 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=I Stand Alone (1998) - Gaspar Noé {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/i-stand-alone-v162718 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref>
*[[Steven Soderbergh]] - An American filmmaker, well known for his independent films featuring explorations of the human condition, such as in his critically acclaimed debut ''[[Sex, Lies, and Videotape]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steven Soderbergh {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/steven-soderbergh-p112040|access-date=2021-08-12|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Andrei Tarkovsky]] - A Soviet and Russian filmmaker, known for his philosophical and psychological movies dealing with [[existence]], [[faith]] and dreamlike [[Memory|memories]], such as ''[[Solaris (1972 film)|Solaris]]'' (1972), ''[[Mirror (1975 film)|Mirror]]'' (1975) and ''[[Stalker (1979 film)|Stalker]]'' (1979).<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSPDT - Andrei Tarkovsky|url=http://www.theyshootpictures.com////tarkovskyandrei.htm|access-date=2021-12-27|website=TSPDT|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Denis Villeneuve]] - A French Canadian filmmaker, primarily known for directing drama and science fiction films featuring psychological elements<ref>{{Cite web|title=Denis Villeneuve {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/denis-villeneuve-p214694|access-date=2021-08-19|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref> such as ''[[Maelström (film)|Maelström]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Citation|title=Maelstrom (2000) - Denis Villeneuve {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/maelstrom-v220916|language=en|access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref> ''[[Enemy (2013 film)|Enemy]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Citation|title=Enemy (2013) - Denis Villeneuve {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/enemy-v584771|language=en|access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref> and ''[[Arrival (film)|Arrival]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Citation|title=Arrival (2016) - Denis Villeneuve, Paul Salamoff {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/arrival-v654945|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref>
*[[Lars von Trier]] - A Danish artistic filmmaker known for his works with a confrontational examination of issues and controversial subject matters such as ''[[Europa (1991 film)|Europa]]'' (1991), ''[[The Kingdom (miniseries)|Riget]]'' (1994-2022), ''[[Breaking the Waves]]'' (1996), ''[[Antichrist (film)|Antichrist]]'' (2009), and ''[[Melancholia (2011 film)|Melancholia]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Zentropa (1991) - Lars von Trier {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/zentropa-v56136 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Breaking the Waves (1996) - Lars von Trier {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/breaking-the-waves-v136347 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lars von Trier {{!}} Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos |url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/lars-von-trier-p118403 |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=AllMovie |language=en}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==


* [[Social thriller]]
* [[List of drama films]]
* [[Tragedy]]
* [[Cult film]]
* [[Hyperlink cinema]]
* [[Legal drama|Courtroom drama]]
* [[Postmodernist film]]
* [[Postmodernist film]]
* [[Realism (arts)|Realism]]
* [[Social issues]]
* [[Social issues]]
* [[Slow cinema]]
* [[Tragedy]]
* [[Tragicomedy]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 12:55, 17 September 2024

Psychological drama
Influences

Psychological drama, or psychodrama,[1] is a subgenre of drama and psychological fiction literatures that generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted by the drama.[2][3][4] It is widely known as one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction; the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series.

Discussion of the subgenre

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The roots of the subgenre can be traced back to the early 20th century, emerging from a rich tapestry of literature that focused on the inner workings of the mind. As cinema evolved, filmmakers began to see the potential for the medium to explore complex psychological themes and narratives.[5]

Characteristics

[edit]

Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a strong, emotional value from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle.[3]

It can be also characterized as primary character-driven, in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context.[6] The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis.[7]

[edit]

It often overlaps with other genres such as crime, fantasy, dark comedy, mystery and science fiction, and it is closely related with the psychological horror and psychological thriller genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' tropes to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone, nearly similar to melodrama.

The difference between "drama" and "psychological drama" that places emphasis is that in the latter scenario, the focus is more on the psychological character of the characters and on existentialism in general, and not on the context of the narrative itself. So, the end is not necessarily tragic: the main character can doubt himself and sometimes overcome his intimate problems. Psychological drama can be very clearly distinguished from dramedy, as there is no to minimal humor in it like Good Will Hunting (1997) and The Truman Show (1998) but since the subgenre is rather devoid of humor.

Techniques

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Each films utilize a range of techniques to mirror the psychological landscape of their characters. Close-ups and subjective camera angles invite viewers into the character’s personal space, while disjointed editing and surreal imagery can reflect fragmented states of mind. The use of symbolism is also prevalent, with objects, settings, and colors imbued with psychological significance. Music and sound design play crucial roles, often used to heighten the emotional intensity and draw audiences deeper into the psychological experience.[5]

Themes

[edit]

These primary themes in the subgenre related to depiction of mental illness, psychological trauma, and society, but not limited to; other themes like alienation, self-doubt, and the quest for identity are common, with narratives often blurring the lines between reality and illusion to reflect the turmoil within the characters’ minds.[5]

It can be explore thematic elements include: denialism, depression, disability, distorted sequences, dysfunctional relationships, existential crisis, human sexuality, identity crisis, mass hysteria, mood swings, odd behaviors, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological abuse, psychedelic art, and social issues.[8]

Examples

[edit]

Films

[edit]
The Whispering Chorus (1918) is considered an early example of this subgenre.[9]

Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in the earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited The Whispering Chorus (1918)[10] and Greed (1924).[11] Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include La vuelta al nido (1938),[12] Death of a Salesman (1951),[13] Johnny Belinda (1948),[14] A Place in the Sun (1951),[15] and The Snake Pit (1948)[16]

Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially social issues and/or psychosexual themes, most notably Stanley Kubrick's Lolita (1962),[17] A Clockwork Orange (1971), and Eyes Wide Shut (1999).[18] Other acclaimed films with similar themes including Last Tango in Paris (1972),[19] One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975),[20][21] The Ninth Configuration (1980),[22] Pink Floyd - The Wall,[23] Sophie's Choice (both 1982)[24] Heavenly Creatures (1994),[25] Breaking the Waves (1996),[26] I Stand Alone (1998), Magnolia (1999), Requiem for a Dream (2000),[27] The Piano Teacher (2001), Elephant (2003),[24] Enter the Void (2009),[28] Biutiful (2010),[29] Shame (2011),[30] Jagten[31] and The Master (both 2012),[32] Nymphomaniac (2013),[26] Whiplash (2014),[33][24] The Power of the Dog (2021),[34][35][36] and Blonde and The Whale (both 2022).[37]

Films have some thematically-linked franchises or trilogies to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably Iñárritu's Death trilogy (consists Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003) and Babel (2006)) and Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colours trilogy.

Asian films have contributed the subgenre, often employs several psychological and social elements. For example: Akira Kurosawa, a Japanese renowned filmmaker, known for his landmark filmography with the subgenre, notably Drunken Angel (1948)[28] and Ikiru (1952).[38] Each films including The Demon (1978), Batch '81 (1982), Silip (1986), Taare Zameen Par (2007), Himizu (2011),[39] Aparisyon (2012),[40] Like Father, Like Son and Norte, the End of History (both 2013), Black Stone (2015), Last Night (2017), and Family History and John Denver Trending (both 2019).

Television

[edit]

Animated series

[edit]

Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with mental health and psychological trauma; these included Bojack Horseman,[50] Morel Orel, Steven Universe Future,[51][52] and Undone.

Japanese filmmaker and animator Hideaki Anno created Neon Genesis Evangelion.

Japanese filmmaker and animator Hideaki Anno, who is best known of creating anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion, a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series.[53][54] The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to reboot a feature film as an alternative ending.

Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including Akagi,[55] The Flowers of Evil,[56] The Fruit of Grisaia[57], Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai[58], Scum's Wish[59][60], The Tatami Galaxy[61], Welcome to the N.H.K.,[62] and Wonder Egg Priority.[63]

Animated films

[edit]

A Silent Voice,[64] Anomalisa, It's Such a Beautiful Day, Inside Out (and its sequel), The Missing, Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, and When Marnie Was There[65] are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as anxiety attack, fear of abandonment and death, and society.

Adam Elliot is the most notable example of animated psychological drama films, confronted with bitterness and human conditions. His films included Harvie Krumpet (2003),[66] Mary and Max (2009),[67][68] and Memoir of a Snail (2024).

Literature

[edit]

Theater

[edit]

Filmmakers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Psychodrama definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  2. ^ "Top 100 Psychological Drama Movies". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  3. ^ a b "Rate Your Music - Psychological Drama".
  4. ^ "Psychological Drama - Flickchart".
  5. ^ a b c "What is the Psychological Drama Film Genre?". European Studios. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  6. ^ "Drame psychologique". www.lecinema.free.fr. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  7. ^ Jagu, Tony (4 April 2014). The Notebooks of a Cinephile. Société des Ecrivains. p. 196. ISBN 978-2-342-02123-3.
  8. ^ "Ciné-club : Le drame psychologique au cinéma". www.cineclubdecaen.com. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  9. ^ "The Whispering Chorus". www.listal.com. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  10. ^ The Whispering Chorus, retrieved 2021-08-19
  11. ^ Greed, retrieved 2021-08-19
  12. ^ Zolezzi, Emilio (2006). Noticias del viejo cine criollo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken. p. 23. ISBN 9789876030182.
  13. ^ Death of a Salesman (1951) - Flickchart, retrieved 2021-08-12
  14. ^ Johnny Belinda (1948) - Flickchart, retrieved 2021-08-12
  15. ^ A Place in the Sun (1951) - Flickchart, retrieved 2021-08-12
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  17. ^ Lolita (1962) - Flickchart, retrieved 2021-07-06
  18. ^ Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - Flickchart, retrieved 2021-08-22
  19. ^ "Oscar-winning director Bernardo Bertolucci dies at 77". AP NEWS. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
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  21. ^ Chandler, Sarah (2021-08-11). "Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas". Looper.com. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  22. ^ Reyes, Xavier Aldana (December 12, 2019). Gothic Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-1315395364.
  23. ^ Pink Floyd The Wall, retrieved 2021-08-19
  24. ^ a b c d Reilly, Kaitlin. "The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  25. ^ Heavenly Creatures, retrieved 2021-08-19
  26. ^ a b Breaking the Waves (1996) - Flickchart
  27. ^ "Movie Review Throwbacks: Requiem for a Dream |". www.ecufilmfestival.com. 2017-02-22. Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  28. ^ a b Enter the Void (2009) - Flickchart
  29. ^ "Biutiful - Flickchart". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  30. ^ Shame (2011) - Flickchart, retrieved 2021-08-12
  31. ^ Seferou, Aliki (2018-02-08). "The 11 Most Controversial Films in Denmark". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  32. ^ "The Master – review". the Guardian. 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  33. ^ Lee, Ashley (2014-10-10). "'Whiplash': What the Critics Are Saying". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  34. ^ "The Power of the Dog review: a gripping psychodrama". BFI. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  35. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (2021-09-02). "'The Power of the Dog' Review: Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano'". Variety. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  36. ^ "Review: 'The Power of the Dog' is a sublime gothic Western". AP NEWS. 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  37. ^ Syed, Armani (2022-12-09). "What to Know About 'The Whale' Controversy". TIME. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  38. ^ Ikiru (1952) - Akira Kurosawa | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
  39. ^ "Minoru Furuya's Himizu Manga Gets Live-Action Film". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  40. ^ "Exclusive Interview: "I wanted to break as many rules as possible" Isabel Sandoval on her early films Señorita & Apparition now playing on Criterion Channel". The Queer Review. 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  41. ^ Russell, John (23 August 2019). "Anna Paquin on Joanie's Story & Getting Answers in 'The Affair' Season 5". TV Insider. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  42. ^ "Beef TV Series: Why you can't afford to miss series of the year". Show Snob. 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  43. ^ "Netflix's interrogation drama Criminal is both an intriguing and claustrophobic experiment in intensity". The Independent. 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  44. ^ O'Neill, Christina (2018-04-03). "Jenna Coleman to begin filming new psychological drama in the west end". GlasgowLive. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  45. ^ "'Death in California': A Gritty Psychological Drama". Chicago Tribune. 2018-12-15. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  46. ^ a b Turchiano, Danielle (2018-06-04). "The Importance of Leaning Into Dark Dramas During Dark Times in History (Column)". Variety. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  47. ^ D'Addario, Daniel (2018-09-13). "TV Review: 'Maniac' With Emma Stone and Jonah Hill". Variety. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  48. ^ Ashley, James (2021-08-03). "Ray Donovan Season 8 Release Date, Cast, Plot - All We Know So Far". The Bulletin Time. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  49. ^ Ali, Lorraine (2021-12-09). "Trust us: It's time to catch up on 'Yellowjackets,' your next TV obsession". Los Angeles Times.
  50. ^ "How 'BoJack Horseman' Depicts Depression More Honestly Than Any Show On TV". Bustle. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  51. ^ Chow, Kai-Ming (2020-09-12). "Steven Universe Future: Normalizing Mental Health Awareness". Cinemania. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  52. ^ King, Jade (2021-05-05). "Steven Universe Future Wasn't Afraid To Teach The Meaning Of Trauma". TheGamer. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  53. ^ Loo, Egan (September 8, 2007). "Human-Sized Eva Spear Auctioned for 13.7 Million Yen". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  54. ^ "CJAS Newsletter Archives -- In the Eyes of Hideaki Anno, Writer and Director of Evangelion". www.cjas.org. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  55. ^ "AnimeNation Anime News Blog » Blog Archive » Ask John: What Are Some Good Psychological Anime?". 2012-01-27. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  56. ^ Webb, Charles. "Sentai Filmworks Bringing Rotoscoped 'Flowers of Evil' Anime To The U.S." MTV News. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  57. ^ "Sentai Filmworks Licenses "Le Fruit de la Grisaia"". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  58. ^ "Aniplex of America Adds Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai and DAKAICHI – I'm being harassed by the sexiest man of the year - to Fall 2018 Anime Line-Up". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  59. ^ "Scum's Wish [Anime Review]". Otaku USA Magazine. 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  60. ^ "Scum's Wish: A romantic drama that is decidedly unromantic". SBS PopAsia. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  61. ^ "The Tatami Galaxy (TV) - Anime News Network". www.animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  62. ^ "Right Turn Only!! - Hikikomori Festival". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  63. ^ "The Best Anime of 2021 Winner". IGN Southeast Asia. 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  64. ^ "A Silent Voice (movie) - Anime News Network". www.animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  65. ^ "When Marnie Was There (movie) - Anime News Network". www.animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  66. ^ Harvie Krumpet, retrieved 2021-08-22
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