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* [[Independent film]]
* [[Independent film]]
* [[Melodrama]]
* [[Melodrama]]
* [[Slice of life]]}}'''Psychological drama''', or '''psychodrama''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychodrama definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/psychodrama |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> is a [[Genre|subgenre]] of [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] and [[psychological fiction]] literatures, generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted in a dramatic work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Psychological Drama Movies |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls089213480/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Rate Your Music - Psychological Drama |url=https://rateyourmusic.com/film_genre/Psychological+Drama/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychological Drama - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/genre/Psychological+Drama }}</ref> Widely known one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction, the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series.
* [[Slice of life]]}}'''Psychological drama''', or '''psychodrama''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychodrama definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/psychodrama |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> is a [[Genre|subgenre]] of [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] and [[psychological fiction]] literatures that generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted by the drama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Psychological Drama Movies |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls089213480/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Rate Your Music - Psychological Drama |url=https://rateyourmusic.com/film_genre/Psychological+Drama/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychological Drama - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/genre/Psychological+Drama }}</ref> It is widely known as one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction; the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series.


== Discussion of the subgenre ==
== Discussion of the subgenre ==
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Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a [[Shock value|strong, emotional value]] from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle.<ref name=":9" />
Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a [[Shock value|strong, emotional value]] from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle.<ref name=":9" />


It can be also characterized as primary [[Plot (narrative)|character-driven]], in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drame psychologique |url=http://www.lecinema.free.fr/htm/Genre/Drame_psychologique.htm |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.lecinema.free.fr}}</ref> The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagu |first=Tony |title=The Notebooks of a Cinephile |isbn=978-2-342-02123-3 |pages=196}}</ref>
It can be also characterized as primary [[Plot (narrative)|character-driven]], in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drame psychologique |url=http://www.lecinema.free.fr/htm/Genre/Drame_psychologique.htm |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.lecinema.free.fr}}</ref> The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagu |first=Tony |title=The Notebooks of a Cinephile |date=4 April 2014 |isbn=978-2-342-02123-3 |pages=196|publisher=Société des Ecrivains }}</ref>


=== Related with genres ===
=== Related with genres ===
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Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in the earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited ''The Whispering Chorus'' (1918)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Whispering Chorus |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F5CC6AD906 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Greed (1924 film)|''Greed'']] (1924).<ref>{{Citation |title=Greed |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/A2F740D803 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include ''[[La vuelta al nido]]'' (1938),<ref>{{cite book |last=Zolezzi |first=Emilio |title=Noticias del viejo cine criollo |publisher=[[Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken]] |year=2006 |isbn=9789876030182 |location=Buenos Aires |page=23 |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Death of a Salesman (1951 film)|Death of a Salesman]]'' (1951),<ref>{{Citation |title=Death of a Salesman (1951) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/F161A36DBB |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Johnny Belinda (1948 film)|Johnny Belinda]]'' (1948),<ref>{{Citation |title=Johnny Belinda (1948) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/DFD6F605DA |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951),<ref>{{Citation |title=A Place in the Sun (1951) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/EE323CFFB4 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Snake Pit (1948) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/03C1BFC078 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>
Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in the earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited ''The Whispering Chorus'' (1918)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Whispering Chorus |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F5CC6AD906 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Greed (1924 film)|''Greed'']] (1924).<ref>{{Citation |title=Greed |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/A2F740D803 |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include ''[[La vuelta al nido]]'' (1938),<ref>{{cite book |last=Zolezzi |first=Emilio |title=Noticias del viejo cine criollo |publisher=[[Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken]] |year=2006 |isbn=9789876030182 |location=Buenos Aires |page=23 |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Death of a Salesman (1951 film)|Death of a Salesman]]'' (1951),<ref>{{Citation |title=Death of a Salesman (1951) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/F161A36DBB |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Johnny Belinda (1948 film)|Johnny Belinda]]'' (1948),<ref>{{Citation |title=Johnny Belinda (1948) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/DFD6F605DA |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951),<ref>{{Citation |title=A Place in the Sun (1951) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/EE323CFFB4 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Snake Pit (1948) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/03C1BFC078 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref>


Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially [[Social issue|social issues]] and/or [[Psychosexual development|psychosexual]] themes, most notably [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Citation |title=Lolita (1962) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/3711C17849 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), and ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Citation |title=Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - Flickchart |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/eyes-wide-shut-v158829 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> Other acclaimed films with similar themes including ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1972),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=Oscar-winning director Bernardo Bertolucci dies at 77 |url=https://apnews.com/article/bernardo-bertolucci-ap-top-news-rome-paris-international-news-15b3aae5cd0a4c8ebf30c11eb8bdbb11 |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975),<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/524F1C7D3F |access-date=2021-07-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Sarah |date=2021-08-11 |title=Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas |url=https://www.looper.com/484400/movies-like-requiem-for-a-dream-for-fans-of-psychological-dramas/ |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=Looper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Ninth Configuration]]'' (1980),<ref>{{cite book |last=Reyes |first=Xavier Aldana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |title=Gothic Cinema |date=December 12, 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1315395364}}</ref> ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd - The Wall]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Pink Floyd The Wall |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/00C2D3EDFB |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (both 1982)<ref name="Reilly2">{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Kaitlin |title=The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/238540/best-psychological-drama-films |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' (1994),<ref>{{Citation |title=Heavenly Creatures |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/9A7A53789E |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Breaking the Waves]]'' (1996),<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Breaking the Waves (1996) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/3EC1BB4797 |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> ''[[I Stand Alone (film)|I Stand Alone]]'' (1998), ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999), ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-22 |title=Movie Review Throwbacks: Requiem for a Dream {{!}} |url=https://www.ecufilmfestival.com/movie-review-throwbacks-requiem-for-a-dream/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=www.ecufilmfestival.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''[[The Piano Teacher (film)|The Piano Teacher]]'' (2001), ''[[Elephant (2003 film)|Elephant]]'' (2003),<ref name="Reilly2" /> ''[[Enter the Void]]'' (2009),<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Enter the Void (2009) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/8D79E68AA0 |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Biutiful]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biutiful - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/A8CEA2BD42 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=AllMovie |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shame (2011 film)|Shame]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Citation |title=Shame (2011) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/CE4BF46A72 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hunt (2012 film)|''Jagten'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seferou |first=Aliki |date=2018-02-08 |title=The 11 Most Controversial Films in Denmark |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/denmark/articles/11-controversial-films-denmark/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> and ''[[The Master (2012 film)|The Master]]'' (both 2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-02 |title=The Master – review |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/sep/02/the-master-review |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Nymphomaniac (film)|Nymphomaniac]]'' (2013),<ref name=":7" /> ''[[Whiplash (2014 film)|Whiplash]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2014-10-10 |title='Whiplash': What the Critics Are Saying |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/whiplash-review-what-critics-are-739461/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Reilly2" /> ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of the Dog review: a gripping psychodrama |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/reviews/power-dog-draws-out-instability-american-west-myths |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=2021-09-02 |title='The Power of the Dog' Review: Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-power-of-the-dog-review-jane-campion-benedict-cumberbatch-kirsten-dunst-jesse-plemons-1235054229/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Review: 'The Power of the Dog' is a sublime gothic Western |url=https://apnews.com/article/film-reviews-entertainment-reviews-arts-and-entertainment-jane-campion-b03ab22da222bcab8caf3f06085555f1 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Blonde (2022 film)|Blonde]]'' and ''[[The Whale (2022 film)|The Whale]]'' (both 2022).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2022-12-09 |title=What to Know About 'The Whale' Controversy |url=https://time.com/6240001/the-whale-fatsuit-controversy/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially [[Social issue|social issues]] and/or [[Psychosexual development|psychosexual]] themes, most notably [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Citation |title=Lolita (1962) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/3711C17849 |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), and ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Citation |title=Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - Flickchart |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/eyes-wide-shut-v158829 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> Other acclaimed films with similar themes including ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1972),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=Oscar-winning director Bernardo Bertolucci dies at 77 |url=https://apnews.com/article/bernardo-bertolucci-ap-top-news-rome-paris-international-news-15b3aae5cd0a4c8ebf30c11eb8bdbb11 |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975),<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/524F1C7D3F |access-date=2021-07-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Sarah |date=2021-08-11 |title=Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas |url=https://www.looper.com/484400/movies-like-requiem-for-a-dream-for-fans-of-psychological-dramas/ |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=Looper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Ninth Configuration]]'' (1980),<ref>{{cite book |last=Reyes |first=Xavier Aldana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |title=Gothic Cinema |date=December 12, 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1315395364}}</ref> ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd - The Wall]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Pink Floyd The Wall |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/00C2D3EDFB |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (both 1982)<ref name="Reilly2">{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Kaitlin |title=The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/238540/best-psychological-drama-films |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' (1994),<ref>{{Citation |title=Heavenly Creatures |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/9A7A53789E |access-date=2021-08-19 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Breaking the Waves]]'' (1996),<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Breaking the Waves (1996) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/3EC1BB4797 |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> ''[[I Stand Alone (film)|I Stand Alone]]'' (1998), ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999), ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-22 |title=Movie Review Throwbacks: Requiem for a Dream {{!}} |url=https://www.ecufilmfestival.com/movie-review-throwbacks-requiem-for-a-dream/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=www.ecufilmfestival.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150819/https://www.ecufilmfestival.com/movie-review-throwbacks-requiem-for-a-dream/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Piano Teacher (film)|The Piano Teacher]]'' (2001), ''[[Elephant (2003 film)|Elephant]]'' (2003),<ref name="Reilly2" /> ''[[Enter the Void]]'' (2009),<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Enter the Void (2009) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/8D79E68AA0 |access-date= |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Biutiful]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biutiful - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/A8CEA2BD42 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=AllMovie |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shame (2011 film)|Shame]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Citation |title=Shame (2011) - Flickchart |url=https://www.flickchart.com/movie/CE4BF46A72 |access-date=2021-08-12 |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hunt (2012 film)|''Jagten'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seferou |first=Aliki |date=2018-02-08 |title=The 11 Most Controversial Films in Denmark |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/denmark/articles/11-controversial-films-denmark/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref> and ''[[The Master (2012 film)|The Master]]'' (both 2012),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-02 |title=The Master – review |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/sep/02/the-master-review |access-date=2022-01-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Nymphomaniac (film)|Nymphomaniac]]'' (2013),<ref name=":7" /> ''[[Whiplash (2014 film)|Whiplash]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=2014-10-10 |title='Whiplash': What the Critics Are Saying |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/whiplash-review-what-critics-are-739461/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Reilly2" /> ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of the Dog review: a gripping psychodrama |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/reviews/power-dog-draws-out-instability-american-west-myths |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=BFI |date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=2021-09-02 |title='The Power of the Dog' Review: Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-power-of-the-dog-review-jane-campion-benedict-cumberbatch-kirsten-dunst-jesse-plemons-1235054229/ |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Review: 'The Power of the Dog' is a sublime gothic Western |url=https://apnews.com/article/film-reviews-entertainment-reviews-arts-and-entertainment-jane-campion-b03ab22da222bcab8caf3f06085555f1 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Blonde (2022 film)|Blonde]]'' and ''[[The Whale (2022 film)|The Whale]]'' (both 2022).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2022-12-09 |title=What to Know About 'The Whale' Controversy |url=https://time.com/6240001/the-whale-fatsuit-controversy/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>


Films have some thematically-linked franchises or [[Trilogy|trilogies]] to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably [[Alejandro González Iñárritu|Iñárritu]]'s [[Alejandro González Iñárritu#2000s|Death trilogy]] (consists ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000), ''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003) and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006)) and [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s [[Three Colours trilogy|''Three Colours'' trilogy]].
Films have some thematically-linked franchises or [[Trilogy|trilogies]] to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably [[Alejandro González Iñárritu|Iñárritu]]'s [[Alejandro González Iñárritu#2000s|Death trilogy]] (consists ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000), ''[[21 Grams]]'' (2003) and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006)) and [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s [[Three Colours trilogy|''Three Colours'' trilogy]].
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Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with [[mental health]] and [[psychological trauma]]; these included ''[[BoJack Horseman|Bojack Horseman]]'',''<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How 'BoJack Horseman' Depicts Depression More Honestly Than Any Show On TV |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/how-bojack-horseman-depicts-depression-more-honestly-than-any-show-on-tv-80926 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref>'' ''[[Moral Orel|Morel Orel]]'', ''[[Steven Universe Future]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Kai-Ming |date=2020-09-12 |title=Steven Universe Future: Normalizing Mental Health Awareness |url=https://medium.com/cinemania/steven-universe-future-normalizing-mental-health-awareness-fd0389dfab23 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Cinemania |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jade |date=2021-05-05 |title=Steven Universe Future Wasn't Afraid To Teach The Meaning Of Trauma |url=https://www.thegamer.com/steven-universe-future-trauma/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Undone (TV series)|Undone]]''.[[File:Hideaki Anno.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Japanese filmmaker and animator '''Hideaki Anno''' created ''Neon Genesis Evangelion''.]]Japanese filmmaker and animator [[Hideaki Anno]], who is best known of creating [[anime]] series ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=September 8, 2007 |title=Human-Sized Eva Spear Auctioned for 13.7 Million Yen |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722201122/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CJAS Newsletter Archives -- In the Eyes of Hideaki Anno, Writer and Director of Evangelion |url=http://www.cjas.org/~echen/articles/spring97/05_03b.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.cjas.org}}</ref> The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to [[The End of Evangelion|reboot a feature film as an alternative ending]].
Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with [[mental health]] and [[psychological trauma]]; these included ''[[BoJack Horseman|Bojack Horseman]]'',''<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=How 'BoJack Horseman' Depicts Depression More Honestly Than Any Show On TV |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/how-bojack-horseman-depicts-depression-more-honestly-than-any-show-on-tv-80926 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref>'' ''[[Moral Orel|Morel Orel]]'', ''[[Steven Universe Future]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Kai-Ming |date=2020-09-12 |title=Steven Universe Future: Normalizing Mental Health Awareness |url=https://medium.com/cinemania/steven-universe-future-normalizing-mental-health-awareness-fd0389dfab23 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Cinemania |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jade |date=2021-05-05 |title=Steven Universe Future Wasn't Afraid To Teach The Meaning Of Trauma |url=https://www.thegamer.com/steven-universe-future-trauma/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Undone (TV series)|Undone]]''.[[File:Hideaki Anno.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Japanese filmmaker and animator '''Hideaki Anno''' created ''Neon Genesis Evangelion''.]]Japanese filmmaker and animator [[Hideaki Anno]], who is best known of creating [[anime]] series ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=September 8, 2007 |title=Human-Sized Eva Spear Auctioned for 13.7 Million Yen |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722201122/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-09-08/human-sized-eva-spear-auctioned-for-13.7-million-yen/2 |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CJAS Newsletter Archives -- In the Eyes of Hideaki Anno, Writer and Director of Evangelion |url=http://www.cjas.org/~echen/articles/spring97/05_03b.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.cjas.org}}</ref> The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to [[The End of Evangelion|reboot a feature film as an alternative ending]].


Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including ''[[Akagi (manga)|Akagi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-27 |title=AnimeNation Anime News Blog » Blog Archive » Ask John: What Are Some Good Psychological Anime? |url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127180749/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-date=2012-01-27 |access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref>, [[The Flowers of Evil (manga)|''The Flowers of Evil'']]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Webb |first=Charles |title=Sentai Filmworks Bringing Rotoscoped 'Flowers of Evil' Anime To The U.S. |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104003200/http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2020 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=MTV News |language=en}}</ref>, ''[[The Fruit of Grisaia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses "Le Fruit de la Grisaia" |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2014-10-02/sentai-filmworks-licenses-le-fruit-de-la-grisaia/.79506 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniplex of America Adds Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai and DAKAICHI – I'm being harassed by the sexiest man of the year - to Fall 2018 Anime Line-Up |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2018-09-22/aniplex-of-america-adds-rascal-does-not-dream-of-bunny-girl-senpai-and-dakaichi-im-being-harassed-/.137191 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Scum's Wish]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-22 |title=Scum's Wish [Anime Review] |url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/scums-wish-anime-review/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Otaku USA Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Scum's Wish: A romantic drama that is decidedly unromantic |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/blog/2017/06/13/scums-wish-romantic-drama-decidedly-unromantic |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=SBS PopAsia |language=en}}</ref>'', [[The Tatami Galaxy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tatami Galaxy (TV) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=11200 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'', [[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Right Turn Only!! - Hikikomori Festival |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2007-02-20 |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>, and ''[[Wonder Egg Priority]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=The Best Anime of 2021 Winner |url=https://sea.ign.com/attack-on-titan-1/179657/feature/the-best-anime-of-2021 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |language=en-sg}}</ref>.
Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including ''[[Akagi (manga)|Akagi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-27 |title=AnimeNation Anime News Blog » Blog Archive » Ask John: What Are Some Good Psychological Anime? |url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127180749/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/01/06/ask-john-what-are-some-good-psychological-anime/ |archive-date=2012-01-27 |access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref> [[The Flowers of Evil (manga)|''The Flowers of Evil'']],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Webb |first=Charles |title=Sentai Filmworks Bringing Rotoscoped 'Flowers of Evil' Anime To The U.S. |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104003200/http://www.mtv.com/news/2628777/flowers-of-evil-anime/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2020 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=MTV News |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Fruit of Grisaia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses "Le Fruit de la Grisaia" |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2014-10-02/sentai-filmworks-licenses-le-fruit-de-la-grisaia/.79506 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniplex of America Adds Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai and DAKAICHI – I'm being harassed by the sexiest man of the year - to Fall 2018 Anime Line-Up |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2018-09-22/aniplex-of-america-adds-rascal-does-not-dream-of-bunny-girl-senpai-and-dakaichi-im-being-harassed-/.137191 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>'', [[Scum's Wish]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-22 |title=Scum's Wish [Anime Review] |url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/scums-wish-anime-review/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Otaku USA Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Scum's Wish: A romantic drama that is decidedly unromantic |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/blog/2017/06/13/scums-wish-romantic-drama-decidedly-unromantic |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=SBS PopAsia |language=en}}</ref>'', [[The Tatami Galaxy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tatami Galaxy (TV) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=11200 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'', [[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Right Turn Only!! - Hikikomori Festival |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2007-02-20 |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Wonder Egg Priority]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=The Best Anime of 2021 Winner |url=https://sea.ign.com/attack-on-titan-1/179657/feature/the-best-anime-of-2021 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |language=en-sg}}</ref>


=== Animated films<!-- Each animated films internationally included Japanese animation, or say "anime" as a part of it. --> ===
=== Animated films<!-- Each animated films internationally included Japanese animation, or say "anime" as a part of it. --> ===
''[[A Silent Voice]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Silent Voice (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=16661 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref> ''[[Anomalisa]]'', [[It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)|''It's Such a Beautiful Day'']], ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' (and [[Inside Out 2|its sequel]]), ''[[The Missing (2023 film)|The Missing]]'', ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'', and [[When Marnie Was There (film)|''When Marnie Was There'']]''<ref name="animenewsnetwork.com2">{{Cite web |title=When Marnie Was There (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15761 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'' are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as [[Panic attack|anxiety attack]], [[Abandonment (emotional)|fear of abandonment]] and [[Death anxiety|death]], and society.
''[[A Silent Voice (film)|A Silent Voice]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Silent Voice (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=16661 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref> ''[[Anomalisa]]'', [[It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)|''It's Such a Beautiful Day'']], ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' (and [[Inside Out 2|its sequel]]), ''[[The Missing (2023 film)|The Missing]]'', ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'', and [[When Marnie Was There (film)|''When Marnie Was There'']]''<ref name="animenewsnetwork.com2">{{Cite web |title=When Marnie Was There (movie) - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15761 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.animenewsnetwork.com}}</ref>'' are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as [[Panic attack|anxiety attack]], [[Abandonment (emotional)|fear of abandonment]] and [[Death anxiety|death]], and society.


[[Adam Elliot]] is the most notable example of animated psychological drama films, confronted with bitterness and human conditions. His films included ''[[Harvie Krumpet]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Citation |title=Harvie Krumpet |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F9BB64FF37 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mary and Max]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary and Max |url=https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/movie-reviews/mary-and-max |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Raising Children Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=Mary and Max: rewatching classic Australian films |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/30/mary-and-max-rewatching-classic-australian-films |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Memoir of a Snail]]'' (2024).
[[Adam Elliot]] is the most notable example of animated psychological drama films, confronted with bitterness and human conditions. His films included ''[[Harvie Krumpet]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Citation |title=Harvie Krumpet |url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/F9BB64FF37 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mary and Max]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary and Max |url=https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/movie-reviews/mary-and-max |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Raising Children Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=Mary and Max: rewatching classic Australian films |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/australia-culture-blog/2014/may/30/mary-and-max-rewatching-classic-australian-films |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Memoir of a Snail]]'' (2024).
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*''[[Chicago (manga)|Chicago]]'', Yumi Tamura (2000)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=Chicago, Volume 2: Book Of Justice by Yumi Tamura, Paperback {{!}} Barnes & Noble® |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206221743/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
*''[[Chicago (manga)|Chicago]]'', Yumi Tamura (2000)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=Chicago, Volume 2: Book Of Justice by Yumi Tamura, Paperback {{!}} Barnes & Noble® |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206221743/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/chicago-volume-2-yumi-tamura/1112934608 |archive-date=2019-12-06 |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
*''The Winter Wives'', [[Linden MacIntyre]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacIntyre |first=Linden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGcFEAAAQBAJ |title=The Winter Wives |date=2021-08-10 |publisher=Random House of Canada |isbn=978-0-7352-8206-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linden MacIntyre investigates deception, financial crimes and identity in psychological drama, The Winter Wives |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/linden-macintyre-investigates-deception-financial-crimes-and-identity-in-psychological-drama-the-winter-wives |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=calgaryherald |language=en-CA}}</ref>
*''The Winter Wives'', [[Linden MacIntyre]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacIntyre |first=Linden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGcFEAAAQBAJ |title=The Winter Wives |date=2021-08-10 |publisher=Random House of Canada |isbn=978-0-7352-8206-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linden MacIntyre investigates deception, financial crimes and identity in psychological drama, The Winter Wives |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/linden-macintyre-investigates-deception-financial-crimes-and-identity-in-psychological-drama-the-winter-wives |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=calgaryherald |language=en-CA}}</ref>
*''Final Psychodrama'', Davide Roccamo (2021)<ref>Amazon.it
⚫
*''Saint X'', Joe Otterson (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2022-01-24 |title=Hulu Orders Series Adaptation of Alexis Schaitkin Psychological Drama Novel 'Saint X' |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/hulu-series-saint-x-alexis-schaitkin-1235161550/ |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
https://www.amazon.it
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/102876145-final-psychodrama
</ref>
⚫
*''Saint X'', Alexis Schaitkin (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2022-01-24 |title=Hulu Orders Series Adaptation of Alexis Schaitkin Psychological Drama Novel 'Saint X' |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/hulu-series-saint-x-alexis-schaitkin-1235161550/ |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Trish'', James C. Bennett (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author James C. Bennett's new book "Trish" is a stunning psychological drama of one man's confusion as he experiences different forms of his own reality |url=https://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/22/08/n28594607/author-james-c-bennetts-new-book-trish-is-a-stunning-psychological-drama-of-one-mans-confusion-as- |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Benzinga |language=English}}</ref>
*''Trish'', James C. Bennett (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author James C. Bennett's new book "Trish" is a stunning psychological drama of one man's confusion as he experiences different forms of his own reality |url=https://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/22/08/n28594607/author-james-c-bennetts-new-book-trish-is-a-stunning-psychological-drama-of-one-mans-confusion-as- |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Benzinga |language=English}}</ref>


Latest revision as of 12:55, 17 September 2024

Psychological drama
Influences

Psychological drama, or psychodrama,[1] is a subgenre of drama and psychological fiction literatures that generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted by the drama.[2][3][4] It is widely known as one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction; the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series.

Discussion of the subgenre

[edit]

The roots of the subgenre can be traced back to the early 20th century, emerging from a rich tapestry of literature that focused on the inner workings of the mind. As cinema evolved, filmmakers began to see the potential for the medium to explore complex psychological themes and narratives.[5]

Characteristics

[edit]

Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a strong, emotional value from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle.[3]

It can be also characterized as primary character-driven, in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context.[6] The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis.[7]

[edit]

It often overlaps with other genres such as crime, fantasy, dark comedy, mystery and science fiction, and it is closely related with the psychological horror and psychological thriller genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' tropes to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone, nearly similar to melodrama.

The difference between "drama" and "psychological drama" that places emphasis is that in the latter scenario, the focus is more on the psychological character of the characters and on existentialism in general, and not on the context of the narrative itself. So, the end is not necessarily tragic: the main character can doubt himself and sometimes overcome his intimate problems. Psychological drama can be very clearly distinguished from dramedy, as there is no to minimal humor in it like Good Will Hunting (1997) and The Truman Show (1998) but since the subgenre is rather devoid of humor.

Techniques

[edit]

Each films utilize a range of techniques to mirror the psychological landscape of their characters. Close-ups and subjective camera angles invite viewers into the character’s personal space, while disjointed editing and surreal imagery can reflect fragmented states of mind. The use of symbolism is also prevalent, with objects, settings, and colors imbued with psychological significance. Music and sound design play crucial roles, often used to heighten the emotional intensity and draw audiences deeper into the psychological experience.[5]

Themes

[edit]

These primary themes in the subgenre related to depiction of mental illness, psychological trauma, and society, but not limited to; other themes like alienation, self-doubt, and the quest for identity are common, with narratives often blurring the lines between reality and illusion to reflect the turmoil within the characters’ minds.[5]

It can be explore thematic elements include: denialism, depression, disability, distorted sequences, dysfunctional relationships, existential crisis, human sexuality, identity crisis, mass hysteria, mood swings, odd behaviors, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological abuse, psychedelic art, and social issues.[8]

Examples

[edit]

Films

[edit]
The Whispering Chorus (1918) is considered an early example of this subgenre.[9]

Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in the earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited The Whispering Chorus (1918)[10] and Greed (1924).[11] Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include La vuelta al nido (1938),[12] Death of a Salesman (1951),[13] Johnny Belinda (1948),[14] A Place in the Sun (1951),[15] and The Snake Pit (1948)[16]

Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially social issues and/or psychosexual themes, most notably Stanley Kubrick's Lolita (1962),[17] A Clockwork Orange (1971), and Eyes Wide Shut (1999).[18] Other acclaimed films with similar themes including Last Tango in Paris (1972),[19] One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975),[20][21] The Ninth Configuration (1980),[22] Pink Floyd - The Wall,[23] Sophie's Choice (both 1982)[24] Heavenly Creatures (1994),[25] Breaking the Waves (1996),[26] I Stand Alone (1998), Magnolia (1999), Requiem for a Dream (2000),[27] The Piano Teacher (2001), Elephant (2003),[24] Enter the Void (2009),[28] Biutiful (2010),[29] Shame (2011),[30] Jagten[31] and The Master (both 2012),[32] Nymphomaniac (2013),[26] Whiplash (2014),[33][24] The Power of the Dog (2021),[34][35][36] and Blonde and The Whale (both 2022).[37]

Films have some thematically-linked franchises or trilogies to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably Iñárritu's Death trilogy (consists Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003) and Babel (2006)) and Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colours trilogy.

Asian films have contributed the subgenre, often employs several psychological and social elements. For example: Akira Kurosawa, a Japanese renowned filmmaker, known for his landmark filmography with the subgenre, notably Drunken Angel (1948)[28] and Ikiru (1952).[38] Each films including The Demon (1978), Batch '81 (1982), Silip (1986), Taare Zameen Par (2007), Himizu (2011),[39] Aparisyon (2012),[40] Like Father, Like Son and Norte, the End of History (both 2013), Black Stone (2015), Last Night (2017), and Family History and John Denver Trending (both 2019).

Television

[edit]

Animated series

[edit]

Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with mental health and psychological trauma; these included Bojack Horseman,[50] Morel Orel, Steven Universe Future,[51][52] and Undone.

Japanese filmmaker and animator Hideaki Anno created Neon Genesis Evangelion.

Japanese filmmaker and animator Hideaki Anno, who is best known of creating anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion, a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series.[53][54] The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to reboot a feature film as an alternative ending.

Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including Akagi,[55] The Flowers of Evil,[56] The Fruit of Grisaia[57], Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai[58], Scum's Wish[59][60], The Tatami Galaxy[61], Welcome to the N.H.K.,[62] and Wonder Egg Priority.[63]

Animated films

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A Silent Voice,[64] Anomalisa, It's Such a Beautiful Day, Inside Out (and its sequel), The Missing, Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, and When Marnie Was There[65] are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as anxiety attack, fear of abandonment and death, and society.

Adam Elliot is the most notable example of animated psychological drama films, confronted with bitterness and human conditions. His films included Harvie Krumpet (2003),[66] Mary and Max (2009),[67][68] and Memoir of a Snail (2024).

Literature

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Theater

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Filmmakers

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See also

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References

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