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Igor Fruman
Igor Fruman
Born	1966 (age 57–58); Kalinkavichy, Soviet Union (now Belarus)

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Igor Fruman (born 1966)^[1] is a Soviet-born American businessman. He is an associate of Rudy Giuliani who, along with Lev Parnas, aided in a search in Ukraine for detrimental information on U.S. President Donald Trump's political opponents. This included looking for evidence for a narrative to counter Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation and information on former Vice President Joe Biden.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] He pleaded guilty to an unrelated campaign finance law violation in September 2021 and was sentenced to a one-year prison term in January 2022.^[6]

Career

Fruman was born in Kalinkavichy, Gomel Region, Belarus, and immigrated to the U.S., later working in Ukraine for a time.^[7] He lived in the Detroit metropolitan area before moving to South Florida. He has owned an import/export business in Ukraine as well as a beach bar named Mafia Rave in Odesa, Ukraine.^[8]^[9]^[10] Fruman attended the state funeral in December 2018 of former U.S. president George H. W. Bush, apparently as a guest of Rudy Giuliani.^[11] Fruman's marriage to Yelyzaveta Naumova ended in divorce.^[12]

Fruman partnered with Lev Parnas in an energy related venture.^[8]^[13] In addition to working on joint business and political efforts, Parnas and Fruman have been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the U.S., Ukraine and Israel.^[14] Fruman and Parnas are on the board of a Ukrainian-Jewish charity, "Friends of Anatevka", founded by Ukrainian rabbi Moshe Reuven Azman, to provide a refuge for Jews affected by the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.^[15] Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and joined by Anthony Scaramucci, of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." While there, the group met with various leaders and personalities including the U.S. Ambassador to Israel, David M. Friedman, Benjamin Netanyahu's son Yair Netanyahu, as well as billionaire Simon Falic, one of Netanyahu's most generous donors.^[16] Huckabee joined the two once again in March 2019 when they were awarded with the "Chovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for the National Council of Young Israel, an event focused on supporting President Trump and Israeli West Bank settlements. Rudy Giuliani and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy were in attendance as well. While in Israel, Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi, a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering.^[14]

Trump–Ukraine scandal

In 2018, Parnas and Fruman hired Giuliani, the president's personal attorney, to serve as a consultant as the two, according to Giulani, were "ramping up" a security business with the felicitous name "Fraud Guarantee".^[17] (Parnas had chosen the name "Fraud Guarantee" in 2013 to clean up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures.)^[18] Florida authorities had apparently dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down.^[19]

The Republican donor, Trump supporter and Long Island attorney Charles Gucciardo paid Giuliani on behalf of Fraud Guarantee in two $250,000 payments, in September and October 2018.^[20]

Late in 2018, Giuliani sent them to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According to The New York Times, "Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine the Special Counsel's investigation, and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden." Both were also at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove Marie Yovanovitch, the U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, because her loyalty to President Trump was deemed deficient as Trump pursued his agenda there.^[21] It is also alleged that the two pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to support Hillary Clinton, by revealing adverse information about Paul Manafort, chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation.^[22]

Also, over the course of a year beginning in 2018, the two men introduced Giuliani to Ukrainians who were amenable to promoting "a largely unsubstantiated narrative about the Bidens."^[21] These included Yuriy Lutsenko, a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, who was critical to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information. Viktor Shokin, also a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group. Parnas and Robert F. Hyde reportedly exchanged messages indicating that then-Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch was under surveillance and that they were working to have her removed.^[23]^[24]

The New York field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), along with SDNY prosecutors, are conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman.^[25] Giuliani is under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws.^[26] Parnas was initially being legally represented by John M. Dowd, who was Trump's personal attorney in the Mueller investigation in 2017–18, until he fired him and hired Joseph A. Bondy.^[27] Dowd initially represented Fruman as well.^[28]

Arrest

Fruman and Lev Parnas were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, at Dulles International Airport, and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations".^[29] They had one-way tickets to Frankfurt, Germany, and were reported to be going to Vienna, Austria.^[30]^[31] The reason for their arrest was described as a "complex web of financial and political interactions linking diplomacy to alleged violations of campaign finance law." The head of the New York's FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking".^[32]^[30]^[33] Fruman and Parnas pled not guilty to these charges and to additional charges filed in September 2020. Fruman did, however, plead guilty on September 10, 2021, to soliciting a contribution from a foreign national. He did not make an agreement to cooperate with the government.^[34] He was sentenced to one year in prison in January 2022.^[35]

The 2019 charges also connected Parnas and Fruman to the campaign to oust the United States ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, from her post and have her recalled.^[30] This occurred over many months.^[33] In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was recruited for the "campaign to oust her."^[30] Some of the funds violated campaign limits. The funds were funneled through a shell company, Global Energy Producers.^[36] Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressional Representative Pete Sessions (R-Texas) has been identified as the unnamed Congressman. In 2018, as the Chairman of the House Rules Committee, Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo saying that Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration.^[30]

References

^ Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ "Two Unofficial US Operatives Reporting To Trump's Lawyer Privately Lobbied A Foreign Government In A Bid To Help The President Win In 2020". BuzzFeed News. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ "Two Key Players In The Ukraine Controversy Spent Lavishly As They Dug For Dirt on Biden". BuzzFeed News. October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Levin, Bess (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Goons Arrested Trying to Flee the U.S." Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Viswanatha, Aruna; Ballhaus, Rebecca; Gurman, Sadie; Tau, Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Neumeister, Larry (January 21, 2022). "Giuliani Associate Gets Year In Prison In Foreign Donor Case". HuffPost. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Entous, Adam (October 15, 2019). "How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family"". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ McCall, Rosie (October 11, 2019). "Arrested Giuliani Ukraine Associates Operated Companies Called 'Fraud Guarantee' and 'Mafia Rave'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ "Giuliani and Former Detroiter Fruman Arrested". The Jewish News. October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Weber, Peter (October 16, 2019). "Jeb Bush is disappointed Rudy Giuliani brought now-indicted associate to George H.W. Bush's state funeral". The Week. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Belford, Aubrey; Melkozerova, Veronika (July 22, 2019). "Meet the Florida Duo Helping Giuliani Investigate for Trump in Ukraine". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ "Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past". Financial Times. October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Sallah, Michael; Kozyreva, Tanya; Belford, Aubrey (October 1, 2019). "Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Sales, Ben (October 11, 2019). "Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Tibon, Amir (October 10, 2019). "These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right". Haaretz. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Dawsey, Josh; Sonne, Paul. "How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles — and the center of the impeachment storm". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ O’Brien, Joe Palazzolo and Rebecca Davis (October 31, 2019). "Giuliani Associate Left Trail of Troubled Businesses Before Ukraine Probe Push". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed; Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed (October 17, 2019). "State officials dissolved company long before $500K deal with Giuliani". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Protess, Ben; Nir, Sarah Maslin (November 6, 2019). "Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Kyiv, Rebecca Ballhaus and Alan Cullison in Washington and Brett Forrest in (November 8, 2019). "WSJ News Exclusive | Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Erica Orden; Kara Scannell (January 15, 2020). "Trump supporter and Giuliani associate discussed surveilling Yovanovitch". CNN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Swan, Will Sommer|Betsy (January 15, 2020). "Meet the Trump Donor Who Allegedly Stalked America's Ambassador in Ukraine". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ "Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Protess, Ben; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Rashbaum, William K. (October 11, 2019). "Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ "Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of wrongdoing after flipping on Trump". Salon. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Bump, Philip. "Analysis | It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ "Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mazzetti, Mark; Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 10, 2019). "2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
^ Tau, Aruna Viswanatha, Rebecca Ballhaus, Sadie Gurman and Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal". AP NEWS. October 7, 2019. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
^ Orden, Erica (September 10, 2021). "Giuliani associate Igor Fruman pleads guilty to solicitation of a contribution by a foreign national". CNN. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^ Cohen, Luc (January 21, 2022). "Ex-Giuliani associate Fruman sentenced to one year in prison in campaign finance case". Reuters.
^ "How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

[forumdaily-1] Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.

[belford-2] "Two Unofficial US Operatives Reporting To Trump's Lawyer Privately Lobbied A Foreign Government In A Bid To Help The President Win In 2020". BuzzFeed News. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[lavish-3] "Two Key Players In The Ukraine Controversy Spent Lavishly As They Dug For Dirt on Biden". BuzzFeed News. October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[gooxyz-4] Levin, Bess (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Goons Arrested Trying to Flee the U.S." Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[gurman-5] Viswanatha, Aruna; Ballhaus, Rebecca; Gurman, Sadie; Tau, Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[6] Neumeister, Larry (January 21, 2022). "Giuliani Associate Gets Year In Prison In Foreign Donor Case". HuffPost. Retrieved January 22, 2022.

[forumdaily2-7] Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.

[OneBigFamily2-8] Entous, Adam (October 15, 2019). "How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family"". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[9] McCall, Rosie (October 11, 2019). "Arrested Giuliani Ukraine Associates Operated Companies Called 'Fraud Guarantee' and 'Mafia Rave'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[10] "Giuliani and Former Detroiter Fruman Arrested". The Jewish News. October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[11] Weber, Peter (October 16, 2019). "Jeb Bush is disappointed Rudy Giuliani brought now-indicted associate to George H.W. Bush's state funeral". The Week. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[12] Belford, Aubrey; Melkozerova, Veronika (July 22, 2019). "Meet the Florida Duo Helping Giuliani Investigate for Trump in Ukraine". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[13] "Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past". Financial Times. October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[house-subpoenas-giuliani-14] Sallah, Michael; Kozyreva, Tanya; Belford, Aubrey (October 1, 2019). "Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[15] Sales, Ben (October 11, 2019). "Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[16] Tibon, Amir (October 10, 2019). "These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right". Haaretz. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[17] Helderman, Rosalind S.; Dawsey, Josh; Sonne, Paul. "How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles — and the center of the impeachment storm". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[18] O’Brien, Joe Palazzolo and Rebecca Davis (October 31, 2019). "Giuliani Associate Left Trail of Troubled Businesses Before Ukraine Probe Push". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[19] Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed; Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed (October 17, 2019). "State officials dissolved company long before $500K deal with Giuliani". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[20] Vogel, Kenneth P.; Protess, Ben; Nir, Sarah Maslin (November 6, 2019). "Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[:0-21] Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[22] Kyiv, Rebecca Ballhaus and Alan Cullison in Washington and Brett Forrest in (November 8, 2019). "WSJ News Exclusive | Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[23] Erica Orden; Kara Scannell (January 15, 2020). "Trump supporter and Giuliani associate discussed surveilling Yovanovitch". CNN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[24] Swan, Will Sommer|Betsy (January 15, 2020). "Meet the Trump Donor Who Allegedly Stalked America's Ambassador in Ukraine". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[25] "Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[26] Schmidt, Michael S.; Protess, Ben; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Rashbaum, William K. (October 11, 2019). "Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[27] "Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of wrongdoing after flipping on Trump". Salon. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[28] Bump, Philip. "Analysis | It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[29] "Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.

[:1-30] Mazzetti, Mark; Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 10, 2019). "2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

[31] Tau, Aruna Viswanatha, Rebecca Ballhaus, Sadie Gurman and Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[32] "United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

[:2-33] "Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal". AP NEWS. October 7, 2019. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

[34] Orden, Erica (September 10, 2021). "Giuliani associate Igor Fruman pleads guilty to solicitation of a contribution by a foreign national". CNN. Retrieved September 10, 2021.

[35] Cohen, Luc (January 21, 2022). "Ex-Giuliani associate Fruman sentenced to one year in prison in campaign finance case". Reuters.

[36] "How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

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+{{short description|Soviet-born American businessman}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
 {{Infobox person
-| name               = Igor Fruman
+|name        = Igor Fruman
+|birth_date  = {{birth year and age|1966}}
-| image              =
+|birth_place = [[Kalinkavichy]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Belarus]])
-| image_size         =
-| alt                =
+|death_date  =
+|death_place =
-| caption            =
-| birth_name         =
-| birth_date         = {{birth year and age|1966}}
-| birth_place        = [[Kalinkavichy]], [[Gomel Region]], [[Belorussian SSR]]
-| death_date         =
-| death_place        =
-| death_cause        =
-| residence          =
-| nationality        = United States
-| citizenship        =
-| other_names        =
-| known_for          =
-| education          =
-| alma_mater         =
-| networth           =
-| occupation         =
-| spouse             =
-| children           =
-| parents            =
-| relations          =
-| website            =
 }}
-'''Igor Fruman''' (born 1966)<ref name="forumdaily">{{cite news|url=https://www.forumdaily.com/en/russkoyazychnyj-biznesmen-prinyal-uchastie-vo-vstreche-trampa-s-potencialnymi-donorami-ego-kampanii-2020-goda/|title=Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year|last=Briman|first=Shimon|date=March 6, 2018|work=ForumDaily|accessdate=November 21, 2019|language=en}}</ref> is a Soviet-born American businessman. He is an associate of [[Rudy Giuliani]] who, along with [[Lev Parnas]], allegedly [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|aided in a search]] in [[Ukraine]] for detrimental information on U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]'s political opponents. This allegedly included looking for evidence for a narrative to counter [[Robert Mueller]]'s [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|Special Counsel investigation]] and information on former Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="belford">{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-trump-parnas-fruman|title=Two Unofficial US Operatives Reporting To Trump's Lawyer Privately Lobbied A Foreign Government In A Bid To Help The President Win In 2020|date=July 22, 2019|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref name="lavish">{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/ukraine-spending-trump-parnas-fruman|title=Two Key Players In The Ukraine Controversy Spent Lavishly As They Dug For Dirt on Biden|date=October 9, 2019|website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref name="gooxyz">{{Cite magazine|last=Levin|first=Bess|date=October 10, 2019|title=Giuliani's Ukraine Goons Arrested Trying to Flee the U.S.|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/rudy-giuliani-lev-parnas-igor-fruman|magazine=Vanity Fair|publisher=Condé Nast}}</ref><ref name="gurman">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188|title=Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations|last1=Viswanatha|first1=Aruna|date=October 10, 2019|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ballhaus|first2=Rebecca|last3=Gurman|first3=Sadie|last4=Tau|first4=Byron}}</ref>
+'''Igor Fruman''' (born 1966)<ref name="forumdaily">{{cite news|url=https://www.forumdaily.com/en/russkoyazychnyj-biznesmen-prinyal-uchastie-vo-vstreche-trampa-s-potencialnymi-donorami-ego-kampanii-2020-goda/|title=Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year|last=Briman|first=Shimon|date=March 6, 2018|work=ForumDaily|accessdate=November 21, 2019|language=en|archive-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121210015/https://www.forumdaily.com/en/russkoyazychnyj-biznesmen-prinyal-uchastie-vo-vstreche-trampa-s-potencialnymi-donorami-ego-kampanii-2020-goda/|url-status=live}}</ref> is a Soviet-born American businessman. He is an associate of [[Rudy Giuliani]] who, along with [[Lev Parnas]], [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|aided in a search]] in [[Ukraine]] for detrimental information on U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]'s political opponents. This included looking for evidence for a narrative to counter [[Robert Mueller]]'s [[Mueller special counsel investigation|Special Counsel investigation]] and information on former Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="belford">{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-trump-parnas-fruman|title=Two Unofficial US Operatives Reporting To Trump's Lawyer Privately Lobbied A Foreign Government In A Bid To Help The President Win In 2020|date=July 22, 2019|website=BuzzFeed News|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722212459/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-trump-parnas-fruman|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lavish">{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/ukraine-spending-trump-parnas-fruman|title=Two Key Players In The Ukraine Controversy Spent Lavishly As They Dug For Dirt on Biden|date=October 9, 2019|website=BuzzFeed News|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=October 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012050905/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/ukraine-spending-trump-parnas-fruman|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gooxyz">{{Cite magazine|last=Levin|first=Bess|date=October 10, 2019|title=Giuliani's Ukraine Goons Arrested Trying to Flee the U.S.|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/rudy-giuliani-lev-parnas-igor-fruman|magazine=Vanity Fair|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101092311/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/rudy-giuliani-lev-parnas-igor-fruman|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gurman">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188|title=Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations|last1=Viswanatha|first1=Aruna|date=October 10, 2019|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|last2=Ballhaus|first2=Rebecca|last3=Gurman|first3=Sadie|last4=Tau|first4=Byron|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013033251/https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188|url-status=live}}</ref> He pleaded guilty to an unrelated campaign finance law violation in September 2021 and was sentenced to a one-year prison term in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neumeister|first=Larry|date=2022-01-21|title=Giuliani Associate Gets Year In Prison In Foreign Donor Case|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/giuliani-associate-sentenced-prison-election_n_61eb2788e4b03216750ab4cd|access-date=2022-01-22|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>
 == Career ==
-Fruman was born in [[Kalinkavichy]], [[Gomel Region]], [[Belarus]], and immigrated to the U.S., later working in [[Ukraine]] for a time.<ref name="forumdaily2">{{cite news|url=https://www.forumdaily.com/en/russkoyazychnyj-biznesmen-prinyal-uchastie-vo-vstreche-trampa-s-potencialnymi-donorami-ego-kampanii-2020-goda/|title=Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year|last=Briman|first=Shimon|date=March 6, 2018|work=ForumDaily|accessdate=November 21, 2019|language=en}}</ref> He lived in the [[Detroit]] metropolitan area before moving to [[South Florida]]. He has owned an import/export business in Ukraine as well as a beach bar named Mafia Rave in [[Odessa, Ukraine]].<ref name="OneBigFamily2">{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-lev-parnas-worked-for-rudy-giuliani-and-donald-trump|title=How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family"|last1=Entous|first1=Adam|date=October 15, 2019|work=The New Yorker|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/giuliani-ukraine-associates-companies-fraud-guarantee-mafia-rave-parnas-fruman-1464608|title=Arrested Giuliani Ukraine Associates Operated Companies Called 'Fraud Guarantee' and 'Mafia Rave'|last=McCall|first=Rosie|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thejewishnews.com/2019/10/11/former-detroiter-fruman-and-giuliani-associate-arrested/|title=Giuliani and Former Detroiter Fruman Arrested|first=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=The Jewish News}}</ref> Fruman attended the state funeral in December 2018 of former U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]], apparently as a guest of [[Rudy Giuliani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/872080/jeb-bush-disappointed-rudy-giuliani-brought-nowindicted-associate-george-hw-bushs-state-funeral|title=Jeb Bush is disappointed Rudy Giuliani brought now-indicted associate to George H.W. Bush's state funeral|last=Weber|first=Peter|date=October 16, 2019|newspaper=[[The Week]]}}</ref> Fruman's marriage to Yelyzaveta Naumova ended in divorce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/meet-the-florida-duo-helping-giuliani-dig-dirt-for-trump-in-ukraine|title=Meet the Florida Duo Helping Giuliani Investigate for Trump in Ukraine|last1=Belford|first1=Aubrey|last2=Melkozerova|first2=Veronika|date=July 22, 2019|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]}}</ref>
+Fruman was born in [[Kalinkavichy]], [[Gomel Region]], [[Belarus]], and immigrated to the U.S., later working in [[Ukraine]] for a time.<ref name="forumdaily2">{{cite news|url=https://www.forumdaily.com/en/russkoyazychnyj-biznesmen-prinyal-uchastie-vo-vstreche-trampa-s-potencialnymi-donorami-ego-kampanii-2020-goda/|title=Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year|last=Briman|first=Shimon|date=March 6, 2018|work=ForumDaily|accessdate=November 21, 2019|language=en|archive-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121210015/https://www.forumdaily.com/en/russkoyazychnyj-biznesmen-prinyal-uchastie-vo-vstreche-trampa-s-potencialnymi-donorami-ego-kampanii-2020-goda/|url-status=live}}</ref> He lived in the [[Detroit]] metropolitan area before moving to [[South Florida]]. He has owned an import/export business in Ukraine as well as a beach bar named Mafia Rave in [[Odesa, Ukraine]].<ref name="OneBigFamily2">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-lev-parnas-worked-for-rudy-giuliani-and-donald-trump|title=How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family"|last1=Entous|first1=Adam|date=October 15, 2019|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118183537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-lev-parnas-worked-for-rudy-giuliani-and-donald-trump|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/giuliani-ukraine-associates-companies-fraud-guarantee-mafia-rave-parnas-fruman-1464608|title=Arrested Giuliani Ukraine Associates Operated Companies Called 'Fraud Guarantee' and 'Mafia Rave'|last=McCall|first=Rosie|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=Newsweek|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122045757/https://www.newsweek.com/giuliani-ukraine-associates-companies-fraud-guarantee-mafia-rave-parnas-fruman-1464608|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thejewishnews.com/2019/10/11/former-detroiter-fruman-and-giuliani-associate-arrested/|title=Giuliani and Former Detroiter Fruman Arrested|first=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=The Jewish News|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=January 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127003214/https://thejewishnews.com/2019/10/11/former-detroiter-fruman-and-giuliani-associate-arrested/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fruman attended the state funeral in December 2018 of former U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]], apparently as a guest of [[Rudy Giuliani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/872080/jeb-bush-disappointed-rudy-giuliani-brought-nowindicted-associate-george-hw-bushs-state-funeral|title=Jeb Bush is disappointed Rudy Giuliani brought now-indicted associate to George H.W. Bush's state funeral|last=Weber|first=Peter|date=October 16, 2019|newspaper=[[The Week]]|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128130928/https://theweek.com/speedreads/872080/jeb-bush-disappointed-rudy-giuliani-brought-nowindicted-associate-george-hw-bushs-state-funeral|url-status=live}}</ref> Fruman's marriage to Yelyzaveta Naumova ended in divorce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/meet-the-florida-duo-helping-giuliani-dig-dirt-for-trump-in-ukraine|title=Meet the Florida Duo Helping Giuliani Investigate for Trump in Ukraine|last1=Belford|first1=Aubrey|last2=Melkozerova|first2=Veronika|date=July 22, 2019|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118173842/https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/meet-the-florida-duo-helping-giuliani-dig-dirt-for-trump-in-ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Fruman partnered with [[Lev Parnas]] in an energy related venture.<ref name="OneBigFamily2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2b3f185a-ebb0-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55|title=Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past|first=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In addition to working on joint business and political efforts, Parnas and Fruman have been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the U.S., Ukraine and Israel.<ref name="house-subpoenas-giuliani">{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/house-subpoenas-giuliani|title=Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction|last1=Sallah|first1=Michael|last2=Kozyreva|first2=Tanya|date=October 1, 2019|website=BuzzFeed News|last3=Belford|first3=Aubrey}}</ref> Fruman and Parnas are on the board of a Ukrainian-Jewish charity, "Friends of Anatevka", founded by Ukrainian rabbi [[Moshe Reuven Azman]], to provide a refuge for [[Ukrainian Jews|Jews]] affected by the [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/orthodox-synagogue-association-honored-2-giuliani-associates-before-arrests/|title=Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests|last=Sales|first=Ben|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas Governor [[Mike Huckabee]] and joined by [[Anthony Scaramucci]], of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." While there, the group met with various leaders and personalities including the U.S. Ambassador to Israel, [[David M. Friedman]], [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s son [[Yair Netanyahu]], as well as billionaire Simon Falic, one of Netanyahu's most generous donors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-these-arrested-giuliani-associates-linked-to-trump-s-ukraine-scandal-have-ties-to-israel-s-right-1.7966022|title=These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right|last=Tibon|first=Amir|date=October 10, 2019|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Huckabee joined the two once again in March 2019 when they were awarded with the "Chovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for the [[National Council of Young Israel]], an event focused on supporting President Trump and [[Israeli Settlement#West Bank|Israeli West Bank settlements]].  Rudy Giuliani and House Minority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy (California politician)|Kevin McCarthy]] were in attendance as well. While in Israel Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarch [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]], a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering.<ref name="house-subpoenas-giuliani" />
+Fruman partnered with [[Lev Parnas]] in an energy related venture.<ref name="OneBigFamily2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2b3f185a-ebb0-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55|title=Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past|first=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002519/https://www.ft.com/content/2b3f185a-ebb0-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to working on joint business and political efforts, Parnas and Fruman have been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the U.S., Ukraine and Israel.<ref name="house-subpoenas-giuliani">{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/house-subpoenas-giuliani|title=Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction|last1=Sallah|first1=Michael|last2=Kozyreva|first2=Tanya|date=October 1, 2019|website=BuzzFeed News|last3=Belford|first3=Aubrey|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228003823/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/house-subpoenas-giuliani|url-status=live}}</ref> Fruman and Parnas are on the board of a Ukrainian-Jewish charity, "Friends of Anatevka", founded by Ukrainian rabbi [[Moshe Reuven Azman]], to provide a refuge for [[Ukrainian Jews|Jews]] affected by the [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/orthodox-synagogue-association-honored-2-giuliani-associates-before-arrests/|title=Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests|last=Sales|first=Ben|date=October 11, 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032936/https://www.timesofisrael.com/orthodox-synagogue-association-honored-2-giuliani-associates-before-arrests/|url-status=live}}</ref> Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas Governor [[Mike Huckabee]] and joined by [[Anthony Scaramucci]], of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." While there, the group met with various leaders and personalities including the U.S. Ambassador to Israel, [[David M. Friedman]], [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s son [[Yair Netanyahu]], as well as billionaire Simon Falic, one of Netanyahu's most generous donors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-these-arrested-giuliani-associates-linked-to-trump-s-ukraine-scandal-have-ties-to-israel-s-right-1.7966022|title=These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right|last=Tibon|first=Amir|date=October 10, 2019|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120013726/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-these-arrested-giuliani-associates-linked-to-trump-s-ukraine-scandal-have-ties-to-israel-s-right-1.7966022|url-status=live}}</ref> Huckabee joined the two once again in March 2019 when they were awarded with the "Chovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for the [[National Council of Young Israel]], an event focused on supporting President Trump and [[Israeli Settlement#West Bank|Israeli West Bank settlements]]. Rudy Giuliani and House Minority Leader [[Kevin McCarthy]] were in attendance as well. While in Israel, Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarch [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]], a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering.<ref name="house-subpoenas-giuliani" />
 == Trump–Ukraine scandal ==
 {{Trump–Ukraine scandal}}
 {{See also|Trump–Ukraine scandal}}
-In 2018, Parnas and Fruman hired Giuliani, the president's personal attorney, to serve as a consultant as the two, according to Giulani, were "ramping up" a security business with the felicitous name "Fraud Guarantee".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-two-soviet-born-emigres-made-it-into-elite-trump-circles--and-the-center-of-the-impeachment-storm/2019/10/12/9a3c03be-ec53-11e9-85c0-85a098e47b37_story.html|title=How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles — and the center of the impeachment storm|last=Helderman|first=Rosalind S.|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|date=|website=Washington Post|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-18|last3=Sonne|first3=Paul}}</ref> (Parnas had chosen the name "Fraud Guarantee" in 2013 to clean up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associate-left-trail-of-troubled-businesses-before-ukraine-probe-push-11572527608|title=Giuliani Associate Left Trail of Troubled Businesses Before Ukraine Probe Push|last=O’Brien|first=Joe Palazzolo and Rebecca Davis|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> Florida authorities had apparently dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/congress/state-officials-dissolved-company-long-500k-deal-giuliani|title=State officials dissolved company long before $500K deal with Giuliani|last=Eaton|first=Joshua|date=2019-10-17|access-date=2020-01-18|last2=Timms|first2=Ed|language=en|last3=Eaton|first3=Joshua|last4=Timms|first4=Ed}}</ref>
+In 2018, Parnas and Fruman hired Giuliani, the president's personal attorney, to serve as a consultant as the two, according to Giulani, were "ramping up" a security business with the felicitous name "Fraud Guarantee".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-two-soviet-born-emigres-made-it-into-elite-trump-circles--and-the-center-of-the-impeachment-storm/2019/10/12/9a3c03be-ec53-11e9-85c0-85a098e47b37_story.html|title=How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles — and the center of the impeachment storm|last1=Helderman|first1=Rosalind S.|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18|last3=Sonne|first3=Paul|archive-date=November 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105073814/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-two-soviet-born-emigres-made-it-into-elite-trump-circles--and-the-center-of-the-impeachment-storm/2019/10/12/9a3c03be-ec53-11e9-85c0-85a098e47b37_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (Parnas had chosen the name "Fraud Guarantee" in 2013 to clean up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associate-left-trail-of-troubled-businesses-before-ukraine-probe-push-11572527608|title=Giuliani Associate Left Trail of Troubled Businesses Before Ukraine Probe Push|last=O’Brien|first=Joe Palazzolo and Rebecca Davis|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=October 31, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=January 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121090813/https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associate-left-trail-of-troubled-businesses-before-ukraine-probe-push-11572527608|url-status=live}}</ref> Florida authorities had apparently dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/congress/state-officials-dissolved-company-long-500k-deal-giuliani|title=State officials dissolved company long before $500K deal with Giuliani|last1=Eaton|first1=Joshua|date=2019-10-17|access-date=2020-01-18|last2=Timms|first2=Ed|language=en|last3=Eaton|first3=Joshua|last4=Timms|first4=Ed|archive-date=January 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117223214/http://www.rollcall.com/news/congress/state-officials-dissolved-company-long-500k-deal-giuliani|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The Republican donor, Trump supporter and Long Island attorney Charles Gucciardo paid Giuliani on behalf of Fraud Guarantee in two $250,000 payments, in September and October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/us/politics/ukraine-giuliani-charles-gucciardo.html|title=Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner|last=Vogel|first=Kenneth P.|date=2019-11-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|last2=Protess|first2=Ben|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Nir|first3=Sarah Maslin}}</ref>
+The Republican donor, Trump supporter and Long Island attorney Charles Gucciardo paid Giuliani on behalf of Fraud Guarantee in two $250,000 payments, in September and October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/us/politics/ukraine-giuliani-charles-gucciardo.html|title=Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner|last1=Vogel|first1=Kenneth P.|date=2019-11-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|last2=Protess|first2=Ben|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Nir|first3=Sarah Maslin|archive-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109202915/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/us/politics/ukraine-giuliani-charles-gucciardo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Late in 2018, Giuliani allegedly sent the two to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', "Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine the [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|Special Counsel's investigation]], and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden." Both were allegedly also at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove [[Marie Yovanovitch]], the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine|U.S. ambassador to Ukraine]], because her loyalty to President Trump was deemed deficient as Trump pursued his agenda there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html|title=Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money|last=Vogel|first=Kenneth P.|date=2019-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It is also alleged that the two pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to support [[Hillary Clinton]], by revealing adverse information about [[Paul Manafort]], chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associates-urged-ukraines-prior-president-to-open-biden-election-probes-11573247707|title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes|last=Kyiv|first=Rebecca Ballhaus and Alan Cullison in Washington and Brett Forrest in|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
+Late in 2018, Giuliani sent them to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', "Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine the [[Mueller special counsel investigation|Special Counsel's investigation]], and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden." Both were also at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove [[Marie Yovanovitch]], the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine|U.S. ambassador to Ukraine]], because her loyalty to President Trump was deemed deficient as Trump pursued his agenda there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html|title=Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money|last=Vogel|first=Kenneth P.|date=2019-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191011125733/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also alleged that the two pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to support [[Hillary Clinton]], by revealing adverse information about [[Paul Manafort]], chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associates-urged-ukraines-prior-president-to-open-biden-election-probes-11573247707|title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes|last=Kyiv|first=Rebecca Ballhaus and Alan Cullison in Washington and Brett Forrest in|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=November 8, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=December 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230211300/https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associates-urged-ukraines-prior-president-to-open-biden-election-probes-11573247707|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Also, over the course of a year beginning in 2018, the two men allegedly introduced Giuliani to Ukrainians who were amenable to promoting "a largely unsubstantiated narrative about the Bidens."<ref name=":0" /> These included [[Yuriy Lutsenko]], a former [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine]], who was critical to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information. [[Viktor Shokin]], also a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group. Parnas and [[Robert F. Hyde]] reportedly exchanged messages indicating that then-Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch was under surveillance and that they were working to have her removed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/politics/robert-hyde-marie-yovanovitch/index.html|title=Trump supporter and Giuliani associate discussed surveilling Yovanovitch|author1=Erica Orden |author2=Kara Scannell|website=CNN|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-is-robert-f-hyde-the-trump-donor-who-apparently-tracked-marie-yovanovitch|title=Meet the Trump Donor Who Allegedly Stalked America's Ambassador in Ukraine|last=Swan|first=Will Sommer{{!}}Betsy|date=2020-01-15|access-date=2020-01-18|language=en}}</ref>
+Also, over the course of a year beginning in 2018, the two men introduced Giuliani to Ukrainians who were amenable to promoting "a largely unsubstantiated narrative about the Bidens."<ref name=":0" /> These included [[Yuriy Lutsenko]], a former [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine]], who was critical to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information. [[Viktor Shokin]], also a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group. Parnas and [[Robert F. Hyde]] reportedly exchanged messages indicating that then-Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch was under surveillance and that they were working to have her removed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/politics/robert-hyde-marie-yovanovitch/index.html|title=Trump supporter and Giuliani associate discussed surveilling Yovanovitch|author1=Erica Orden|author2=Kara Scannell|website=CNN|date=January 15, 2020 |access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118143351/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/politics/robert-hyde-marie-yovanovitch/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-is-robert-f-hyde-the-trump-donor-who-apparently-tracked-marie-yovanovitch|title=Meet the Trump Donor Who Allegedly Stalked America's Ambassador in Ukraine|last=Swan|first=Will Sommer{{!}}Betsy|date=2020-01-15|access-date=2020-01-18|language=en|archive-date=January 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117131718/http://www.thedailybeast.com/who-is-robert-f-hyde-the-trump-donor-who-apparently-tracked-marie-yovanovitch|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The New York field office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), along with [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|SDNY]] prosecutors, are conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rudy-giulianis-relationship-arrested-men-subject-criminal-investigation/story?id=66212654|title=Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> Giuliani is under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-investigation.html|title=Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work|last=Schmidt|first=Michael S.|date=2019-10-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|last2=Protess|first2=Ben|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Vogel|first3=Kenneth P.|last4=Rashbaum|first4=William K.}}</ref> Parnas was initially being legally represented by [[John M. Dowd]], who was Trump's personal attorney in the Mueller investigation in 2017–18, until he fired him and hired Joseph A. Bondy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/11/22/lev-parnas-offers-impeachment-investigators-hard-evidence-of-trump-wrongdoing/|title=Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of wrongdoing after flipping on Trump|date=2019-11-22|website=Salon|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> Dowd initially represented Fruman as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/21/its-not-just-giuliani-intertwining-team-focused-trump-ukraine/|title=Analysis {{!}} It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=|website=Washington Post|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>
+The New York field office of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), along with [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|SDNY]] prosecutors, are conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rudy-giulianis-relationship-arrested-men-subject-criminal-investigation/story?id=66212654|title=Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164943/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rudy-giulianis-relationship-arrested-men-subject-criminal-investigation/story?id=66212654|url-status=live}}</ref> Giuliani is under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-investigation.html|title=Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work|last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|date=2019-10-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-18|last2=Protess|first2=Ben|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Vogel|first3=Kenneth P.|last4=Rashbaum|first4=William K.|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191013024624/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-investigation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Parnas was initially being legally represented by [[John M. Dowd]], who was Trump's personal attorney in the Mueller investigation in 2017–18, until he fired him and hired Joseph A. Bondy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/11/22/lev-parnas-offers-impeachment-investigators-hard-evidence-of-trump-wrongdoing/|title=Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of wrongdoing after flipping on Trump|date=2019-11-22|website=Salon|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118220956/https://www.salon.com/2019/11/22/lev-parnas-offers-impeachment-investigators-hard-evidence-of-trump-wrongdoing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dowd initially represented Fruman as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/21/its-not-just-giuliani-intertwining-team-focused-trump-ukraine/|title=Analysis {{!}} It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine|last=Bump|first=Philip|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116123940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/21/its-not-just-giuliani-intertwining-team-focused-trump-ukraine/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Arrest ==
-Fruman and Lev Parnas were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, at [[Dulles International Airport]], and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/two-business-associates-of-trumps-personal-lawyer-giuliani-have-been-arrested-and-are-in-custody/2019/10/10/9f9c101a-eb63-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html|title=Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges|last=|first=|date=|work=The Washington Post|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> They had one-way tickets to Frankfurt, Germany, and were reported to be going to Vienna, Austria.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188|title=Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations|last=Tau|first=Aruna Viswanatha, Rebecca Ballhaus, Sadie Gurman and Byron|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> The reason for their arrest was described as a "complex web of financial and political interactions linking diplomacy to alleged violations of campaign finance law." The head of the New York's FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/U.S.v.LevParnasetalIndictment.pdf|title=United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/lev-parnas-igor-fruman-arrested-giuliani.html|title=2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport|last=Mazzetti|first=Mark|date=2019-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-19|last2=Sullivan|first2=Eileen|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Goldman|first3=Adam|last4=Rashbaum|first4=William K.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/d7440cffba4940f5b85cd3dfa3500fb2|title=Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal|date=2019-10-07|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
+Fruman and Lev Parnas were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, at [[Dulles International Airport]], and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/two-business-associates-of-trumps-personal-lawyer-giuliani-have-been-arrested-and-are-in-custody/2019/10/10/9f9c101a-eb63-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html|title=Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 18, 2020|archive-date=October 10, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191010142412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/two-business-associates-of-trumps-personal-lawyer-giuliani-have-been-arrested-and-are-in-custody/2019/10/10/9f9c101a-eb63-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They had one-way tickets to Frankfurt, Germany, and were reported to be going to Vienna, Austria.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188|title=Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations|last=Tau|first=Aruna Viswanatha, Rebecca Ballhaus, Sadie Gurman and Byron|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=October 10, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013033251/https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188|url-status=live}}</ref> The reason for their arrest was described as a "complex web of financial and political interactions linking diplomacy to alleged violations of campaign finance law." The head of the New York's FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/U.S.v.LevParnasetalIndictment.pdf|title=United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin|access-date=January 19, 2020|archive-date=October 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012045123/https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/U.S.v.LevParnasetalIndictment.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/lev-parnas-igor-fruman-arrested-giuliani.html|title=2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport|last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark|date=2019-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-19|last2=Sullivan|first2=Eileen|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Goldman|first3=Adam|last4=Rashbaum|first4=William K.|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191011032751/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/lev-parnas-igor-fruman-arrested-giuliani.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/d7440cffba4940f5b85cd3dfa3500fb2|title=Profit, not politics: Trump allies sought Ukraine gas deal|date=2019-10-07|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2020-01-19|archive-date=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191007000124/https://apnews.com/d7440cffba4940f5b85cd3dfa3500fb2|url-status=live}}</ref> Fruman and Parnas pled not guilty to these charges and to additional charges filed in September 2020. Fruman did, however, plead guilty on September 10, 2021, to soliciting a contribution from a foreign national. He did not make an agreement to cooperate with the government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Orden|first=Erica|date=10 September 2021|title=Giuliani associate Igor Fruman pleads guilty to solicitation of a contribution by a foreign national|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/politics/igor-fruman-plea/index.html|access-date=2021-09-10|website=CNN}}</ref> He was sentenced to one year in prison in January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Luc |title=Ex-Giuliani associate Fruman sentenced to one year in prison in campaign finance case |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/ex-giuliani-associate-fruman-be-sentenced-campaign-finance-case-2022-01-21/ |publisher=Reuters |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>
-The charges have also allegedly connected Parnas and Fruman to the campaign to oust the United States ambassador to Ukraine, [[Marie Yovanovitch]], from her post and have her recalled.<ref name=":1" /> This occurred over many months.<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was recruited for the "campaign to oust her."<ref name=":1" /> Some of the funds violated campaign limits. The funds were funneled through a shell company, [[Global Energy Producers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/771849041/how-a-complicated-web-connects-2-soviet-born-businessmen-with-the-impeachment-in|title=How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressional Representative [[Pete Sessions]] (R-Texas) has been identified as the unnamed Congressman. In 2018, as the Chairman of the [[House Rules Committee]], Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] saying that Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration.<ref name=":1" />
+The 2019 charges also connected Parnas and Fruman to the campaign to oust the United States ambassador to Ukraine, [[Marie Yovanovitch]], from her post and have her recalled.<ref name=":1" /> This occurred over many months.<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was recruited for the "campaign to oust her."<ref name=":1" /> Some of the funds violated campaign limits. The funds were funneled through a shell company, [[Global Energy Producers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/771849041/how-a-complicated-web-connects-2-soviet-born-businessmen-with-the-impeachment-in|title=How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19|archive-date=January 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119020439/https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/771849041/how-a-complicated-web-connects-2-soviet-born-businessmen-with-the-impeachment-in|url-status=live}}</ref> Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressional Representative [[Pete Sessions]] (R-Texas) has been identified as the unnamed Congressman. In 2018, as the Chairman of the [[House Rules Committee]], Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] saying that Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration.<ref name=":1" />
 == See also ==
-* [[Lev Parnas]]
-*[[Rudy Giuliani]]
 * [[Foreign interference in the 2020 United States elections]]
+* [[Rudy Giuliani]]
+* [[Lev Parnas]]
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+{{authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Fruman, Igor}}
 [[Category:1966 births]]
 [[Category:Living people]]
 [[Category:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent]]
-[[Category:Belarusian emigrants to the United States]]
+[[Category:Soviet emigrants to the United States]]
 [[Category:Trump–Ukraine scandal]]
 [[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
+[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
+[[Category:Soviet Jews]]
+[[Category:Belarusian emigrants to the United States]]