Chestnut-fronted macaw: Difference between revisions

Chestnut-fronted macaw
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Ara
Species:	A. severus
Binomial name
	Ara severus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
	A. s. severus; A. s. castaneifrons;
Synonyms
	Psittacus severus Linnaeus, 1758

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The chestnut-fronted macaw or severe macaw (Ara severus) is one of the largest of the mini-macaws. It reaches a size of around 45 cm (18 in) of which around half is the length of the tail.

They can be found over a large part of Northern South America from Panama south into Amazonian Brazil and central Bolivia. A feral population is found in Florida.

Their lifespan is listed as anything from 30 to 80 years of age.^{[citation needed]}

Taxonomy

The chestnut-fronted macaw was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus severus.^[2] This macaw is now one of the eight extant species placed the genus Ara that was erected in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède.^[3]^[4] The genus name is from ará meaning "macaw" in the Tupi language of Brazil. The word is an onomatopoeia based on the sound of their call. The specific epithet severus is Latin meaning "grim", "cruel" or "stern".^[5] The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.^[4]

Description

The chestnut-fronted or severe macaw is mostly green in colour with patches of red and blue on the wings. The head has a chestnut brown patch just above the beak. The beak is black and the patches around the eyes are white with lines of small black feathers. It is the only one of the miniature macaws that has lines of feathers in the bare patches around its eyes. In the wild their typically gregarious personality can become more aggressive at puberty giving them the name Severe. This tendency can be curbed in captivity but the species requires significant handling to make a tame pet. It is 45–50 cm (17.5–19.5 in) long and weighs 300–410 g (11–14 oz).

Breeding

The chestnut-fronted macaw nest in a hole in a tree. The eggs are white and there are usually two or three in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 70 days after hatching.^[6]

Gallery

in Colombia
A pet
Ara severus - MHNT

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Ara severus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22685577A130103061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685577A130103061.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 97.
^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 1. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 Mar 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 52, 355. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 236. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.

External links

Severe macaw in PETCO Animal Care Sheets

Severe Macaw at Animal-World
Chestnut-fronted Macaw photo gallery at Visual Resources for Ornithology
Chestnut-fronted Macaw videos in the Internet Bird Collection
Stamps^[usurped] (for Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname) with (inaccurate)-RangeMap
Chestnut-fronted Macaw - Wild Perched Pair (medium res photo) and Article - "Amazonia Lodge" at Pinkmoose Birding
Chestnut-fronted Macaw (high res photo) at Bird Watcher's Digest
Chestnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severus) - Species Factsheet at BirdLife International

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Ara severus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22685577A130103061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685577A130103061.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 97.

[3] Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 1. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.

[ioc-4] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 Mar 2022.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 52, 355. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[DA_2003-6] Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 236. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{taxobox
+{{speciesbox
- | name                = Chestnut-fronted macaw
- | image               = Chestnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severa) -Southwicks Zoo c.jpg
+ | name = Chestnut-fronted macaw
+ | image = Ara severus - Guacamaya cariseca - Chestnut-Fronted Macaw (7503884654).jpg
- | image_caption       = At [[Southwick's Zoo]], Massachusetts, USA
+ | image_caption =
- | image_width         =
- | status              = LC
+ | status = LC
- | status_system       = IUCN3.1
+ | status_system = IUCN3.1
- | status_ref          = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22685577 |title=''Ara severus'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+ | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Ara severus'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22685577A130103061 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685577A130103061.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
+ | genus = Ara
- | regnum              = [[Animal]]ia
+ | species = severus
- | phylum              = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
+ | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
- | classis             = [[bird|Aves]]
+ | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
- | ordo                = [[parrot|Psittaciformes]]
+ | subdivision = *''A. s. severus''
- | superfamilia        = [[true parrots|Psittacoidea]]
- | familia             = [[Psittacidae]]
- | subfamilia          = [[Neotropical parrot|Arinae]]
- | tribus              = [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]]
- | genus               = ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]''
- | species             = '''''A. severus'''''
- | binomial            = ''Ara severus''
- | binomial_authority  = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
- | subdivision_ranks   = subspecies
- | subdivision         = *''A. s. severus''
 *''A. s. castaneifrons''
- | range_map           = Ara severus distribution.svg
+ | range_map = Ara severus distribution.svg
+ | synonyms = ''Psittacus severus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
- | range_map_width     = 240px
 }}
-The '''chestnut-fronted macaw''' or '''severe macaw''' (''Ara severus'') is one of the largest of the [[mini-macaw]]s. It reaches a size of around {{convert|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of which around half is the length of the tail.
+The '''chestnut-fronted macaw''' or '''severe macaw''' ('''''Ara severus''''') is one of the largest of the [[mini-macaw]]s. It reaches a size of around {{convert|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of which around half is the length of the tail.
-They can be found over a large part of Northern [[South America]] from [[Panama]] south into [[Amazon Basin|Amazonian]] [[Brazil]] and central [[Bolivia]], but they are possibly breeding in their introduced homeland, [[Florida]].
+They can be found over a large part of Northern [[South America]] from [[Panama]] south into [[Amazon Basin|Amazonian]] [[Brazil]] and central [[Bolivia]]. A feral population is found in [[Florida]].
 Their lifespan is listed as anything from 30 to 80 years of age.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
+==Taxonomy==
+The chestnut-fronted macaw was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with all the other parrots in the [[genus]] ''[[Psittacus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Psittacus severus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=97 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727004 }}</ref> This macaw is now one of the eight extant species placed the genus ''[[Ara (bird)|Ara]]'' that was erected in 1799 by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=1 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA75 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.<!--BHL appears not to have a scan--></ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=16 Mar 2022 }}</ref> The genus name is from ''ará'' meaning "macaw" in the [[Tupi language]] of Brazil. The word is an [[onomatopoeia]] based on the sound of their call. The specific epithet ''severus'' is [[Latin]] meaning "grim", "cruel" or "stern".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n52/mode/1up 52], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n355/mode/1up 355]}}</ref> The species is considered to be [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>
 ==Description==
+[[File:Chestnut-fronted Macaw JCB.jpg|thumb|left|200px|in northeastern Ecuador showing red on underside of tail]]
-[[File:DiegoAzalea1280.jpg|left|thumb|A pet parrot]]
-The chestnut-fronted or severe macaw is mostly green in colour with patches of red and blue on the wings. The head has a chestnut brown patch just above the beak. The beak is black and the patches around the eyes are white with lines of small black feathers. It is the only one of the miniature macaws that has lines of feathers in the bare patches around its eyes. In the wild their typically gregarious personality can become more aggressive at puberty giving them the name Severe. This tendency can be curbed in captivity but the species requires significant handling to make a tame pet. It is {{convert|45|–|50|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|300|-|410|g|oz|abbr=on}}
+The chestnut-fronted or severe macaw is mostly green in colour with patches of red and blue on the wings. The head has a chestnut brown patch just above the beak. The beak is black and the patches around the eyes are white with lines of small black feathers. It is the only one of the miniature macaws that has lines of feathers in the bare patches around its eyes. In the wild their typically gregarious personality can become more aggressive at puberty giving them the name Severe. This tendency can be curbed in captivity but the species requires significant handling to make a tame pet. It is {{convert|45|–|50|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|300|-|410|g|oz|abbr=on}}.
 ==Breeding==
+The chestnut-fronted macaw [[nest]] in a hole in a tree. The eggs are white and there are usually two or three in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days, and the chicks [[fledge]] from the nest about 70 days after hatching.<ref name = "DA 2003">{{cite book |first = David| last = Alderton | author-link=David Alderton | title = The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds | isbn = 1-84309-164-X| publisher = Hermes House |location = London, England | year = 2003 |page= 236}}</ref>
-[[File:Chestnut-fronted macaw.jpg|thumb|left|near Wild Sumaco Lodge, Ecuador]]
-The chestnut-fronted macaw [[nest]] in a hole in a tree. The eggs are white and there are usually two or three in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days, and the chicks [[fledge]] from the nest about 70 days after hatching.<ref name = "DA 2003">{{cite book |first = David| last = Alderton | authorlink=David Alderton | title = The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds | isbn = 1-84309-164-X| publisher = Hermes House |location = London, England | year = 2003 |page= 236}}</ref>
+==Gallery==
+<gallery>
+Chestnut-fronted macaws (Ara severus) in flight Antioquia.jpg|in Colombia
+DiegoAzalea1280.jpg|A pet
+Ara severus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.148.9.jpg| ''Ara severus'' - [[MHNT]]
+</gallery>
 ==References==<!-- Caldasia27:247. -->
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 49: / Line 50: @@
 *[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=chestnut-fronted+macaw&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Chestnut-fronted Macaw photo gallery] at [http://vireo.acnatsci.org Visual Resources for Ornithology]
 *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/chestnut-fronted-macaw-ara-severa Chestnut-fronted Macaw videos] in the [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/ Internet Bird Collection]
-*[http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/7419200.htm Stamps] (for [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]]) with (inaccurate)-RangeMap
+*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000919044840/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/7419200.htm Stamps]}} (for [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]]) with (inaccurate)-RangeMap
 *[http://www.pinkmoose.ic24.net/images/chestnut-fronted-macaw.jpg Chestnut-fronted Macaw - Wild Perched Pair (medium res photo)] and [http://www.pinkmoose.ic24.net/peru/amazonia.htm Article - "Amazonia Lodge"] at [http://www.pinkmoose.ic24.net Pinkmoose Birding]
 *[http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/blog/uploaded_images/chuckdorasnack-792681-758570.jpg Chestnut-fronted Macaw (high res photo)] at [http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com Bird Watcher's Digest]
@@ Line 55: / Line 56: @@
 *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1554&m=0 Chestnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severus) - Species Factsheet] at [http://www.birdlife.org/index.html BirdLife International]
-{{commons category|Ara severa}}
+{{Commons category|Ara severus}}
 {{Macaws}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q852709}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Chestnut-Fronted Macaw}}
-[[Category:Ara]]
-[[Category:Macaws]]
+[[Category:Ara (genus)|chestnut-fronted macaw]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Amazon Basin|Macaw, Chestnut-fronted]]
+[[Category:Macaws|chestnut-fronted macaw]]
-[[Category:Birds of Marajó|Macaw, Chestnut-fronted]]
+[[Category:Birds of Colombia]]
-[[Category:Animals described in 1758]]
+[[Category:Birds of Venezuela]]
+[[Category:Birds of Ecuador]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1758|chestnut-fronted macaw]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|chestnut-fronted macaw]]
+[[Category:Birds of Brazil]]

v t e Macaws
Genus	Species (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
Anodorhynchus	Glaucous macaw Hyacinth macaw Lear's macaw
Cyanopsitta	Spix's macaw
Ara	Blue-and-yellow macaw (or blue-and-gold macaw) Blue-throated macaw Military macaw Great green macaw (or Buffon's macaw) Scarlet macaw Red-and-green macaw (or green-winged macaw) Red-fronted macaw Chestnut-fronted macaw (or severe macaw) Cuban macaw † St. Croix macaw † ₴
Orthopsittaca	Red-bellied macaw
Primolius	Blue-headed macaw Blue-winged macaw (or Illiger's macaw) Golden-collared macaw (or yellow-collared macaw)
Diopsittaca	Red-shouldered macaw (Hahn's macaw or noble macaw)
Hypothetical extinct macaws	Lesser Antillean macaw Martinique macaw Red-headed macaw Jamaican red macaw Dominican green-and-yellow macaw
Hybrid macaws	Catalina macaw
Neotropical parrots (tribe: Arini) Hybrid macaw List of macaws Mini-macaws

Taxon identifiers
Ara severus	Wikidata: Q852709 Wikispecies: Ara severus ADW: Ara_severa Avibase: 25BE172968F96FCC BirdLife: 22685577 BOLD: 110437 BOW: chfmac1 CoL: G22K eBird: chfmac1 GBIF: 5959228 GISD: 2037 iNaturalist: 72520 ITIS: 714034 IUCN: 22685577 NCBI: 178883 Neotropical: chfmac1 Open Tree of Life: 789646 Species+: 8817 TSA: 2130 Xeno-canto: Ara-severus
Psittacus severus	Wikidata: Q125076407 GBIF: 9250964 ZooBank: C950E179-A487-4192-ABC1-BF5180295DFB