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'''''Flueggea leucopyrus''''' is a [[species]] of [[shrub]] or [[tree]]. It primarily grows in wet [[Tropical rainforest|tropical biomes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348996-1 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> Its common names include '''Indian snowberry''',<ref name="inaturalist-Flueggea leucopyrus">{{cite web |title=Indian snowberry (Flueggea leucopyrus) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/370013-Flueggea-leucopyrus |website=iNaturalist |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> '''white honey shrub''', '''bushweed''' or '''cool pot'''.<ref name=":1" />
'''''Flueggea leucopyrus''''' is a [[species]] of [[shrub]] or [[tree]]. It primarily grows in wet [[Tropical rainforest|tropical biomes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348996-1 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> Its common names include '''Indian snowberry''',<ref name="inaturalist-Flueggea leucopyrus">{{cite web |title=Indian snowberry (Flueggea leucopyrus) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/370013-Flueggea-leucopyrus |website=iNaturalist |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/32598 |website=indiabiodiversity.org}}</ref> '''white honey shrub''', '''bushweed''', and '''cool pot'''.<ref name=":1" />


⚫
==Names==
''Flueggea leucopyrus'' is known by the following names:

* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: {{Lang|te-Latn|Pulugudu}} ({{Lang|te|పులుగుడు}})<ref name=":1" /> or {{Lang|te-Latn|Tella Pulugudu}} ({{Lang|te|తెల్ల పులుగుడు}})
* [[Kannada]]: {{Lang|kn-Latn|Bili sooli gida}} ({{Lang|kn|ಬಿಳಿ ಸೂಳಿ ಗಿಡ}}) or just {{Lang|kn-Latn|Sooli}} ({{Lang|kn|ಸೂಳಿ}})<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Flueggea-leucopyrus |url=https://pilikula.karnataka.gov.in/277/flueggea-leucopyrus/en |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=pilikula.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{Lang|ta-Latn|Varat-pula}} ({{Lang|ta|வறட்பூலா}}), {{Lang|ta-Latn|Vellai-p-pulanci}} ({{Lang|ta|ள்ளைப்பூலாஞ்ச}}ி), {{Lang|ta-Latn|Vellaipoola}} ({{Lang|ta|வெள்ளை பூலை}}), {{Lang|ta-Latn|Madhuppullaanthi}} (மதுபிபுல்லாந்தி)<ref name=":1" /> or {{Lang|ta-Latn|Pulanji}} ({{Lang|ta|புலஞ்சி}})<ref name=":2" />
* [[Malayalam|Malaylam]]: {{Lang|ml-Latn|Amboorippachila}} ({{Lang|ml|അമ്പൂരിപ്പച്ചില}}), {{Lang|ml-Latn|Mulpulanji}} ({{Lang|ml|മുൾപ്പുല്ലാഞ്ഞി}}), {{Lang|ml-Latn|Perimklavu}} ({{Lang|ml|പെരിംക്ലാവ്}}), {{Lang|ml-Latn|Vellamullaram}} ({{Lang|ml|വെള്ളമുള്ളാരം}}) or {{Lang|ml-Latn|Cerimklaav}} ({{Lang|ml|ചെരിംക്ലാവ്}})
* [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: {{lang|kok-Latn|Parpo}}
* [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa-Latn|Panduphali}} ({{lang|sa|पान्डुफली}}), {{lang|sa-Latn|Bhuriphali}} ({{lang|sa|भूरिफली}}) or {{lang|sa-Latn|Shwetakambuja}} ({{lang|sa|श्वेतकम्बुज}})
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr-Latn|Pandharphali}} ({{lang|mr|पांढरफळी}})<ref name=":1" />
* [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: {{lang|si-Latn|Katupila}} ({{lang|si|කටුපිල}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details |url=http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/plants/plants_detail.php?i=512&s=local_name |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.instituteofayurveda.org}}</ref>
== Description ==
== Description ==
[[File:Indian snowberry imported from iNaturalist photo 41022656 on 10 April 2024.jpg|left|thumb|View from [[Karnataka]], India.]]
[[File:Indian snowberry imported from iNaturalist photo 41022656 on 10 April 2024.jpg|left|thumb|View from [[Karnataka]], India.]]
⚫
''Flueggea leucopyrus'' is an erect, many-branched shrub growing up to 5 m tall. Its angular branchlets end in sharp [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|spines]]. Its leaves are [[Phyllotaxis|alternate]], obovate to elliptic, and measure up to 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Male flowers are greenish-yellow and clustered in axillary [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicles]], while female flowers are solitary. The male flowers have five [[perianth]] lobes, with five free [[stamen]]s and a disc of five glands alternating with the stamens. The fruits are globose, about 5 mm across, three-celled, and white when ripe. The seeds are trigonous, smooth, and pale brown.<ref name=":2" />


==Distribution and habitat ==
⚫
''Flueggea leucopyrus'' is an erect, much-branched shrub up to 5 meters tall with angular branchlets ending in sharp spines. Its leaves are alternate, obovate to elliptic, and measure up to 2.5 x 1.5 cm. Male flowers are greenish-yellow and clustered in axillary fascicles, while female flowers are solitary. The perianth lobes are 5, with 5 free stamens and a disc of 5 glands alternating with the stamens. Fruits are globose, about 5 mm across, 3-celled, and white when ripe. Seeds are trigonous, smooth, and pale brown.<ref name=":2" />
The native range of ''Flueggea leucopyrus'' includes parts of [[East Africa]], [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The species can be found in [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], [[Socotra]], [[Sajid Island]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], and [[China]] ([[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]]).<ref name=":0" /> It is commonly found on [[foothill]]s in scrub forests and in [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|dry deciduous forests]] at elevations of 0 to 900 m.<ref name=":1" />


==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
In [[Telugu language|Telugu]], it is known as ''Pulugudu'' (పులుగుడు)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/32598 |website=indiabiodiversity.org}}</ref> or ''Tella Pulugudu'' (తెల్ల పులుగుడు). In [[Kannada]], it is called ''Bili sooli gida'' (ಬಿಳಿ ಸೂಳಿ ಗಿಡ) or just ''Sooli'' (ಸೂಳಿ).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Flueggea-leucopyrus |url=https://pilikula.karnataka.gov.in/277/flueggea-leucopyrus/en |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=pilikula.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref> In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], It's names include ''Varat-pula'' (வறட்பூலா), ''Vellai-p-pulanci'' (ள்ளைப்பூலாஞ்சி), ''Vellaipoola'' (வெள்ளை பூலை), ''Madhuppullaanthi'' (மதுபிபுல்லாந்தி)<ref name=":1" /> or ''Pulanji'' (புலஞ்சி).<ref name=":2" /> In [[Malayalam|Malaylam]], the names of it include ''Amboorippachila'' (അമ്പൂരിപ്പച്ചില), ''Mulpulanji'' (മുൾപ്പുല്ലാഞ്ഞി), ''Perimklavu'' (പെരിംക്ലാവ്), ''Vellamullaram'' (വെള്ളമുള്ളാരം) or ''Cerimklaav'' (ചെരിംക്ലാവ്). In [[Konkani language|Konkani]], it is called ''Parpo''. In Sanskrit, it is called ''Panduphali'' (पान्डुफली), ''Bhuriphali'' (भूरिफली) or ''Shwetakambuja'' (श्वेतकम्बुज). In Marathi, it is called ''Pandharphali'' (पांढरफळी).<ref name=":1" /> In [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] it is called ''Katupila'' (කටුපිල).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details |url=http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/plants/plants_detail.php?i=512&s=local_name |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.instituteofayurveda.org}}</ref>

⚫
==Range==
It's native range is [[Ethiopia]] to [[Somalia]], [[Socotra]], [[Saudi Arabia]] ([[Sajid Island]]), [[Pakistan]] to [[China]] ([[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]]), [[Sri Lanka]]. Hence, it is native to [[Bangladesh]], China South-Central, Ethiopia, [[India]], [[Myanmar]], Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Socotra, Somalia and Sri Lanka.<ref name=":0" />

==Habitat and ecology==
[[File:Flueggea leucopyrus 2.jpg|thumb|Flower of ''F. leucopyrus''|left]]
[[File:Flueggea leucopyrus 2.jpg|thumb|Flower of ''F. leucopyrus''|left]]
The [[flowering]] period of ''Flueggea leucopyrus'' is February to May. While the [[fruiting]] period is April to November. It is commonly found on [[foothills]] to scrub jungles from the coast to 900m or [[dry deciduous forest]]s.<ref name=":1" />
''Flueggea leucopyrus'' flowers from February to May and is [[Pollination|pollinated]] by [[honey bee]]s. The fruiting period is April to November. The plant is eaten by [[goat]]s.<ref name=":1" />

==Uses==
Its fruits are edible.<ref name=":1" />


⚫
Juice or paste of the leaves of ''Flueggea leucopyrus'' is used alongside tobacco to eradicate worms in sores.<ref name=":2" /> It has been used in [[Ayurveda]] and [[folk medicine]],<ref name=":1" /> especially in Sri Lankan folk medicine, where it is used in the management of acute and chronic types of wounds.{{cn|date=April 2024}} ''F. leucopyrus'' is used as an antifungal against ''[[Aspergillus]]''.{{cn|date=April 2024}} ''F. leucopyrus'' shows potential anti-inflammatory effects against protein [[Denaturation (biochemistry)|denaturation]] and proteinase inhibitors, possibly due to flavonoids and polyphenols. Further research is needed to identify active components and their mechanisms of action.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==Human use and medicinal properties==
⚫
Juice or paste of the leaves of ''Flueggea leucopyrus'' is utilized in conjunction with tobacco to eradicate worms in the sores.<ref name=":2" /> It has been used in [[Ayurveda]] and [[folk medicine]],<ref name=":1" />especially in Sri Lankan folk medicine where it used in the management of acute and chronic types of wounds.{{cn|date=April 2024}} It's fruits are edible and the flowers of it attract [[Honey bee|honeybees]].<ref name=":1" /> ''F.leucopyrus'' has been found to be antifungal against ''[[Aspergillus]]''.{{cn|date=April 2024}} ''S.leucopyrus'' shows potential anti-inflammatory effects against protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitors, possibly due to flavonoids and polyphenols. Further research is needed to identify active components and their mechanisms of action.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Modi |first=Chirag M. |last2=Bhatt |first2=Punit R. |last3=P |first3=Kajal B. |last4=ya |last5=Patel |first5=Harshad B. |last6=Patel |first6=Urvesh D. |date=2019-05-10 |title=Comparative evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of selected medicinal plants from Saurashtra Region, Gujarat |url=https://www.ijcmas.com/www.ijcmas.com/abstractview.php?ID=12992&vol=8-5-2019&SNo=195 |journal=International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=1686–1698 |doi=10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.195 |issn=2319-7706|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Extracts from ''F. leucopyrus'' possess [[antioxidant]] properties, with the most significant effects observed in [[chloroform]] and alcoholic extracts. These extracts showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, with percentages of 82.5% and 88.4% respectively. [[Flavonoid|Flavanoids]], [[alkaloid]]s, [[tannin]]s, and [[steroid]]s present in the extracts are believed to be responsible for this scavenging activity. The order of effectiveness of the extracts was alcohol > chloroform > ethyl acetate > hydroalcohol > hexane. This antioxidant activity was attributed to the reduction of the stable radical DPPH by the chemical constituents of the plant, which act as hydrogen donors.
Extracts from ''F. leucopyrus'' possess [[antioxidant]] properties, with the most significant effects observed in [[chloroform]] and [[alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]] extracts. These extracts showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, with percentages of 82.5% and 88.4% respectively. [[Flavonoid|Flavanoids]], [[alkaloid]]s, [[tannin]]s, and [[steroid]]s present in the extracts are believed to be responsible for this scavenging activity. Alcohol extracts were the most effective, followed by chloroform extracts, then ethyl acetate extracts, then hydro-alcohol extracts, then hexane extracts. This antioxidant activity was attributed to the reduction of the stable radical DPPH by the chemical constituents of the plant, which act as hydrogen donors.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}


The decoction of aerial parts of ''F. leucopyrus'' shows cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells, particularly Her2 negative ones (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), compared to Her2 positive (SKBR-3) and non-cancerous cells (MCF-10A). This supports its traditional use for its anticancer properties.<ref>Ghodela, Naresh & Kumar, Vijay & Dudhamal, Tukaram & Naria, Mukesh. (2016). A wonderful medicinal plant: ''Securinega leucopyrus'' (Willd) Muell - A brief review. International Journal of Science Inventions Today (IJSIT). 5. 472–484. </ref>
The [[decoction]] of aerial parts of ''F. leucopyrus'' shows cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells, particularly Her2 negative cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), compared to Her2 positive (SKBR-3) and non-cancerous cells (MCF-10A). This supports its traditional use for its anticancer properties.<ref>Ghodela, Naresh & Kumar, Vijay & Dudhamal, Tukaram & Naria, Mukesh. (2016). A wonderful medicinal plant: ''Securinega leucopyrus'' (Willd) Muell - A brief review. International Journal of Science Inventions Today (IJSIT). 5. 472–484. </ref>


Young branches of ''F.leucopyrus'' have been used as [[broom]]s by the aboriginal inhabitants of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] within the [[Western Ghats]] region of India.<ref>Rasingam, Ladan & Jeeva, Solomon. (2013). Indigenous brooms used by the aboriginal inhabitants of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 4. 312–316. </ref>
Young branches of ''F. leucopyrus'' have been used as [[broom]]s by the aboriginal inhabitants of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] within the [[Western Ghats]] region of India.<ref>Rasingam, Ladan & Jeeva, Solomon. (2013). Indigenous brooms used by the aboriginal inhabitants of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 4. 312–316. </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 08:02, 18 September 2024

Flueggea leucopyrus
From Kerala, India.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Flueggea
Species:
F. leucopyrus
Binomial name
Flueggea leucopyrus
Synonyms[2]
  • Acidoton leucopyrus (Willd.) Kuntze
  • Cicca leucopyrus (Willd.) Kuntze
  • Flueggea wallichiana Baill., nom. illeg.
  • Flueggea xerocarpa A.Juss.
  • Phyllanthus albicans Benth., nom. nud.
  • Phyllanthus leucopyrus (Willd.) J.Koenig ex Roxb.
  • Phyllanthus lucena B.Heyne ex Roth
  • Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Müll.Arg.
  • Xylophylla lucena Roth

Flueggea leucopyrus is a species of shrub or tree. It primarily grows in wet tropical biomes.[3] Its common names include Indian snowberry,[4][2] white honey shrub, bushweed, and cool pot.[2]

Names

[edit]

Flueggea leucopyrus is known by the following names:

  • Telugu: Pulugudu (పులుగుడు)[2] or Tella Pulugudu (తెల్ల పులుగుడు)
  • Kannada: Bili sooli gida (ಬಿಳಿ ಸೂಳಿ ಗಿಡ) or just Sooli (ಸೂಳಿ)[5]
  • Tamil: Varat-pula (வறட்பூலா), Vellai-p-pulanci (ள்ளைப்பூலாஞ்சி), Vellaipoola (வெள்ளை பூலை), Madhuppullaanthi (மதுபிபுல்லாந்தி)[2] or Pulanji (புலஞ்சி)[5]
  • Malaylam: Amboorippachila (അമ്പൂരിപ്പച്ചില), Mulpulanji (മുൾപ്പുല്ലാഞ്ഞി), Perimklavu (പെരിംക്ലാവ്), Vellamullaram (വെള്ളമുള്ളാരം) or Cerimklaav (ചെരിംക്ലാവ്)
  • Konkani: Parpo
  • Sanskrit: Panduphali (पान्डुफली), Bhuriphali (भूरिफली) or Shwetakambuja (श्वेतकम्बुज)
  • Marathi: Pandharphali (पांढरफळी)[2]
  • Sinhala: Katupila (කටුපිල)[6]

Description

[edit]
View from Karnataka, India.

Flueggea leucopyrus is an erect, many-branched shrub growing up to 5 m tall. Its angular branchlets end in sharp spines. Its leaves are alternate, obovate to elliptic, and measure up to 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Male flowers are greenish-yellow and clustered in axillary fascicles, while female flowers are solitary. The male flowers have five perianth lobes, with five free stamens and a disc of five glands alternating with the stamens. The fruits are globose, about 5 mm across, three-celled, and white when ripe. The seeds are trigonous, smooth, and pale brown.[5]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The native range of Flueggea leucopyrus includes parts of East Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia. The species can be found in Ethiopia, Somalia, Socotra, Sajid Island, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and China (Sichuan, Yunnan).[3] It is commonly found on foothills in scrub forests and in dry deciduous forests at elevations of 0 to 900 m.[2]

Ecology

[edit]
Flower of F. leucopyrus

Flueggea leucopyrus flowers from February to May and is pollinated by honey bees. The fruiting period is April to November. The plant is eaten by goats.[2]

Uses

[edit]

Its fruits are edible.[2]

Juice or paste of the leaves of Flueggea leucopyrus is used alongside tobacco to eradicate worms in sores.[5] It has been used in Ayurveda and folk medicine,[2] especially in Sri Lankan folk medicine, where it is used in the management of acute and chronic types of wounds.[citation needed] F. leucopyrus is used as an antifungal against Aspergillus.[citation needed] F. leucopyrus shows potential anti-inflammatory effects against protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitors, possibly due to flavonoids and polyphenols. Further research is needed to identify active components and their mechanisms of action.[citation needed]

Extracts from F. leucopyrus possess antioxidant properties, with the most significant effects observed in chloroform and alcohol extracts. These extracts showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, with percentages of 82.5% and 88.4% respectively. Flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids present in the extracts are believed to be responsible for this scavenging activity. Alcohol extracts were the most effective, followed by chloroform extracts, then ethyl acetate extracts, then hydro-alcohol extracts, then hexane extracts. This antioxidant activity was attributed to the reduction of the stable radical DPPH by the chemical constituents of the plant, which act as hydrogen donors.[citation needed]

The decoction of aerial parts of F. leucopyrus shows cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells, particularly Her2 negative cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), compared to Her2 positive (SKBR-3) and non-cancerous cells (MCF-10A). This supports its traditional use for its anticancer properties.[7]

Young branches of F. leucopyrus have been used as brooms by the aboriginal inhabitants of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve within the Western Ghats region of India.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Plummer, J. (2021). "Flueggea leucopyrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T169273845A169300304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169273845A169300304.en. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Flueggea leucopyrus Willd". indiabiodiversity.org.
  3. ^ a b "Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  4. ^ "Indian snowberry (Flueggea leucopyrus)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  5. ^ a b c d "Flueggea-leucopyrus". pilikula.karnataka.gov.in. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  6. ^ "Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details". www.instituteofayurveda.org. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  7. ^ Ghodela, Naresh & Kumar, Vijay & Dudhamal, Tukaram & Naria, Mukesh. (2016). A wonderful medicinal plant: Securinega leucopyrus (Willd) Muell - A brief review. International Journal of Science Inventions Today (IJSIT). 5. 472–484.
  8. ^ Rasingam, Ladan & Jeeva, Solomon. (2013). Indigenous brooms used by the aboriginal inhabitants of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 4. 312–316.
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