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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Dendrobates leucomelas''
⚫
| image = yellow-banded.poison.dart.frog.arp.jpg
⚫
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCNleucs"/>
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCNleucs"/>
| trend = stable
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
⚫
| image = yellow-banded.poison.dart.frog.arp.jpg
| status2_ref = <ref name="CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
⚫
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Dendrobates
⚫
| species = leucomelas
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| authority = [[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1864
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
⚫
| range_map = Dendrobates mapa.png
| ordo = [[Frog|Anura]]
⚫
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the five ''Dendrobates'' species, with ''D. leucomelas'' in green
| subordo = [[Neobatrachia]]
| familia = [[Dendrobatidae]]
| genus = ''[[Dendrobates]]''
⚫
| species = '''''D. leucomelas'''''
| binomial = ''Dendrobates leucomelas''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1864
| range_map = Leucrange1a.jpg
| range_map_width =
| range_map_alt =
⚫
| range_map_caption = Range of ''D. leucomelas'' (red)
}}
}}

The '''yellow-banded poison dart frog''' (''Dendrobates leucomelas''), also known as '''yellow-headed poison dart frog''' or '''bumblebee poison frog''', is a [[poisonous frog]] from the ''[[Dendrobates]]'' genus of the family [[Dendrobatidae]].
The '''yellow-banded poison dart frog''' ('''''Dendrobates leucomelas'''''), also known as '''yellow-headed poison dart frog''' or '''bumblebee poison frog''', is a [[poison dart frog]] from the genus ''[[Dendrobates]]'' of the family [[Dendrobatidae]].


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
''D. leucomelas'' is found in the northern part of continent of South America, most notably in [[Venezuela]]. It is also found in parts of [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]], and the extreme easternmost part of [[Colombia]].<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" />
''Dendrobates leucomelas'' is a common [[poison dart frog]] found in the northern part of continent of South America, most notably in [[Venezuela]]. It is also found in parts of [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]], and the extreme easternmost part of [[Colombia]].<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" />
This [[amphibian]] is normally found in very humid conditions in tropical rain forests, close to fresh water. It is often found on flat rocks, trees, plants (notably [[bromeliads]]), and the leaf litter of the forest floor. During the dry season, specimens are known to congregate in damper places, such as under rocks or fallen tree trunks.<ref name="IUCNleucs">{{cite web | url={{IUCNlink|55191}} | title=IUCN Red List | work=[[IUCN]] | year=2004 | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref>
This [[amphibian]] is normally found in very humid conditions in tropical rain forests, close to fresh water. It is often found on flat rocks, trees, plants (notably [[bromeliads]]), and the leaf litter of the forest floor. During the dry season, specimens are known to congregate in damper places, such as under rocks or fallen tree trunks.<ref name="IUCNleucs">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Dendrobates leucomelas'' |volume=2023 |page=e.T55191A61395501 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T55191A61395501.en |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>


The ''D. leucomelas''' natural habitat is tropical, and not subject to great seasonal temperature variations. Typically, temperature variances are related to elevation and time of day, and range from the low 20s to the low 30s&nbsp;°C. In captivity, care must be taken not to overheat the frogs, as they can be sensitive to higher temperatures.
The ''D. leucomelas''' natural habitat is tropical, and not subject to great seasonal temperature variations. Typically, temperature variances are related to elevation and time of day, and range from {{convert|26|to|30|C}} or above. In captivity, care must be taken not to overheat the frogs, as they can be sensitive to higher temperatures.


Although preferring high humidity levels, this species can handle lower humidity levels much better than other species in the genus. Specimens can also be found in the seasonally drier forest islands in its natural range, and at elevations ranging from sea level to 800&nbsp;metres [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref name="ADWleucs">{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dendrobates_leucomelas.html | title=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. | work=ADW | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref>
Although preferring high humidity levels, this species can handle lower humidity levels much better than other species in the genus. Specimens can also be found in the seasonally drier forest islands in its natural range, and at elevations ranging from sea level to {{convert|800|m}} [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref name="ADWleucs">{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dendrobates_leucomelas.html | title=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. | work=ADW | access-date=16 July 2009 }}</ref>


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
[[File:LeucScale1.jpg|left|thumb|Adult ''D. leucomelas'' next to scale object ([[Two pence (British decimal coin)|UK 2p]]) coin]]
[[File:LeucScale1.jpg|left|thumb|Adult ''D. leucomelas'' next to scale object ([[Two pence (British decimal coin)|UK 2p]]) coin]]
''D. leucomelas'' is one of the largest species in the genus ''Dendrobates'', with a snout-to-vent length between {{convert|3.1|and|5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Average adult size, however, rarely exceeds {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" /> Their average weight is reported as being around {{convert|3|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Females tend to be slightly larger than the males, but otherwise, little in their appearance can be used to determine the sex of the species.
''Dendrobates leucomelas'' is one of the largest species in the genus ''Dendrobates'', with a snout-to-vent length between {{convert|3.1|and|5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Average adult size, however, rarely exceeds {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" /> Their average weight is reported as being around {{convert|3|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Females tend to be slightly larger than the males, but otherwise, little in their appearance can be used to determine the sex of the species.


Like most poison dart frogs, the yellow-banded poison dart frog has evolved [[aposematic]] colouration as a warning to potential predators that it will make an unpalatable or toxic meal.
Like most poison dart frogs, the yellow-banded poison dart frog has evolved [[aposematic]] colouration as a warning to potential predators that it will make an unpalatable or toxic meal.


Predominantly, these frogs have a bright yellow colouration with varying numbers of broad black stripes and/or spots that extend over the whole body. Some morphs are orange in colour, and variations exist within the species (naturally occurring and not morphs solely within the exotic pet community) that dictate the extent of these markings ranging from fine spots to thick, unbroken banding.<ref name="dendroboardleucsmorph">{{cite web | url=http://www.dendroboard.com/forum/care-sheets/13015-dendrobates-leucomelas-novice.html | title=DendroBoard. | work=Dendrobates leucomelas | date=29 December 2006 | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref>
Predominantly, these frogs have a bright yellow colouration with varying numbers of broad black stripes and/or spots that extend over the whole body. Some morphs are orange in colour, and variations exist within the species (naturally occurring and not morphs solely within the exotic pet community) that dictate the extent of these markings ranging from fine spots to thick, unbroken banding.<ref name="dendroboardleucsmorph">{{cite web | url=http://www.dendroboard.com/forum/care-sheets/13015-dendrobates-leucomelas-novice.html | title=DendroBoard. | work=Dendrobates leucomelas | date=29 December 2006 | access-date=16 July 2009 }}</ref>


They have glandular, adhesive pads on their toes (which aid in climbing and positioning) and, in common with other species in their order, they have a short, protrudable, unnotched, sticky tongue, which extends to catch prey.<ref name="honzooleuc">{{cite web | url=http://www.honoluluzoo.org/yellow-banded_dart_frog.htm | title=Yellow-banded Dart Frog. | work=Honolulu zoo | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref>
They have glandular, adhesive pads on their toes (which aid in climbing and positioning) and, in common with other species in their order, they have a short, protrudable, unnotched, sticky tongue, which extends to catch prey.<ref name="honzooleuc">{{cite web | url=http://www.honoluluzoo.org/yellow-banded_dart_frog.htm | title=Yellow-banded Dart Frog. | work=Honolulu zoo | access-date=16 July 2009 }}</ref>


==Behaviour==
==Behaviour==
''D. leucomelas'' frogs are [[Diurnality|diurnal]] by nature, and are known to be fiercely territorial. They live in small groups in the wild, and will attack neighbouring groups with surprising ferocity for creatures of their size. They will also warn off rivals by emitting loud calls; ''D. leucomelas'' is known to have one of the loudest calls among poison dart frogs; theirs can be heard from some distance and is described as an innocent-sounding, bird-like trill. ''D. leucomelas'', as with all frogs, can also call to attract members of the opposite sex. Uniquely, it is also the only poison dart frog to [[estivate]] during dry spells.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" />
''Dendrobates leucomelas'' frogs are [[Diurnality|diurnal]] by nature, and are known to be fiercely territorial. They live in small groups in the Uniquely, it is also the only poison dart frog to [[estivate]] during dry spells.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" />

==Reproduction==
Yellow-banded poison dart frogs reproduce sexually. The mother lays her fertilized eggs ([[zygotes]]) in a body of water. When they hatch, they are called [[tadpoles]].


==Toxicity==
==Toxicity==
Like all Dendrobatidae, ''D. leucomelas'' frogs secrete toxins from their skin, which they gain from eating certain unspecified [[arthropod]] prey. It is uncertain precisely which arthropods lend their toxicity to which genus of Dendrobatidae, but one such arthropod is thought to have been identified as a possible source of the toxin for Dendrobatidae ''[[Phyllobates terribilis]]'' (aka the golden poison frog), and it is a local variant of the Melyrid beetle.<ref name="toxicbeet">{{cite web | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/45/15857.full | title=Melyrid beetles (Choresine): A putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds | work=PNAS | date= September 2004 | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref>
Like all Dendrobatidae, ''D. leucomelas'' frogs secrete toxins from their skin, which they gain from eating certain unspecified [[arthropod]] prey. It is uncertain precisely which arthropods lend their toxicity to which genus of Dendrobatidae, but one such arthropod is thought to have been identified as a possible source of the toxin for Dendrobatidae ''[[Phyllobates terribilis]]'' (aka the golden poison frog), and it is a local variant of the Melyrid beetle.<ref name="toxicbeet">{{cite web | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/45/15857.full | title=Melyrid beetles (Choresine): A putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds | work=PNAS | date= September 2004 | access-date=16 July 2009 }}</ref>


Dendrobatidae toxins vary from species to species, but some are extremely potent neurotoxins. The alkaloid toxins, secreted from the frogs' skin, interfere with nerve impulses, which can lead to heart failure or [[fibrillation]].
Dendrobatidae toxins vary from species to species, but some are extremely potent neurotoxins. The alkaloid toxins, secreted from the frogs' skin, interfere with nerve impulses, which can lead to heart failure or [[fibrillation]].
Line 61: Line 52:
[[File:Threeleucsmrgwiki1999.jpg|thumb| Three ''Dendrobates leucomelas'' frogs in a tropical rainforest [[vivarium]]]]
[[File:Threeleucsmrgwiki1999.jpg|thumb| Three ''Dendrobates leucomelas'' frogs in a tropical rainforest [[vivarium]]]]


The species' robustness, relatively common numbers in the wild, and widespread natural distribution has helped maintain this frog's status of "[[Least Concern]]" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's conservation red list, despite some [[overharvesting]] of wild specimens for the exotic pet trade.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs">{{cite web | url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Dendrobates&where-species=leucomelas | title=Dendrobates leucomelas . | work=AmphibiaWeb | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref><ref name="IUCNleucs" /> The species' ability to be easily bred in captivity has led to a fall in prices within the exotic pet trade, which is an alleviative factor to the problem of overharvesting.
The species' robustness, relatively common numbers in the wild, and widespread natural distribution has helped maintain this frog's status of "[[Least Concern]]" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's conservation red list, despite some [[overharvesting]] of wild specimens for the exotic pet trade.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs">{{cite web | url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Dendrobates&where-species=leucomelas | title=Dendrobates leucomelas . | work=AmphibiaWeb | access-date=16 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="IUCNleucs" /> The species' ability to be easily bred in captivity has led to a fall in prices within the free market, which is an alleviative factor to the problem of overharvesting.


==References==
==References==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q615690}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q615690}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow-Banded Poison Dart Frog}}
[[Category:Poison dart frogs]]
[[Category:Poison dart frogs]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Guyana]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Guyana]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Brazil]]
[[Category:Frogs of Brazil]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Colombia]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Colombia]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1864]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1864]]

Latest revision as of 16:51, 18 September 2024

Yellow-banded poison dart frog
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dendrobatidae
Genus: Dendrobates
Species:
D. leucomelas
Binomial name
Dendrobates leucomelas
Distribution of the five Dendrobates species, with D. leucomelas in green

The yellow-banded poison dart frog (Dendrobates leucomelas), also known as yellow-headed poison dart frog or bumblebee poison frog, is a poison dart frog from the genus Dendrobates of the family Dendrobatidae.

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Dendrobates leucomelas is a common poison dart frog found in the northern part of continent of South America, most notably in Venezuela. It is also found in parts of Guyana, Brazil, and the extreme easternmost part of Colombia.[3] This amphibian is normally found in very humid conditions in tropical rain forests, close to fresh water. It is often found on flat rocks, trees, plants (notably bromeliads), and the leaf litter of the forest floor. During the dry season, specimens are known to congregate in damper places, such as under rocks or fallen tree trunks.[1]

The D. leucomelas' natural habitat is tropical, and not subject to great seasonal temperature variations. Typically, temperature variances are related to elevation and time of day, and range from 26 to 30 °C (79 to 86 °F) or above. In captivity, care must be taken not to overheat the frogs, as they can be sensitive to higher temperatures.

Although preferring high humidity levels, this species can handle lower humidity levels much better than other species in the genus. Specimens can also be found in the seasonally drier forest islands in its natural range, and at elevations ranging from sea level to 800 metres (2,600 ft) AMSL.[4]

Morphology

[edit]
Adult D. leucomelas next to scale object (UK 2p) coin

Dendrobates leucomelas is one of the largest species in the genus Dendrobates, with a snout-to-vent length between 3.1 and 5 cm (1.2 and 2.0 in). Average adult size, however, rarely exceeds 4 cm (1.6 in).[3] Their average weight is reported as being around 3 g (0.11 oz). Females tend to be slightly larger than the males, but otherwise, little in their appearance can be used to determine the sex of the species.

Like most poison dart frogs, the yellow-banded poison dart frog has evolved aposematic colouration as a warning to potential predators that it will make an unpalatable or toxic meal.

Predominantly, these frogs have a bright yellow colouration with varying numbers of broad black stripes and/or spots that extend over the whole body. Some morphs are orange in colour, and variations exist within the species (naturally occurring and not morphs solely within the exotic pet community) that dictate the extent of these markings ranging from fine spots to thick, unbroken banding.[5]

They have glandular, adhesive pads on their toes (which aid in climbing and positioning) and, in common with other species in their order, they have a short, protrudable, unnotched, sticky tongue, which extends to catch prey.[6]

Behaviour

[edit]

Dendrobates leucomelas frogs are diurnal by nature, and are known to be fiercely territorial. They live in small groups in the Uniquely, it is also the only poison dart frog to estivate during dry spells.[3]

Toxicity

[edit]

Like all Dendrobatidae, D. leucomelas frogs secrete toxins from their skin, which they gain from eating certain unspecified arthropod prey. It is uncertain precisely which arthropods lend their toxicity to which genus of Dendrobatidae, but one such arthropod is thought to have been identified as a possible source of the toxin for Dendrobatidae Phyllobates terribilis (aka the golden poison frog), and it is a local variant of the Melyrid beetle.[7]

Dendrobatidae toxins vary from species to species, but some are extremely potent neurotoxins. The alkaloid toxins, secreted from the frogs' skin, interfere with nerve impulses, which can lead to heart failure or fibrillation.

Further information: Poison dart frog § Toxicity and medicine
See also: Allopumiliotoxin 267A, Batrachotoxin, Epibatidine, Histrionicotoxin, and Pumiliotoxin 251D

Husbandry and conservation status

[edit]
See also: History of dendrobatid frogkeeping
Three Dendrobates leucomelas frogs in a tropical rainforest vivarium

The species' robustness, relatively common numbers in the wild, and widespread natural distribution has helped maintain this frog's status of "Least Concern" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's conservation red list, despite some overharvesting of wild specimens for the exotic pet trade.[3][1] The species' ability to be easily bred in captivity has led to a fall in prices within the free market, which is an alleviative factor to the problem of overharvesting.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2023). "Dendrobates leucomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T55191A61395501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T55191A61395501.en. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "Dendrobates leucomelas ". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  4. ^ "University of Michigan Museum of Zoology". ADW. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  5. ^ "DendroBoard". Dendrobates leucomelas. 29 December 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  6. ^ "Yellow-banded Dart Frog". Honolulu zoo. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  7. ^ "Melyrid beetles (Choresine): A putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds". PNAS. September 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
[edit]
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