Jump to content

Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Fixed grammar
Tags: canned edit summary Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit
mNo edit summary
 
(41 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|1930s towed 37 mm anti-tank gun}}
{{short description|1930s towed 37 mm anti-tank gun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun
|name=Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun
| image= Armata przeciwpancerna wz 36.jpg
| image= Armata przeciwpancerna wz 36.jpg
| image_size = 280
| image_size = 280
|caption=Polish [[wz.36]] anti-tank gun.
|caption=Polish wz.36 anti-tank gun.
|origin=Sweden
|origin=Sweden
|type=[[Anti-tank gun]]
|type=[[Anti-tank gun]]
Line 22: Line 23:
|design_date=1934
|design_date=1934
|manufacturer=[[Bofors]]
|manufacturer=[[Bofors]]
|production_date=1935 -
|production_date=1935 –
|number=
|number=
|variants=
|variants=
Line 33: Line 34:
|crew=
|crew=
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|cartridge=[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Fixed QF|Fixed QF]] 37×257&nbsp;mm. R
|cartridge=[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Fixed QF|Fixed QF]] 37×258&nbsp;mm R
|cartridge_weight={{convert|.74|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1299755|title=Anti-tank weapons|last=Chamberlain|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Arco Pub. Co|others=Gander, Terry|page=36|isbn=0668036079|location=New York|oclc=1299755}}</ref>
|cartridge_weight={{convert|.74|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anti-tank weapons|last=Chamberlain|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Arco Pub. Co|others=Gander, Terry|page=36|isbn=0668036079|location=New York|oclc=1299755}}</ref>
|caliber=37&nbsp;mm (1.45&nbsp;in)
|caliber=37&nbsp;mm (1.45&nbsp;in)
|action=
|action=
Line 44: Line 45:
|sights=
|sights=
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
|breech=[[Rifled_breech_loader#The_sliding_block|vertical sliding-block]]
|breech=[[Rifled breech loader#The sliding block|vertical sliding-block]]
|recoil=
|recoil=
|carriage=[[Gun carriage#Modern gun carriages|split trail]]
|carriage=[[Gun carriage#Modern gun carriages|split trail]]
Line 51: Line 52:
}}
}}


The '''Bofors 37&nbsp;mm anti-tank gun''' was an [[anti-tank gun]] designed by Swedish manufacturer [[Bofors]] in the early 1930s originally for Swedish use. It was exported to several countries during the 1930's of which several bought licences to produce it themselves. The gun was used in several conflicts but most of its fame comes from its use in the [[Spanish Civil War|Spanish civil war]] and the [[Winter War|Winter war]] where it was used very successfully against [[light tank]]s and [[armored car (military)|armored car]]s among other targets. Beyond its use as an infantry gun it was also used as the main armament in several armored cars and tanks such as the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[M39 Pantserwagen]] and the [[Poland|Polish]] [[7TP]] to name a few. As the armor of tanks was increased during [[World War II]] the gun very quickly became obsolete as an [[anti-tank gun]] but was still used effectively as an [[infantry support gun]] for the entirety of the war, and well into the [[Cold War]]. This was due to its high fire rate, great mobility and effective high explosive shells.
The '''Bofors 37&nbsp;mm anti-tank gun''' was an [[anti-tank gun]] designed by Swedish manufacturer [[Bofors]] in the early 1930s originally for Swedish use. It was exported to several countries during the 1930s of which several bought licences to produce it themselves. The gun was used in several conflicts but most of its fame comes from its use in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and the [[Winter War]] where it was used very successfully against [[light tank]]s and [[armored car (military)|armored car]]s among other targets. Beyond its use as an infantry gun it was also used as the main armament in several armored cars and tanks such as the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[M39 Pantserwagen]] and the [[Poland|Polish]] [[7TP]] to name a few. As the armor of tanks was increased during [[World War II]] the gun very quickly became obsolete as an [[anti-tank gun]] but was still used effectively as an [[infantry support gun]] for the entirety of the war, and well into the [[Cold War]]. This was due to its high fire rate, great mobility and effective high explosive shells.


==Development history==
==Development history==
The gun was initially designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors, mainly for export purposes. The first prototype was built in 1932; the development process continued until 1934. The Netherlands were the first to purchase the gun (order for 12 pieces was placed in 1935) and were followed by many other countries. Licensed copies were produced in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Poland.
The gun was initially designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors, mainly for export purposes. It was likely derived from Rheinmetall's 3,7-cm Tak, the predecessor of [[3.7 cm Pak 36]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://warspot.net/29-swedo-polish-tank-killer | title=Swedo-Polish Tank Killer | date=26 January 2022 }}</ref> The first prototype was built in 1932; the development process continued until 1934. The Netherlands were the first to purchase the gun (order for 12 pieces was placed in 1935) and were followed by many other countries. Licensed copies were produced in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Poland.


The [[Gun barrel|barrel]] was of monobloc type, with semi-automatic vertical sliding [[Falling block|breech block]] and small [[muzzle brake]]. It was mounted on a [[Gun carriage#Modern gun carriages|split trail]] carriage which had suspension and metal wheels with rubber tires. To give the crew some protection from firearms and shell fragments, the gun was equipped with a 5&nbsp;mm thick shield, with a folding lower plate.
The [[Gun barrel|barrel]] was of monobloc type, with semi-automatic vertical sliding [[Falling block|breech block]] and small [[muzzle brake]]. It was mounted on a [[Gun carriage#Modern gun carriages|split trail]] carriage which had suspension and metal wheels with rubber tires. To give the crew some protection from firearms and shell fragments, the gun was equipped with a 5&nbsp;mm thick shield, with a folding lower plate.


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
[[File:Armaty przeciwpancerne 37 mm wz. 36 Bofors (1-W-1531-4).jpg|thumb|left|Polish artillerymen prepare their firing position with the wz. 36 Bofors gun in training, 1939.]]
[[File:Danske soldater med fodfolkskanon foran Hertug Hansgades Hospital i Haderslev den 9. april 1940 (7392787658).jpg|thumb|left|A Danish gun with its crew during the Invasion of Denmark, 9 April 1940, two of the crew were later killed]]

The Bofors gun saw combat for the first time in [[Spanish Civil War]], where it could easily pierce the armor of contemporary light tanks.
The Bofors gun saw combat for the first time in [[Spanish Civil War]], where it could easily pierce the armor of contemporary light tanks.
The Polish guns were actively used during the [[Invasion of Poland|German]] and [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939. [[Volhynian Cavalry Brigade]] equipped with the Bofors 37&nbsp;mm antitank gun beat the German [[Panzer Division]]s in one of the first battles of the invasion; the [[Battle of Mokra]]. At that time, the armored forces of the [[Wehrmacht]] consisted mainly of light [[Panzer I]] and [[Panzer II]] tanks, which were vulnerable to the Bofors gun. Early models of the [[Panzer III]] and [[Panzer IV]] could also be penetrated at ranges up to 500 m. After Poland was occupied, most of the guns fell into the hands of the German and Soviet armies. The weapon was proven obsolete by 1941 during [[Operation Barbarossa]].
[[File:Danske soldater med fodfolkskanon foran Hertug Hansgades Hospital i Haderslev den 9. april 1940 (7392787658).jpg|thumb|A Danish gun with its crew during the Invasion of Denmark, 9 April 1940, two of the crew were later killed]]
Even though only one Bofors AT-gun was in action in the [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|invasion of Denmark]], it damaged two tanks, and shot the tracks off another tank, before its crew were either wounded or killed by a German tank destroyer which drove over the gun. The gun is now at the [[Tøjhusmuseet]] in Copenhagen.


During the [[Winter War]], the Finnish guns were successfully used against Soviet tanks such as [[T-26]], [[T-28 (medium tank)|T-28]] and [[BT tank|BT]]. However, in the [[Continuation War]] the gun was found to be ineffective against the [[T-34]] and [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV]] and was relegated to an infantry support role.
The Polish guns were actively used during the [[Invasion of Poland|German]] and [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939. [[Wołyńska Cavalry Brigade]] equipped with the Bofors 37&nbsp;mm antitank gun beat the German [[Panzer Division]]s in one of the first battles of the invasion; the [[Battle of Mokra]]. At that time, the armored forces of the [[Wehrmacht]] consisted mainly of light [[Panzer I]] and [[Panzer II]] tanks, which were vulnerable to the Bofors gun. Early models of the [[Panzer III]] and [[Panzer IV]] could also be penetrated at ranges up to 500 m. After Poland was occupied, most of the guns fell into the hands of the German and Soviet armies. The weapon was proven obsolete by 1941 during [[Operation Barbarossa]].

Even though only one Bofors AT-gun was in action in the [[Invasion of Denmark]], it damaged two tanks, and shot the tracks off another tank, before its crew were either wounded or killed by a German tank destroyer which drove over the gun. The gun is now at the [[Tøjhusmuseet]] in Copenhagen.

During the [[Winter War]], the Finnish guns were successfully used against Soviet tanks such as [[T-26]], [[T-28]] and [[BT tank|BT]]. However, in the [[Continuation War]] the gun was found to be ineffective against the [[T-34]] and [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV]] and was relegated to an infantry support role.


The gun was used to equip the [[British Army|British forces]] in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], where it made up for the lack of the [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|QF 2-pounder]] anti-tank guns after the [[Fall of France]]. It was often carried ''[[portee]]'' on the back of a vehicle.
The gun was used to equip the [[British Army|British forces]] in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], where it made up for the lack of the [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|QF 2-pounder]] anti-tank guns after the [[Fall of France]]. It was often carried ''[[portee]]'' on the back of a vehicle.
Line 73: Line 74:


==Summary==
==Summary==
When it was introduced, the Bofors 37&nbsp;mm anti-tank gun was an effective weapon, able to deal with contemporary tanks. Its performance, light weight and high rate of fire made it a popular anti-tank weapon in the pre-war Europe. Introduction of better armored tanks early in [[World War II]], however, made the gun obsolete (as with other similarly performing weapons such as the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[3.7 cm Pak 36]] and the United States [[37 mm Gun M3]]).
When it was introduced, the Bofors 37&nbsp;mm anti-tank gun was an effective weapon, able to deal with contemporary tanks. Its performance, light weight and high rate of fire made it a popular anti-tank weapon in the pre-war Europe. Introduction of better armored tanks early in [[World War II]], however, made the gun obsolete (as with other similarly performing weapons such as the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[3.7&nbsp;cm Pak 36]] and the United States [[37 mm Gun M3]]).


== Ammunition ==
== Ammunition ==
There were many different ammunition types available for the Bofors 37 mm at gun. It could fire all common types of ammunition and some rare types such as [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APDS]] and [[White phosphorus munitions|white phosphorus]] [[Incendiary ammunition|incendiary]].
There were many different ammunition types available for the Bofors 37&nbsp;mm at gun. It could fire all common types of ammunition and some rare types such as [[Armour-piercing discarding sabot|APDS]] and [[White phosphorus munitions|white phosphorus]] [[Incendiary ammunition|incendiary]].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Swedish ammunition<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=37 mm kan m/38 värntorn skjuttabeller|publisher=Swedish army}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Pansarkommittén 1944}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Arméhögkvarteret försvarets materielverk 1942}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Pansartruppskolan, försöksgruppen hemlig 1960, försök mot strv 74 torn}}</ref>
|+Swedish ammunition
! rowspan="3" |Short name
! rowspan="3" |Designation
! rowspan="3" |Type
! rowspan="3" |Type
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Projektile
! colspan="3" |Projectile
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Propellant
! colspan="8" |Performance
! colspan="8" |Performance
! rowspan="3" |Sources
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Core
! rowspan="2" |Weight
! rowspan="2" |Propellant weight<br>(kg NC 1245)
! rowspan="2" |Power
! rowspan="2" |Power
! rowspan="2" |[[Muzzle velocity|Muzzle-Vo]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Muzzle velocity|Muzzle-Vo]]
! colspan="6" |Penetration
! colspan="6" |Penetration
|-
|-
!Core
!Weight
!Type
!Weight
!@ 0° from normal
!@ 0° from normal
!Impact-Vo
!Impact-Vo
Line 101: Line 99:
!Impact-Vo
!Impact-Vo
|-
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34 slpprj m/38
|37&nbsp;mm sk ptr m/34 slpprj m/38
|[[Armor-piercing shell#Armor-piercing|AP-T]]
|[[Armor-piercing shell#Armor-piercing|AP-T]]
| -
| –
|0.735 kg
|0.735&nbsp;kg
|0.205&nbsp;kg
| rowspan="6" |[[Smokeless powder|NC 1245]]
|0.205 kg
|330 MPa
|330 MPa
|785 m/s
|785&nbsp;m/s
|55 mm at 200 m
|55&nbsp;mm at 200 m
–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-
|739 m/s
|739&nbsp;m/s
–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-
|45 mm at 200 m
|45&nbsp;mm at 200 m
40 mm at 400 m
40&nbsp;mm at 400 m


35 mm at 600 m
35&nbsp;mm at 600 m


32 mm at 800 m
32&nbsp;mm at 800 m


29 mm at 1000 m
29&nbsp;mm at 1000 m
|739 m/s
|739&nbsp;m/s
–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-
|33 mm at 200 m
|33&nbsp;mm at 200 m
30 mm at 400 m
30&nbsp;mm at 400 m


27 mm at 600 m
27&nbsp;mm at 600 m


24 mm at 800 m
24&nbsp;mm at 800 m


22 mm at 1000 m
22&nbsp;mm at 1000 m
|739 m/s
|739&nbsp;m/s
–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=37 mm kan m/38 värntorn skjuttabeller|last=|first=|publisher=Swedish army|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Pansarkommittén 1944|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
|-
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34 slpgr m/39
|37&nbsp;mm sk ptr m/34 slpgr m/39
|[[Armor-piercing shell#Types|APHE-T]]
|[[Armor-piercing shell#Types|APHE-T]]
|15 [[gram]]<nowiki/>s of [[Trotyl]]
|15 [[gram]]s of [[Trotyl]]
|0.740 kg
|0.740&nbsp;kg
|0.217 kg
|0.217&nbsp;kg
|280 MPa
|280 MPa
|775 m/s
|775&nbsp;m/s
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


-
-
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


-
-
|39 mm at 100 m
|39&nbsp;mm at 100 m
30 mm at 900 m
30&nbsp;mm at 900 m
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


–
-
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


–
-
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


–
-
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Arméhögkvarteret försvarets materielverk 1942|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
|-
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34 slpprj m/49
|37&nbsp;mm sk ptr m/34 slpprj m/49
|[[Armour-piercing discarding sabot|APDS-T]]
|[[Armour-piercing discarding sabot|APDS-T]]
|24 mm dart
|24&nbsp;mm dart
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1150 m/s
|1150&nbsp;m/s
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


-
-
Line 203: Line 198:


-
-
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


-
-
Line 214: Line 209:


-
-
|70 mm at 0 m
|70&nbsp;mm at 0 m
65 mm at 200 m
65&nbsp;mm at 200 m


62 mm at 400 m
62&nbsp;mm at 400 m


58 mm at 600 m
58&nbsp;mm at 600 m


55 mm at 800 m
55&nbsp;mm at 800 m


52 mm at 1000 m
52&nbsp;mm at 1000 m
|1130 m/s
|1130&nbsp;m/s
1100 m/s
1100&nbsp;m/s


1060 m/s
1060&nbsp;m/s


1030 m/s
1030&nbsp;m/s


1000 m/s
1000&nbsp;m/s


970 m/s
970&nbsp;m/s
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>


–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-


–
-
|<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pansartruppskolan, försöksgruppen hemlig 1960, försök mot strv 74 torn|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
|-
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34 sgr m/43
|37&nbsp;mm sk ptr m/34 sgr m/43
|[[Shell (projectile)#High-explosive|HE]]
|[[Shell (projectile)#High-explosive|HE]]
|95 [[gram]]<nowiki/>s of [[Trotyl]]
|95 [[gram]]s of [[Trotyl]]
|0.680 kg
|0.680&nbsp;kg
|0.210 kg
|0.210&nbsp;kg
|330 MPa
|330 MPa
|805 m/s
|805&nbsp;m/s
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34 slövnprj m/38
|37&nbsp;mm sk ptr m/34 slövnprj m/38
|P-AP-T
|P-AP-T
|Spotting charge
|Spotting charge
|0.728 kg
|0.728&nbsp;kg
|0.213 kg
|0.213&nbsp;kg
|280 MPa
|280 MPa
|790 m/s
|790&nbsp;m/s
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34 övngr m/34
|37&nbsp;mm sk ptr m/34 övngr m/34
|P-HE
|P-HE
|Spotting charge
|Spotting charge
|0.660 kg
|0.660&nbsp;kg
|0.220 kg
|0.220&nbsp;kg
|330 MPa
|330 MPa
|810 m/s
|810&nbsp;m/s
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<ref name=":0" />
|}
|}
[[File:Amunicja Armaty przeciwpancernej wz 36.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ammunition.]]


== Operators ==
== Operators ==
;{{DEN}}: A version with slightly more powerful cartridge{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} was manufactured by the Danish state arsenal ''Hærens Vaabenarsenal'' in 1936-37 as '''''37&nbsp;mm fodfolkskanon M. 1934'''''. In 1945 Danish units returning to their homeland brought with them a few Swedish model 1938 guns.
{{multiple image|caption_align=left
;{{FIN}}: As '''37 PstK/36'''. 114 pieces were bought from Bofors in 1938–39 (some of them were returned to Sweden in 1940), 42 Polish-made guns were received from Germans in 1940–41 and 355 were produced by local manufacturers ''Tampella'' and VTT (''Valtion Tykkitehdas'' – State Artillery Factory) in 1939–41. When the [[Winter War]] began in November 1939, the Finnish Army had 98 guns of the type. A tank version was also used to equip Finnish 6-tonne tanks. The gun remained in the Finnish Army inventory listings until 1986.
| header_align=center
;{{Flag|Germany|Nazi}}: Used Polish guns [[Invasion of Poland|captured in 1939]] as '''''3,7&nbsp;cm PaK 36(p)''''' and Danish guns [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|captured in 1940]] as '''''3,7&nbsp;cm PaK 157(d)'''''.
| footer_align=center
;{{NLD}}: 12 pieces were ordered from Bofors in 1935. Later another 24 (or more) were procured. All these were used for Dutch armoured cars: 24 [[Landsverk L180, L181 and L182|Landsverk types L180 and L181]] as well as 12 [[M39 Pantserwagen|DAF Pantrado]] cars.
| align = right
[[File:Manewry jesienne na Wołyniu (1-W-958-4).jpg|thumb|right|A four man crew on the Polish wz. 36 Bofors in 1938.]]
| total_width = 380
;{{POL}}: As '''wz.36'''. 300 guns were bought in Sweden and hundreds more were produced by SMPzA (''Stowarzyszenie Mechaników Polskich z Ameryki'') in [[Pruszków]], some of them exported. When World War II began, the Polish Army had 1,200 pieces. A tank variant, designated '''''wz.37''''', was mounted in [[7TP]] (single-turret version), [[9TP]] (prototypes) and [[10TP]] tanks. 111 of them were produced before the war.
| image1 =Finnish bofors 37mm front.jpg | width1 = 1000 | height1 = 750
| alt1 =
| caption1 =Front view
| image2 =Finnish bofors 37mm rear1.jpg | width2 = 1000 | height2 = 750
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Rear view
| footer = A Finnish-made gun at the [[Military Museum's Manege|Manege Military Museum]], Suomenlinna fortress, Helsinki
, 2006}}
;{{DEN}}: A version with slightly more powerful cartridge was manufactured by the Danish state arsenal ''Hærens Vaabenarsenal'', as '''37&nbsp;mm Fodfolkskanon m1937'''. In 1945 Danish units returning to their homeland brought with them a few Swedish model 1938 guns.
;{{FIN}}: As '''37 PstK/36'''. 114 pieces were bought from Bofors in 1938-39 (some of them were returned to Sweden in 1940), 42 Polish-made guns were received from Germans in 1940-41 and 355 were produced by local manufacturers ''Tampella'' and ''VTT'' (''Valtion Tykkitehdas'' - State Artillery Factory) in 1939-41. When the [[Winter War]] began in November 1939, the Finnish Army had 98 guns of the type. A tank version was also used to equip Finnish 6-tonne tanks. The gun remained in the Finnish Army inventory listings until 1986.
;{{Flag|Germany|Nazi}}: Used Polish guns [[Invasion of Poland|captured in 1939]] as '''3,7&nbsp;cm PaK 36(p)''' and Danish guns [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|captured in 1940]] as '''3,7&nbsp;cm PaK 157(d)'''.
;{{NLD}}: 12 pieces were ordered from Bofors in 1935. Later another 24 (or more) were procured. All these were used for Dutch (wheeled) AFV's, being 24 [[Landsverk L180, L181 and L182|Landsverk types L180 and L181]] as well as 12 [[M39 Pantserwagen|DAF Pantrado]] cars.
;{{POL}}: As '''wz.36'''. 300 guns were bought in Sweden and hundreds more were produced by ''SMPzA'' (''Stowarzyszenie Mechaników Polskich z Ameryki'') in [[Pruszków]], some of them exported. When World War II began, the Polish Army had 1,200 pieces. A tank variant, designated '''wz.37''', was mounted in [[7TP]] (single-turret version), [[9TP]] (prototypes) and [[10TP]] tanks. 111 of them were produced before the war.
;{{ROU}}: 669 pieces (former Polish ones) were bought from Germany.<ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 30</ref>
;{{ROU}}: 669 pieces (former Polish ones) were bought from Germany.<ref>Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 30</ref>
;{{flag|Spanish Republic}}: Some guns bought by the Republicans were used during the Spanish Civil War.
;{{flag|Spanish Republic}}: Some guns bought by the Republicans were used during the Spanish Civil War.
;{{SWE}}: Adopted in 1937 as '''37&nbsp;mm infanterikanon m/34''' (infantry gun model 1934). Modernized version was adopted in 1938 as '''37&nbsp;mm pansarvärnskanon m/38''' (anti-tank gun model 1938) and '''37&nbsp;mm pansarvärnskanon m/38 F'''. The latter was also produced in a tank gun variant - '''37&nbsp;mm Kanon m/38 stridsvagn'''; it was fitted to [[AB Landsverk|Landsverk]] [[Stridsvagn L-60|Strv m/38]], [[Stridsvagn L-60|Strv m/39]], [[Stridsvagn L-60|Strv m/40]] light tanks and to the [[Strv m/41]], a Swedish version of the Czech [[Panzer 38(t)|TNH]] light tank.
;{{SWE}}: Adopted in 1937 as '''''37&nbsp;mm infanterikanon m/34''''' (infantry gun model 1934). Modernized version was adopted in 1938 as '''''37&nbsp;mm pansarvärnskanon m/38''''' (anti-tank gun model 1938) and '''''37&nbsp;mm pansarvärnskanon m/38 F'''.'' The latter was also produced in a tank gun variant – '''''37&nbsp;mm Kanon m/38 stridsvagn'''''; it was fitted to [[AB Landsverk|Landsverk]] [[Stridsvagn L-60|Strv m/38]], [[Stridsvagn L-60|Strv m/39]], [[Stridsvagn L-60|Strv m/40]] light tanks and to the [[Strv m/41]], a Swedish version of the Czech [[Panzer 38(t)|TNH]] light tank.
;{{TUR}}
;{{TUR}}
;{{UK}}: A number of Swedish m/34 ordered by [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] were adopted as '''[[British ordnance terms#QF|Ordnance QF 37 mm Mk I]]'''.
;{{UK}}: A number of Swedish m/34 ordered by [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] were adopted as "[[British ordnance terms#QF|Ordnance QF]] 37 mm Mk I".
;{{USSR}}: Several dozen Polish guns fell into [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] hands. Late in 1941 these pieces were issued to [[Red Army]] units to make up for the lack of anti-tank guns.
;{{USSR}}: Several dozen Polish guns fell into [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] hands. Late in 1941 these pieces were issued to [[Red Army]] units to make up for the lack of anti-tank guns.
;{{YUG}}
;{{YUG}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200">
Boforswb.jpg|A [[Portée (military)|Portée]] mounted Ordnance QF 37&nbsp;mm Mk I on a 30 cwt Chevrolet WB
Amunicja Armaty przeciwpancernej wz 36.jpg|Bofors 37&nbsp;mm ammunition
37mm wz36 antitank gun parola 10.jpg|The pepper pot muzzle brake
Finnish bofors 37mm front.jpg|A Finnish-made gun at the [[Military Museum's Manege|Manege Military Museum]], Suomenlinna fortress, Helsinki, 2006
Finnish bofors 37mm rear1.jpg
</gallery>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 336: Line 323:


==References==
==References==
*Shirokorad A. B. - ''The God of War of the Third Reich'' - M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. - Бог войны Третьего рейха. — М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., {{ISBN|5-17-015302-3}})
*Shirokorad A. B. – ''The God of War of the Third Reich'' – M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. – Бог войны Третьего рейха. – М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., {{ISBN|5-17-015302-3}})


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Bofors 37 mm gun}}
{{Commons|Bofors 37 mm gun}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427115736/http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~m95perm/vapen/kanon/div/37mm_pvkan.html Bofors AT guns]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427115736/http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~m95perm/vapen/kanon/div/37mm_pvkan.html Bofors AT guns]
*[http://www.saunalahti.fi/~ejuhola/7.62/bofors37mm.html The Finnish Weapons Series: Bofors 37 mm AT Gun]
*[http://www.saunalahti.fi/~ejuhola/7.62/bofors37mm.html The Finnish Weapons Series: Bofors 37 mm AT Gun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195726/http://www.saunalahti.fi/~ejuhola/7.62/bofors37mm.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
*[http://www.jaegerplatoon.net/AT_GUNS1.htm#37PstK36 Finnish Army 1918 - 1945, AT Guns: 37 PstK/36 Bofors]
*[http://www.jaegerplatoon.net/AT_GUNS1.htm#37PstK36 Finnish Army 1918 – 1945, AT Guns: 37 PstK/36 Bofors]
*[http://derela.republika.pl/weap2.htm#37 Armament of Polish armoured vehicles 1918-39: 37 mm wz.36, wz.37]
*[http://derela.republika.pl/weap2.htm#37 Armament of Polish armoured vehicles 1918–39: 37 mm wz.36, wz.37] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301171352/http://derela.republika.pl/weap2.htm#37 |date=1 March 2016 }}


{{Weapons made in Sweden 1914–1945|style=wide}}
{{Weapons made in Sweden 1914–1945|style=wide}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}


[[Category:Artillery of Sweden]]
[[Category:Artillery of Sweden]]
Line 352: Line 338:
[[Category:37 mm artillery]]
[[Category:37 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Bofors]]
[[Category:Bofors]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s]]

Latest revision as of 17:28, 18 September 2024

Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun
Polish wz.36 anti-tank gun.
TypeAnti-tank gun
Place of originSweden
Service history
Used bySee Operators
Production history
Designed1934
ManufacturerBofors
Produced1935 –
Specifications
Mass370 kg (816 lbs)
Length3.04 m (10.0 ft)
Barrel length1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) 45 calibers
Width1.09 m (3 ft 7 in)
Height1.03 m (3 ft 5 in)
ShellFixed QF 37×258 mm R
Shell weight.74 kg (1 lb 10 oz)[1]
Caliber37 mm (1.45 in)
Breechvertical sliding-block
Carriagesplit trail
Elevation-10° to 25°
Traverse50°
Rate of fire12 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity800–870 m/s
(2,625-2,854 ft/s)
Effective firing range4,000 m (4,374 yds)
Maximum firing range6,500 m (7,108 yds)

The Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun was an anti-tank gun designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors in the early 1930s originally for Swedish use. It was exported to several countries during the 1930s of which several bought licences to produce it themselves. The gun was used in several conflicts but most of its fame comes from its use in the Spanish Civil War and the Winter War where it was used very successfully against light tanks and armored cars among other targets. Beyond its use as an infantry gun it was also used as the main armament in several armored cars and tanks such as the Dutch M39 Pantserwagen and the Polish 7TP to name a few. As the armor of tanks was increased during World War II the gun very quickly became obsolete as an anti-tank gun but was still used effectively as an infantry support gun for the entirety of the war, and well into the Cold War. This was due to its high fire rate, great mobility and effective high explosive shells.

Development history

[edit]

The gun was initially designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors, mainly for export purposes. It was likely derived from Rheinmetall's 3,7-cm Tak, the predecessor of 3.7 cm Pak 36.[2] The first prototype was built in 1932; the development process continued until 1934. The Netherlands were the first to purchase the gun (order for 12 pieces was placed in 1935) and were followed by many other countries. Licensed copies were produced in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Poland.

The barrel was of monobloc type, with semi-automatic vertical sliding breech block and small muzzle brake. It was mounted on a split trail carriage which had suspension and metal wheels with rubber tires. To give the crew some protection from firearms and shell fragments, the gun was equipped with a 5 mm thick shield, with a folding lower plate.

Operational history

[edit]
Polish artillerymen prepare their firing position with the wz. 36 Bofors gun in training, 1939.

The Bofors gun saw combat for the first time in Spanish Civil War, where it could easily pierce the armor of contemporary light tanks. The Polish guns were actively used during the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Volhynian Cavalry Brigade equipped with the Bofors 37 mm antitank gun beat the German Panzer Divisions in one of the first battles of the invasion; the Battle of Mokra. At that time, the armored forces of the Wehrmacht consisted mainly of light Panzer I and Panzer II tanks, which were vulnerable to the Bofors gun. Early models of the Panzer III and Panzer IV could also be penetrated at ranges up to 500 m. After Poland was occupied, most of the guns fell into the hands of the German and Soviet armies. The weapon was proven obsolete by 1941 during Operation Barbarossa.

A Danish gun with its crew during the Invasion of Denmark, 9 April 1940, two of the crew were later killed

Even though only one Bofors AT-gun was in action in the invasion of Denmark, it damaged two tanks, and shot the tracks off another tank, before its crew were either wounded or killed by a German tank destroyer which drove over the gun. The gun is now at the Tøjhusmuseet in Copenhagen.

During the Winter War, the Finnish guns were successfully used against Soviet tanks such as T-26, T-28 and BT. However, in the Continuation War the gun was found to be ineffective against the T-34 and KV and was relegated to an infantry support role.

The gun was used to equip the British forces in North Africa, where it made up for the lack of the QF 2-pounder anti-tank guns after the Fall of France. It was often carried portee on the back of a vehicle.

Bofors guns were also employed in World War II by Germany, the Netherlands, Romania, Yugoslavia and USSR, but there are no detailed reports of their use.

Summary

[edit]

When it was introduced, the Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun was an effective weapon, able to deal with contemporary tanks. Its performance, light weight and high rate of fire made it a popular anti-tank weapon in the pre-war Europe. Introduction of better armored tanks early in World War II, however, made the gun obsolete (as with other similarly performing weapons such as the German 3.7 cm Pak 36 and the United States 37 mm Gun M3).

Ammunition

[edit]

There were many different ammunition types available for the Bofors 37 mm at gun. It could fire all common types of ammunition and some rare types such as APDS and white phosphorus incendiary.

Swedish ammunition[3][4][5][6]
Designation Type Projectile Performance
Core Weight Propellant weight
(kg NC 1245) 		Power Muzzle-Vo Penetration
@ 0° from normal Impact-Vo @ 30° from normal Impact-Vo @ 45° from normal Impact-Vo
37 mm sk ptr m/34 slpprj m/38 AP-T – 0.735 kg 0.205 kg 330 MPa 785 m/s 55 mm at 200 m

–

–

–

–

739 m/s

–

–

–

–

45 mm at 200 m

40 mm at 400 m

35 mm at 600 m

32 mm at 800 m

29 mm at 1000 m

739 m/s

–

–

–

–

33 mm at 200 m

30 mm at 400 m

27 mm at 600 m

24 mm at 800 m

22 mm at 1000 m

739 m/s

–

–

–

–

37 mm sk ptr m/34 slpgr m/39 APHE-T 15 grams of Trotyl 0.740 kg 0.217 kg 280 MPa 775 m/s -

-

-

-

39 mm at 100 m

30 mm at 900 m

-

–

-

–

-

–

37 mm sk ptr m/34 slpprj m/49 APDS-T 24 mm dart 1150 m/s -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

70 mm at 0 m

65 mm at 200 m

62 mm at 400 m

58 mm at 600 m

55 mm at 800 m

52 mm at 1000 m

1130 m/s

1100 m/s

1060 m/s

1030 m/s

1000 m/s

970 m/s

-

–

–

–

–

–

-

–

–

–

–

–

37 mm sk ptr m/34 sgr m/43 HE 95 grams of Trotyl 0.680 kg 0.210 kg 330 MPa 805 m/s - - - - - -
37 mm sk ptr m/34 slövnprj m/38 P-AP-T Spotting charge 0.728 kg 0.213 kg 280 MPa 790 m/s - - - - - -
37 mm sk ptr m/34 övngr m/34 P-HE Spotting charge 0.660 kg 0.220 kg 330 MPa 810 m/s - - - - - -

Operators

[edit]
 Denmark
A version with slightly more powerful cartridge[citation needed] was manufactured by the Danish state arsenal Hærens Vaabenarsenal in 1936-37 as 37 mm fodfolkskanon M. 1934. In 1945 Danish units returning to their homeland brought with them a few Swedish model 1938 guns.
 Finland
As 37 PstK/36. 114 pieces were bought from Bofors in 1938–39 (some of them were returned to Sweden in 1940), 42 Polish-made guns were received from Germans in 1940–41 and 355 were produced by local manufacturers Tampella and VTT (Valtion Tykkitehdas – State Artillery Factory) in 1939–41. When the Winter War began in November 1939, the Finnish Army had 98 guns of the type. A tank version was also used to equip Finnish 6-tonne tanks. The gun remained in the Finnish Army inventory listings until 1986.
 Germany
Used Polish guns captured in 1939 as 3,7 cm PaK 36(p) and Danish guns captured in 1940 as 3,7 cm PaK 157(d).
 Netherlands
12 pieces were ordered from Bofors in 1935. Later another 24 (or more) were procured. All these were used for Dutch armoured cars: 24 Landsverk types L180 and L181 as well as 12 DAF Pantrado cars.
A four man crew on the Polish wz. 36 Bofors in 1938.
 Poland
As wz.36. 300 guns were bought in Sweden and hundreds more were produced by SMPzA (Stowarzyszenie Mechaników Polskich z Ameryki) in Pruszków, some of them exported. When World War II began, the Polish Army had 1,200 pieces. A tank variant, designated wz.37, was mounted in 7TP (single-turret version), 9TP (prototypes) and 10TP tanks. 111 of them were produced before the war.
 Romania
669 pieces (former Polish ones) were bought from Germany.[7]
 Spanish Republic
Some guns bought by the Republicans were used during the Spanish Civil War.
 Sweden
Adopted in 1937 as 37 mm infanterikanon m/34 (infantry gun model 1934). Modernized version was adopted in 1938 as 37 mm pansarvärnskanon m/38 (anti-tank gun model 1938) and 37 mm pansarvärnskanon m/38 F. The latter was also produced in a tank gun variant – 37 mm Kanon m/38 stridsvagn; it was fitted to Landsverk Strv m/38, Strv m/39, Strv m/40 light tanks and to the Strv m/41, a Swedish version of the Czech TNH light tank.
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
A number of Swedish m/34 ordered by Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were adopted as "Ordnance QF 37 mm Mk I".
 Soviet Union
Several dozen Polish guns fell into Soviet hands. Late in 1941 these pieces were issued to Red Army units to make up for the lack of anti-tank guns.
 Yugoslavia
[edit]
  • A Portée mounted Ordnance QF 37 mm Mk I on a 30 cwt Chevrolet WB
    A Portée mounted Ordnance QF 37 mm Mk I on a 30 cwt Chevrolet WB
  • Bofors 37 mm ammunition
    Bofors 37 mm ammunition
  • The pepper pot muzzle brake
    The pepper pot muzzle brake
  • A Finnish-made gun at the Manege Military Museum, Suomenlinna fortress, Helsinki, 2006
    A Finnish-made gun at the Manege Military Museum, Suomenlinna fortress, Helsinki, 2006

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Chamberlain, Peter (1974). Anti-tank weapons. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 36. ISBN 0668036079. OCLC 1299755.
  2. ^ "Swedo-Polish Tank Killer". 26 January 2022.
  3. ^ 37 mm kan m/38 värntorn skjuttabeller. Swedish army.
  4. ^ Pansarkommittén 1944.
  5. ^ Arméhögkvarteret försvarets materielverk 1942.
  6. ^ Pansartruppskolan, försöksgruppen hemlig 1960, försök mot strv 74 torn.
  7. ^ Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, p. 30

References

[edit]
  • Shirokorad A. B. – The God of War of the Third Reich – M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. – Бог войны Третьего рейха. – М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., ISBN 5-17-015302-3)
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bofors 37 mm gun.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bofors_37_mm_anti-tank_gun&oldid=1246391367"