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{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Helix aperta''
| image = Helix aperta.jpg
| image = Helix aperta.jpg
| image_caption = ''Helix aperta''
| image_caption = ''Cantareus apertus'' in [[Gavdos]], [[Greece]]
| status = NE
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref = <ref>2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Cited 8 May 2007.</ref>
| status_ref =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| taxon = Cantareus apertus
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Ignaz Edler von Born|Born]], 1778)<ref>[[Ignaz Edler von Born|Born I.]] (1778). ''Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis''. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. pp. [1–40], 1–458, [1–82]. Vindobonae.</ref>
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| synonyms = * ''Cornu apertus'' <small>(Born, 1778)</small> (superseded generic combination)
| unranked_superfamilia =
* ''Helix (Cantareus) apertus'' <small>(Born, 1778)</small>
clade [[Heterobranchia]]<br/>
* ''Helix aperta'' <small>Born, 1778</small> (original combination)
clade [[Euthyneura]]<br/>clade [[Panpulmonata]]<br/>
* ''Helix naticoides'' <small>Draparnaud, 1801</small> (junior synonym)
clade [[Eupulmonata]]<br/>
clade [[Stylommatophora]]<br/>
informal group [[Sigmurethra]]
| superfamilia = [[Helicoidea]]
| familia = [[Helicidae]]
| genus = ''[[Helix (gastropod)|Helix]]''
| species = '''''H. aperta'''''
| binomial = ''Helix aperta''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Ignaz Edler von Born|Born]], 1778<ref>[[Ignaz Edler von Born|Born I.]] (1778). ''Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis''. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. pp. [1-40], 1-458, [1-82]. Vindobonae.</ref>
| synonyms =
⚫
''Cantareus apertus''
}}
}}


'''''Helix aperta''''', also known as '''''Cantareus apertus''''',<ref>For those who regard ''Cornu'' as available and who classify ''Helix aperta'' and ''[[Helix aspersa]]'' in the same genus and do not like to use ''Helix'' for them, the name should be ''Cornu apertum'', but this combination has very rarely been used.</ref> and commonly known as the '''green garden snail''', is a [[species]] of air-breathing [[land snail]], a [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Helicidae]], the typical snails.
'''''Cantareus apertus''''',<ref>For those who regard ''Cornu'' as available and who classify ''Helix apertus'' and ''[[Helix aspersa]]'' in the same genus and do not like to use ''Helix'' for them, the name should be ''Cornu apertum'', but this combination has very rarely been used.</ref> commonly known as the '''green garden snail''', is a [[species]] of air-breathing [[land snail]], a [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Helicidae]], the typical snails.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
''Helix aperta'' is native to [[Europe]] primarily near the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and also [[North Africa]].
''Cantareus apertus'' is native to [[Europe]] primarily near the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and also [[North Africa]].


Distribution of ''Helix aperta'' include:
Distribution of ''Cantareus apertus'' include:
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of France|France]] west of [[Rhone]] estuary<ref name="AB"/> It is protected in France, must not be collected for commercial purposes.<ref name="AB"/>
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Metropolitan France|France]] west of [[Rhone]] estuary<ref name="AB"/> It is protected in France, must not be collected for commercial purposes.<ref name="AB"/>
* Islands in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]<ref name="AB"/>
* Islands in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]<ref name="AB"/>
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Italy|Italy]], [[Italian peninsula]] to [[Liguria]] and [[Romagna]]<ref name="AB"/>
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Italy|Italy]], [[Italian peninsula]] to [[Liguria]] and [[Romagna]]<ref name="AB"/>
* [[Ionian islands]]
* [[Ionian islands]]
* [[Malta]]
* Central [[List of non-marine molluscs of Greece|Greece]]<ref name="AB"/>
* Central [[List of non-marine molluscs of Greece|Greece]]<ref name="AB"/>
* [[Aegean Islands]]<ref name="AB"/>
* [[Aegean Islands]]<ref name="AB"/>
Line 45: Line 35:
It has also been introduced to other areas:
It has also been introduced to other areas:
* It has become established in [[California]] and [[Louisiana]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
* It has become established in [[California]] and [[Louisiana]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
* [[Western Australia]] - nonindegenous<ref>[http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_1880.htm 2. Helix aperta (Born)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Western Australia]] – nonindigenous<ref>[http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_1880.htm 2. Helix apertus (Born)]</ref>


This species is already established in the [[USA]], and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a [[pest (organism)|pest]], an [[invasive species]] which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national [[quarantine]] significance in the USA.<ref>Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". ''American Malacological Bulletin'' '''27''': 113-132. [http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf PDF].</ref>
This species is already established in the [[United States]], and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a [[pest (organism)|pest]], an [[invasive species]] which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national [[quarantine]] significance in the USA.<ref>Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". ''American Malacological Bulletin'' '''27''': 113–132. [http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175729/http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf |date=16 June 2016 }}.</ref>


[[File:Helix aperta 2.jpg|left|thumb|dorsal view of ''Helix aperta'']]
[[File:Helix aperta 2.jpg|left|thumb|dorsal view of ''Cantareus apertus'']]
[[File:Cantareus apertus 01Schultes.JPG|left|thumb|shells of ''Helix aperta'']]
[[File:Cantareus apertus 01Schultes.JPG|left|thumb|shells of ''Cantareus apertus'']]
[[File:Cantareus_apertus_01.JPG|left|thumb|Five views of a shell of ''Helix aperta'']]
[[File:Cantareus_apertus_01.JPG|left|thumb|Five views of a shell of ''Cantareus apertus'']]


== Description ==
== Description ==
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== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
''Helix aperta'' inhabits Mediterranean shrublands, near cultivated fields, gardens.<ref name="AB"/> In [[Gavdos]] (Greece) also in woodland spreading on recently abandoned cultivated fields, more rarely in natural habitats.<ref name="AB"/>
''Cantareus apertus'' inhabits [[Maquis shrubland|Mediterranean shrublands]], near cultivated fields, gardens.<ref name="AB"/> In [[Gavdos]] (Greece) also in woodland spreading on recently abandoned cultivated fields, more rarely in natural habitats.<ref name="AB"/>


In Crete this species is active for 3–4 months after the first rainfalls in October. It aestivates buried relatively deep in the soil.<ref name="AB"/> In hot, dry weather, it burrows three to six inches{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} into the ground and becomes dormant until rain softens the soil. A white convex [[epiphragm]] is created for [[aestivation]].<ref name="AB"/>
In [[Crete]] this species is active for 3–4 months after the first rainfalls in October. It aestivates buried relatively deep in the soil.<ref name="AB"/> In hot, dry weather, it burrows three to six inches{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} into the ground and becomes dormant until rain softens the soil. A white convex [[epiphragm]] is created for [[aestivation]].<ref name="AB"/>


[[File:Cantareus aperta dart.jpg|thumb|[[love dart]] of ''Helix aperta'']]
[[File:Cantareus aperta dart.jpg|thumb|[[love dart]] of ''Cantareus apertus'']]
This species of snail makes and uses [[love darts]].
This species of snail makes and uses [[love darts]].


==References==
==References==
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.<ref name="AB">[http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1382 "Species summary for ''Helix aperta''"]. [[AnimalBase]], last modified 24 January 2010, accessed 13 October 2010.</ref>
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.<ref name="AB">[http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1382 "Species summary for ''Helix apertus''"]. [[AnimalBase]], last modified 24 January 2010, accessed 13 October 2010.</ref>
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Cantareus apertus}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Cantareus apertus}}
* {{NCBI|145123|''Helix aperta''}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1130456}}
⚫
[[Category:Helix (gastropod)]]
<!--[[Category:Agricultural pests]] unreferenced-->


[[Category:Gastropods described in 1778]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Helix Aperta}}
[[Category:Taxa named by Ignaz von Born]]
⚫
[[Category:Helicidae]]

Latest revision as of 19:57, 18 September 2024

Cantareus apertus
Cantareus apertus in Gavdos, Greece
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Helicidae
Genus: Cantareus
Species:
C. apertus
Binomial name
Cantareus apertus
(Born, 1778)[1]
Synonyms
  • Cornu apertus (Born, 1778) (superseded generic combination)
  • Helix (Cantareus) apertus (Born, 1778)
  • Helix aperta Born, 1778 (original combination)
  • Helix naticoides Draparnaud, 1801 (junior synonym)

Cantareus apertus,[2] commonly known as the green garden snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Helicidae, the typical snails.

Distribution

[edit]

Cantareus apertus is native to Europe primarily near the Mediterranean Sea, and also North Africa.

Distribution of Cantareus apertus include:

In Salento it is known as municeḍḍe and in Sicily as attuppateḍḍu.

It has also been introduced to other areas:

This species is already established in the United States, and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.[5]

dorsal view of Cantareus apertus
shells of Cantareus apertus
Five views of a shell of Cantareus apertus

Description

[edit]

The shell has periostracum which is olive green in colour.[3] The last whorl is much larger than the others.[3] The width of the shell is 22–28 mm.; the height of the shell is also 22–28 mm.[3]

Ecology

[edit]

Cantareus apertus inhabits Mediterranean shrublands, near cultivated fields, gardens.[3] In Gavdos (Greece) also in woodland spreading on recently abandoned cultivated fields, more rarely in natural habitats.[3]

In Crete this species is active for 3–4 months after the first rainfalls in October. It aestivates buried relatively deep in the soil.[3] In hot, dry weather, it burrows three to six inches[citation needed] into the ground and becomes dormant until rain softens the soil. A white convex epiphragm is created for aestivation.[3]

love dart of Cantareus apertus

This species of snail makes and uses love darts.

References

[edit]

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[3]

  1. ^ Born I. (1778). Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. pp. [1–40], 1–458, [1–82]. Vindobonae.
  2. ^ For those who regard Cornu as available and who classify Helix apertus and Helix aspersa in the same genus and do not like to use Helix for them, the name should be Cornu apertum, but this combination has very rarely been used.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Species summary for Helix apertus". AnimalBase, last modified 24 January 2010, accessed 13 October 2010.
  4. ^ 2. Helix apertus (Born)
  5. ^ Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113–132. PDF Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
[edit]
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