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{{Short description|Czech economist}}
{{multiple issues|
{{peacock|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Karel Engliš
| name = Karel Engliš
| image = Karel Engliš-1931.jpg
| image = Karel Engliš-1931.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1880|08|17}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1880|08|17}}
| birth_place = [[Hrabyně]], Czech Republic
| birth_place = [[Hrabyně]], [[Austrian Silesia]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|06|15|1880|08|17}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|06|15|1880|08|17}}
| death_place = [[Hrabyně]], Czech Republic
| death_place = Hrabyně, [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]
| occupation = Economist, political scientist
| occupation = Economist, political scientist

}}
}}


'''Karel Engliš''' (17 August 1880 – 15 June 1961)<ref>Matriční záznam o narození a křtu [online]. Opava: Zemský archiv v Opavě [cit. 2014-07-25]. Dostupné online.</ref> was a Czech economist, political scientist, and founder of teleological economic theory.<ref name="Holman">Holman, Robert, a kol. Dějiny ekonomického myšlení. Praha: C.H. Beck, 2005. 539 s. {{ISBN|80-7179-380-9}}. S. 504.</ref>
'''Karel Engliš''' (17 August 1880{{snd}}15 June 1961)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Archives of the Regional Archives in Opava |url=https://digi.archives.cz/da/permalink?xid=be846cca-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263&scan=1305d668314c4510b0117b1098468985 |access-date=2014-07-25 |website=digi.archives.cz}}</ref> was a Czech [[economist]], political scientist, and founder of teleological economic theory.<ref name="Holman">Holman, Robert, et al. {{lang|cs|Dějiny ekonomického myšlení}} ('History of economic thought'). Prague: [[C. H. Beck]], 2005. {{ISBN|80-7179-380-9}}. p.&nbsp;504.</ref>


Engliš was the first rector of [[Masaryk University]] in [[Brno]] from 1919 to 1920, and from 1947 to 1948 was rector of [[Charles University]] in Prague. Together with [[Alois Rašín]], he was significantly involved in the Czechoslovakian currency reform after [[World War I]] as [[Minister of Finance (Czechoslovakia)|Minister of Finance]]. From 1934 to 1938, he was governor of the [[National Bank of Czechoslovakia]].
Engliš was the first rector of [[Masaryk University]] in [[Brno]] from 1919 to 1920, and from 1947 to 1948 was rector of [[Charles University]] in Prague. Together with [[Alois Rašín]], he was significantly involved in the Czechoslovakian currency reform after [[World War I]] as [[Minister of Finance (Czechoslovakia)|Minister of Finance]]. From 1934 to 1938, he was Governor of the [[National Bank of Czechoslovakia]].


== Life ==
== Life ==
Born in [[Hrabyně]] into a butcher family, he studied in poverty.<ref name="K3">KARFÍKOVÁ, Marie. Karel Engliš. In: SKŘEJPKOVÁ, Petra. Antologie československé právní vědy v letech 1918–1939. Praha: Linde, 2009. {{ISBN|978-80-7201-750-8}}. S. 576–581.</ref> He graduated from the Czech grammar school in [[Opava]] and then continued his studies at the Faculty of Law of [[Charles-Ferdinand University]] in Prague, where he graduated in 1904.<ref>Opava Weekly, 28. 5. 1904, p. 4 (available online in the National Library of the Czech Republic).</ref> One of his teachers was economist Albín Bráf, who recognized his extraordinary talent and recommended him to work at the Provincial Statistical Office. From here, he transferred to the Ministry of Trade in Vienna in 1908. In 1910 he habilitated to associate professor of economics at the Czech Technology in Brno. In 1911, he became an extraordinary and full professor in 1917.<ref name="S5">ŠMÍDOVÁ, Iva. Life and work of prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš. Brno: Masaryk University, 1993. {{ISBN|80-210-0829-6}}. pp. 3–6.</ref> From 1913–1914 he was the Dean of the Department of Cultural Engineering and the Dean of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1917-1918.<ref name="S5"/><ref>Academic dignitaries [online]. Vutbr.cz [cit. 2016-08-08]. Available online.</ref>
Born in Hrabyně into a butcher family, Engliš studied in poverty.<ref name="K3">Karfíková, Marie. "Karel Engliš". In: Skřejpková, Petra. {{lang|cs|Antologie československé právní vědy v letech 1918–1939}} ('Anthology of Czechoslovak jurisprudence in the years 1918–1939'). Prague: Linde, 2009. {{ISBN|978-80-7201-750-8}}. pp.&nbsp;576–581.</ref> He graduated from the Czech grammar school in [[Opava]] and then continued his studies at the Faculty of Law of [[Charles-Ferdinand University]] in [[Prague]], where he graduated in 1904.<ref>{{lang|cs|Opavský týdenník}} ('Opava Weekly'), 28 May 1904, p.&nbsp;4. (available online at the [[National Library of the Czech Republic]]).</ref> One of his teachers was economist Albín Bráf, who recognized his talent and recommended him for work at the Provincial Statistical Office. From there, he transferred to the Ministry of Trade in [[Vienna]] in 1908. In 1910 he [[habilitated]] to associate professor of economics at the Czech Technology in Brno. In 1911, he became an [[extraordinary professor]], and a full professor in 1917.<ref name="S5">Šmídová, Iva. {{lang|cs|Život a dílo prof. JUDr. Karla Engliše}} ('Life and work of Prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš'). Brno: Masaryk University, 1993. {{ISBN|80-210-0829-6}}. pp.&nbsp;3–6.</ref> From 1913 to 1914, he was Dean of the Department of Cultural Engineering, and Dean of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1917 to 1918.<ref name="S5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rektoři a děkani fakult pro jednotlivé akademické roky |trans-title=Rectors and deans of faculties for individual academic years |url=https://www.vut.cz/vut/struktura/rektorat/archiv/historie-skoly/rektori-a-dekani-fakult-pro-jednotlive-akademicke-roky-p161586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026203532/https://www.vut.cz/vut/struktura/rektorat/archiv/historie-skoly/rektori-a-dekani-fakult-pro-jednotlive-akademicke-roky-p161586 |archive-date=2021-10-26 |access-date=2016-08-08 |website=[[Brno University of Technology]] |at=ČVŠT tab, cells D18, F22 |language=cs |format=XLSX}}</ref>


In 1913–1918 he was a member of the Moravian Land Assembly<ref>Biographical Dictionary of the Deputies of the Moravian Land Assembly in the Years 1861–1918, p. 167.</ref> for the progressive party of Adolf Stránský, in 1918–1925 he was a member of the [[Czechoslovak National Democracy|National Democratic Party]] and in 1920–1925 he was a member of the National Assembly, as well as chairman of the Moravian-Silesian Party. Executive Committee of the National Democratic Party. In 1915 he wrote contributions to Masaryk's Our Time.<ref>PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk and the Legion. Paris Karviná 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, pp. 8-22, pp. 24-25, pp. 151, pp. 157, pp. 169.</ref> On 2 September 1925 he resigned, and resigned from the National Democratic Party.<ref>VENCOVSKÝ, František. Karel Engliš. Brno: Nadace Universitas Masarykiana, Moravské zemské muzeum, Nakladatelství Albert, 1993. 164 pp. {{ISBN|80-7028-006-9}}. p. 132.</ref> Then in 1925 he participated in the establishment of the [[National Labour Party (1925)|National Labor Party]], which he refused to join.
In 1913–1918 he was a member of the [[Moravian Diet]]<ref>Malíř, Jiří, et al. {{lang|cs|Biografický slovník poslanců moravského zemského sněmu v letech 1861–1918}} ('Biographical dictionary of Moravian Land Assembly deputies in the years 1861–1918'). Brno: Center for the Study of Democracy and Culture, 2012. {{ISBN|978-80-7325-272-4}}. pp.&nbsp;167–170.</ref> for the progressive party of Adolf Stránský. From 1918–1925 he was a member of the [[Czechoslovak National Democracy|National Democratic Party]] (CND) and in 1920–1925 he was a member of the [[National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|National Assembly]], as well as chairman of the Moravian-Silesian Executive Committee of the CND. In 1915 he wrote contributions to Masaryk's ''Our Time''.<ref>Preclík, Vratislav. ''Masaryk and the Legion''. Paris Karviná 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, pp.&nbsp;8–22, 24–25, 151, 157, 169.</ref> On 2 September 1925, he resigned from the CND,<ref>Vencovský, František. ''Karel Engliš''. Brno; Boskovice: Masaryk University Foundation; Moravian Provincial Museum; Albert, 1993. {{ISBN|80-7028-006-9}}. p.&nbsp;132.</ref> then participated in the establishment of the [[National Labour Party (Czechoslovakia, 1925)|National Labor Party]], which he refused to join.{{Why|date=March 2024}}


Together with [[Alois Rašín]], he played a significant role in the monetary reform of post-war Czechoslovakia, but he was a strong opponent of his deflationary policy. He served as Minister of Finance in six governments, in 1920–1931, and then in 1934–1939 as Governor of the [[National Bank of Czechoslovakia]]. As Minister of Finance and Governor of the National Bank, he worked conceptually. He was able to assess the situation very well and propose the right economic measures. He was responsible, among other things, for stabilizing the currency, streamlining the state budget, building a modern tax system, overcoming the post-war economic upheaval and mitigating the effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s.<ref name="K3"/> He also had the main credit for the merger of the [[Anglo-Czechoslovak Bank]] with the [[Prague Credit Bank]] in 1929. The aim was to create a strong financial institution that could compete with the strongest bank in Czechoslovakia, the [[Živnostenská Banka]]. The merger was completed in early 1930, but did not fulfill Engliš’s expectations due to the economic crisis.<ref name="Political elite">Political elite of interwar Czechoslovakia 1918 - 1938. 1st edition Prague: Pražská edice, ks, 1998. 302 pp. Pp. 50 - 51.</ref>
Together with [[Alois Rašín]], he played a significant role in the [[monetary reform]] of post-[[WWI]] Czechoslovakia, but was a strong opponent of Rašín's [[deflationary]] policy. Engliš served as Minister of Finance in six governments, from 1920–1931, and then in 1934–1939 as Governor of the [[National Bank of Czechoslovakia]]. He was responsible for stabilizing the currency, streamlining the state budget, building a modern tax system, overcoming post-war economic upheaval, and mitigating the effects of the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s.<ref name="K3" /> He was also mainly responsible for the merger of the [[Anglo-Czechoslovak Bank]] with the [[Anglo-Czechoslovak and Prague Credit Bank#Prague Credit Bank|Prague Credit Bank]] in 1929. The aim was to create a solid financial institution that could compete with the most substantial bank in Czechoslovakia, the [[Živnostenská Banka]]. The merger was completed in early 1930 but did not fulfill Engliš's expectations due to the economic crisis.<ref name="Political elite">{{lang|cs|Politická elita meziválečného Československa 1918–1938}} ('Political elite of interwar Czechoslovakia 1918–1938'). 1st ed. Prague: Pražská edice, k.s., 1998. pp.&nbsp;50–51.</ref>


In 1919, he became a professor and the first rector of the newly founded [[Masaryk University]] in Brno, in the establishment of which he participated together with František Weyr and [[Alois Jirásek]].<ref name="K3"/><ref name="Brno">Fl, Minor. prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš [online]. Brno: Encyclopedia of the History of the City of Brno, rev. 2014-07-17 [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.</ref> He was a professor of the national economy of the local law faculty and in 1921–1922 and 1925–1926 also its dean. He founded his own teleological school of economics, dealing with the assessment of the purposefulness of the behavior of all economic entities.<ref name="S5"/> His merits in the field of national economy were awarded for membership in the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts, became an extraordinary member on 19 March 1927, a full member on 9 April 1946.<ref>Members of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts 1890–1952, p. 69.</ref> Since its inception in 1929, he was also a member of the Czechoslovak statistical companies. It is little known that after the [[Munich Agreement]] (1 October 1938) he succeeded in initiating the transport of the remains of [[Karel Hynek Mácha]] from Litoměřice, which was to fall to Germany, to Prague.<ref>MED, Jaroslav. Literary life in the shadow of Munich (1938-1939). Prague: Academia, 2010. 340 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-200-1823-6}}. S. 211.</ref>
In 1919, he became a professor and the first [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the newly founded [[Masaryk University]] in Brno, which he participated in founding together with [[František Weyr]] and [[Alois Jirásek]].<ref name="K3" /><ref name="Brno">Fl, Menš. ''Prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš''. Brno: Encyclopedia of the History of the City of Brno, rev. 2014-07-17 [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.</ref> He was a professor of national economy at the university's Faculty of Law and, in 1921–1922 and 1925–1926, also its dean. He founded the teleological school of national economics, which deals with assessing the purposefulness of the behavior of all economic entities.<ref name="S5" /> His merits in the field of national economy were recognized by membership in the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts; he became an extraordinary member on 19 March 1927, and a full member on 9 April 1946.<ref>Šlechtová, Alena; Levora, Josef. {{lang|cs|Členové České akademie věd a umění 1890–1952}} ('Members of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts 1890–1952'). 2nd ed. Prague: Academia, 2004. {{ISBN|80-200-1066-1}}. p.&nbsp;69.</ref> Since its inception in 1929, he was also a member of the Czechoslovak Statistical Society. After the [[Munich Agreement]] on 1 October 1938, he succeeded in initiating the transport of the remains of [[Karel Hynek Mácha]] from [[Litoměřice]], which was [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|annexed by Germany]].<ref>Med, Jaroslav. ''Literary life in the shadow of Munich (1938–1939)''. Prague: Academia, 2010. {{ISBN|978-80-200-1823-6}}. p.&nbsp;211.</ref>


From 1947 to 1948 he was the rector of [[Charles University]]. After the coup d'état in [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état|February 1948]], he abdicated all his university positions and forcibly withdrew from public life. In August 1952, he had to move out of Prague on the basis of administrative persecution, but he managed to obtain the consent of the authorities so that he could return to his native Hrabyně.<ref>VENCOVSKÝ, František. Karel Engliš and Hrabyně. In: ENGLIŠ, Karel. Countess of my youth. Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. Hereinafter referred to as Karel Engliš and Hrabyně. {{ISBN|80-238-3394-4}}. p. 96.</ref> In the last years of his life, he was the target of a number of restrictive measures in his personal life, his work was heavily criticized by communist propaganda, and his writings were banned and expelled from public libraries.<ref name="Important Czech economists">ŠMEJKAL, Miroslav, et al. Important Czech economists. Prague: University of Economics, 1993. 140 pp. {{ISBN|80-7079-195-0}}. p. 63.</ref> He faced the persistent bullying of the communist totalitarian power, which consisted mainly in constant house searches and also in the fact that his originally very high pension was drastically reduced several times to the absolute minimum. Even in these difficult conditions, he was able to devote himself to his scientific work. He focused mainly on logic, the national economy, the controversies of the two previous disciplines and the writing of memories. Most of it remained only in manuscripts, and even after 1989 only a few titles from that period were published.<ref>Čechura, Jaroslav. Countess tusculum of Karel Engliš. Science in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945–1953. Proceedings of the conference (Prague, November 23–24, 1999). 1999, pp. 255–273.</ref> He died after years of hardship in very modest conditions with only the support of family and close friends.<ref name="Important Czech economists"/>
From 1947 to 1948, he was Rector of [[Charles University]]. After the [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état|coup d'état in February 1948]], he surrendered all his university positions and was forced to withdraw from public life. In August 1952, he had to move out of Prague due to administrative persecution, but he managed to obtain the authorities' consent to return to his hometown Hrabyně.<ref>Vencovský, František. "Karel Engliš and Hrabyně". In: Engliš, Karel. Countess of my youth. Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. Hereinafter referred to as Karel Engliš and Hrabyně. {{ISBN|80-238-3394-4}}. p.&nbsp;96.</ref> In the last years of his life, he was the target of several restrictive measures in his personal life, his work was heavily criticized by communist propaganda, and his writings were banned and expelled from public libraries.<ref name="Important Czech economists">Šmejkal, Miroslav, et al. ''Important Czech economists''. Prague: University of Economics, 1993. {{ISBN|80-7079-195-0}}. p.&nbsp;63.</ref> He faced persistent scrutiny by the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|communist government]] consisting mainly of house searches, and his originally high pension was drastically reduced several times to the absolute minimum. Despite the difficult conditions, he devoted himself to his scientific work. He focused mainly on logic, national economy, [[polemics]] of the two previous fields, and writing memoirs. Most of his work remained in manuscripts, and even after 1989 only a few titles from the period were published.<ref>Čechura, Jaroslav. Countess tusculum of Karel Engliš. Science in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945–1953. Proceedings of the conference (Prague, November 23–24, 1999). 1999, pp.&nbsp;255–273.</ref> He died after years of hardship in modest circumstances with only the support of family and close friends.<ref name="Important Czech economists" />


== Family life ==
== Personal life ==
On 5 June 1906 he married Maria Grögrová (1880–1953), the daughter of a tax inspector from Uherský Brod, in Prague.<ref name="Devotees">Register of Devotees, Church of St. Ludmila, 1906–1908, slide 35.</ref><ref>Opava Weekly, 20 June 1906, p. 4 (available online in the National Library of the Czech Republic).</ref> On 21 April 1907 their daughter Vlasta (1907–2001) was born, married to the Brno architect František Plhoně,<ref>Registry N, Church of St. Ludmila 1907–1909, slide 48.</ref><ref>Kal, Minor. Vlasta Plhonova [online]. Encyclopedia of the City of Brno, rev. 2015-01-04 [cit. 2016-07-05]. Available online.</ref> later daughter Věra (1908–1990) and son Karel (1912–1991).<ref name="Brno"/> At the time of the wedding and the birth of the children, Karel Engliš was the draftsman of the provincial statistical office.<ref>Police applications Prague, Karel Engliš family.</ref> The marriage was divorced from the table and bed in 1919 and separated in 1921.<ref name="Devotees"/> Karel Engliš married for the second time on 12 June 1921 in Brno (civil marriage) to Valeria Sovová (1884–1964).<ref>Fl, Menš, Kal. Valerie Englišová [online]. Encyclopedia of the City of Brno, rev. 2015-06-24 [cit. 2016-07-05]. Available online.</ref>
On 5 June 1906, Engliš married Maria Grögrová (1880–1953), the daughter of a tax inspector from [[Uherský Brod]], in Prague.<ref name="Devotees">Register of Devotees, Church of St. Ludmila, 1906–1908, slide 35.</ref><ref>Opava Weekly, 20 June 1906, p.&nbsp;4 (available online in the National Library of the Czech Republic).</ref> On 21 April 1907, their daughter Vlasta (1907–2001) was born and later married Brno architect František Plhoně.<ref>Registry N, Church of St. Ludmila 1907–1909, slide 48.</ref><ref>Kal, Minor. Vlasta Plhonova [online]. Encyclopedia of the City of Brno, rev. 2015-01-04 [cit. 2016-07-05]. Available online.</ref> Engliš and Grögrová later had a daughter Věra (1908–1990) and a son Karel (1912–1991).<ref name="Brno" /> At the time of his wedding and the birth of his children, he was a [[draftsman]] of the Provincial Statistical Office.<ref>Police applications Prague, Karel Engliš family.</ref> The couple was legally divorced in 1919 and separated in 1921.<ref name="Devotees" /> Engliš married a second time, to Valeria Sovová (1884–1964) in a civil marriage on 12 June 1921 in Brno.<ref>Fl, Menš, Kal. Valerie Englišová [online]. Encyclopedia of the City of Brno, rev. 2015-06-24 [cit. 2016-07-05]. Available online.</ref>{{Efn|name=a|A September 1929 edition of ''[[Pestrý týden]]'' presents a photograph of Engliš with his second wife Valeria.<ref>''Pestrý týden'', September 14, 1929, p.&nbsp;3. Available online.</ref>}}


== Thinking ==
== Theoretical work ==
In addition to public activity, his theoretical work was also extremely important. He gradually became the most important theorist of interwar Czechoslovakia. Unlike other economic theorists, he had the opportunity to verify his scientific conclusions in practice and then possibly revise them. As a teacher, he influenced two generations of Czech economists and was the founder of the so-called Brno School of Economics.
In addition to public activity, his theoretical work was also significant. He gradually became one of the most influential theorists of [[interwar Czechoslovakia]]. Unlike other economic theorists, he had the opportunity to verify his scientific conclusions in practice and possibly revise them. As a teacher, he influenced two generations of Czech economists and founded the so-called Brno School of Economics.


He began his scientific work before the First World War in the field of social policy. His work at the university led him to the need for theoretical mastery of all economics and the development of the concept of economic cognition. It was based on the theory of marginal utility against the then prevailing causal interpretation of economic issues. He was inspired by the method of economic cognition, the so-called teleological theory, from the Vienna School of Economics, of which he was (similarly to Rašín under the influence of A. Bráf) a follower. According to Karel Engliš, economics is a science of order, where individuals and entire nations try to take care of maintaining and improving their lives. Order in the economy is based on purposeful thinking. The peak of his theoretical activity isSystem of national economy. In this extensive two-volume work (he has a total of about 1,700 pages) he summarized his economic teachings.<ref name="Political elite"/>
He began his scientific work before the First World War in the field of social policy. His work at university led him to the need for theoretical mastery of all economics and the development of the concept of economic knowledge. The concept is based on [[marginal utility theory]], counter to the then-prevailing causal interpretation of economic issues. He was inspired by the method of economic cognition, so-called teleological theory, from the [[Vienna School Of Economics|Vienna school of economics]], of which he was a follower (similar to Rašín under the influence of Bráf). According to Engliš, economics is the science of order, where individuals and entire nations try to maintain and improve their lives. Organization in the economy is based on purposeful thinking. The peak of his theoretical work is the two-volume ''System of the national economy''. In this extensive work (approximately 1,700 pages in total) he summarized his economic teachings.<ref name="Political elite" />


In his theoretical work, he was influenced mainly by neo-Kantianism and was inspired by the normative theory of Hans Kelsen. He analyzed the teleological way of cognition and thinking, because man's action is always held for a purpose.<ref>Dictionary of Czech Philosophers - Karel Engliš [online]. Brno: Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.</ref> In any economic system, all subjects always try to achieve an improvement in their existence, so also in the economy he rejected simple causality. However, while in individualistic (capitalist) systems everyone decides on the satisfaction of their needs, in solidarity (socialist) it is the care of another, foreign entity, which can therefore no longer have such a good overview. In practice, however, there are always mixed systems. Engliš himself was not a supporter of a controlled economy, he saw its justification only in cases of temporary critical situations.<ref name="S5"/>
In his theoretical work, he was influenced mainly by [[neo-Kantianism]] and was inspired by the [[Hans Kelsen#The Grundnorm|normative theory of Hans Kelsen]]. He analyzed the teleological way of cognition and thinking because he believed human action is always done for some purpose.<ref>Dictionary of Czech Philosophers - Karel Engliš [online]. Brno: Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.</ref> Engliš held that in any economic system, all subjects always try to improve their existence, so he rejected simple [[causality]] in the economy. He thought that in individualistic ([[capitalist]]) systems, everyone decides on the satisfaction of their own needs, but in solidaristic ([[socialist]]) systems it is a matter of caring for another, foreign subject, who cannot have such a good overview. In practice, he believed there are always [[Mixed economy|mixed systems]]. Engliš himself did not support a [[controlled economy]], and saw its justification only in temporary critical situations.<ref name="S5" />


Although he worked closely with Rašín, in many respects he differed significantly from him. He criticized his deflationary policy, his persistent efforts to strengthen the Czech currency and his insistence on the gold standard. He had good reasons for this: already between 1921 and 1923, the price level fell by 43%, but exports fell by 53% and unemployment rose from 72 to 207 thousand people. Although the deflationary policy was revoked by the parliament in 1925, the leadership of the National Bank continued to insist on it, even though during the economic crisis the price of gold rose sharply, and with it the exchange rate of the koruna. Between 1930 and 1933, the price level decreased by 19%, but exports fell by 64% and unemployment rose from 105 to 736 thousand people. It was not until 1934 that Engliš was able to enforce the devaluation of the crown by 16%, which was not enough.<ref>Koderová et al., Theory of Money, p. 260n.</ref>
Although he worked closely with Rašín, he differed significantly in many respects. Engliš criticized his deflationary policy, persistent efforts to strengthen the [[Czech koruna]], and insistence on the [[gold standard]]. His reasoning included the observation that between 1921 and 1923, the [[price level]] fell by 43%, exports fell by 53%, and unemployment rose from 72 to 207 thousand people. Although the deflationary policy was revoked by parliament in 1925, the leadership of the National Bank continued to insist on it, even though during the economic crisis, the price of gold rose sharply, and with it, the koruna exchange rate. Between 1930 and 1933, the price level decreased by 19%, but exports fell by 64%, and unemployment rose from 105 to 736 thousand people. It was not until 1934 that Engliš was able to enforce the devaluation of the koruna by 16%, which was not enough.<ref>Koderová, Jitka; Sojka, Milan; Havel, Jan. {{lang|cs|Teorie peněz}} ('Theory of money'). Prague: Wolters Kluwer, 2011. p.&nbsp;260n.</ref>{{Clarification|reason=not enough for what?|date=March 2024}}


Engliš was originally a perfectionist who mastered complex verbal theoretical constructions. He is characterized by extensive controversies with opponents, where he exhaustively discusses all arguments and counter-arguments. As a lecturer, he enriched his speeches with deep practical excursions.<ref name="Holman"/> In 1991, President Václav Havel awarded him the Order of Tomas Garrigu Masaryk III in memoriam. class for outstanding merits for democracy and human rights.<ref>Karel Engliš and Hrabyně, p. 98.</ref>
He was characterized by extensive debates with opponents, where he exhaustively analyzed all arguments and counter-arguments. As a lecturer, he enriched his speeches with deep practical excursions.<ref name="Holman" /> In 1991, President [[Václav Havel]] awarded him the [[Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk|Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Class III]] in memoriam for "outstanding services to democracy and human rights".<ref>Karel Engliš and Hrabyně, p.&nbsp;98.</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
In 1990, the Karel Engliš Society was founded in Prague, and in 1994, the Karel Engliš Prize was established by Masaryk University in Brno, which was awarded annually to a prominent economist.<ref>TOMEŠ, Josef, et al. Czech Biographical Dictionary XX. century. Part I AJ. Prague; Litomyšl: Paseka; Petr Meissner, 1999. 634 pp. {{ISBN|80-7185-245-7}}. S. 293.</ref>
In 1990, the Karel Engliš Society was founded in Prague, and in 1994 the Karel Engliš Prize was established by Masaryk University in Brno, awarded annually to a prominent economist.<ref>Tomeš, Josef, et al. {{lang|cs|Český biografický slovník XX. století}} ('Czech Biographical Dictionary of the 20th Century'). Part I: A&ndash;J. Prague; Litomyšl: Paseka; Petr Meissner, 1999. {{ISBN|80-7185-245-7}}. pp.&nbsp;292–293.</ref>


Every year, the Rector of Charles University awards the Prof. prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš as one of the types of Rector's Awards to the best graduates of social sciences ( PF, FF, FSV, FHS ).<ref>FIŠER, Radovan. Karel Engliš Award: it's (again) at home !. Social [online]. 2007-01-01 [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.</ref>
Every year, the Rector of Charles University awards the Prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš Prize as one of the types of Rector's Prizes for the best social science graduates.<ref>Fišer, Radovan. Karel Engliš Award: it's (again) at home! ''Social'' [online]. 2007-01-01 [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.</ref>


The private Brno University of Karel Engliš or the streets in Prague 5 in Smíchov and Opava are named after Karel Engliš.
The former Karel Engliš University in Brno bore his name, and streets in [[Smíchov, Prague]] and [[Opava]] are named after him.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=Need source for both university and streets}}


In 2022, the [[Czech National Bank]] is to issue a commemorative banknote with a portrait of Karel Engliš, preliminarily with a nominal value of CZK 100.<ref>Charles IV. will have competition. Karel Engliš will add him to the hundreds. Message list [online]. 2019-11-19 [cit. 2019-11-19]. Available online.</ref><ref>Issuance of commemorative coins and banknotes by the CNB for the first time, special ducats [online]. Cnb.cz, 2019-11-19 [cit. 2019-11-19]. Available online.</ref>
In 2022, the [[Czech National Bank]] issued a [[Commemorative banknotes of the Czech koruna|commemorative banknote]] featuring a portrait of Engliš, with a nominal value of [[CZK]]&nbsp;100.<ref>Charles IV. will have competition. Karel Engliš will add him to the hundreds. Message list [online]. 2019-11-19 [cit. 2019-11-19]. Available online.</ref><ref>Issuance of commemorative coins and banknotes by the CNB for the first time, special ducats [online]. Cnb.cz, 2019-11-19 [cit. 2019-11-19]. Available online.</ref>


== Work ==
== Works ==
* Basics of economic thinking. Brno: Barvič & Novotný, 1922. 132 p.
* {{lang|cs|Základy hospodářského myšlení}} ('Basics of economic thinking'). Brno: Barvič & Novotný, 1922.
* Selected chapters from the national economy. Prague: Státní nakladatelství, 1925. 200 p.
* {{lang|cs|Vybrané kapitoly z národního hospodářství}} ('Selected chapters from the national economy'). Prague: State Publishing House, 1925.
* Financial science: an outline of the theory of public bond economy. Prague: Fr. Borový, 1929. 407 p.
* {{lang|cs|Finanční věda: nástin theorie hospodářství veřejných svazků}} ('Financial science: an outline of the theory of public unions'). Prague: Fr. Borový, 1929.
* Teleology as a form of scientific knowledge. Prague: F. Topič, 1930. 162 p.
* {{lang|cs|Teleologie jako forma vědeckého poznání}} ('Teleology as a form of scientific knowledge'). Prague: F. Topič, 1930.
* Economics and philosophy. Prague: Fr. Borový, 1931. 55 p.
* {{lang|cs|Ekonomie a filosofie}} ('Economics and philosophy'). Prague: Fr. Borový, 1931.
* In need of excess. Prague: Fr. Borový, 1935. 104 p.
* {{lang|cs|O nouzi v nadbytku}} ('In need of excess'). Prague: Fr. Borový, 1935.
* System of national economy: [the science of order in which individuals and nations care for maintaining and improving life]. Volume I. Prague: Melantrich, 1938. 891 p.
* {{lang|cs|Soustava národního hospodářství: Věda o pořádku, v kterém jednotlivci a národové pečují o udržení a zlepšení života}} ('System of the national economy: The science of the order in which individuals and nations care for the maintenance and improvement of life'). 2 Volumes. Prague: [[Melantrich]], 1938.
⚫
* {{lang|cs|Národní hospodářství pro účely nejvyšších stupňů středních škol}} ('National economy for the purposes of the highest levels of secondary schools'). Prague: Orbis, 1940.
* System of national economy: [the science of order in which individuals and nations care for maintaining and improving life]. Volume II. Prague: Melantrich, 1938. 724 p.
⚫
* {{lang|cs|Hospodářské soustavy}} ('Economic systems'). Prague: Všehrd, 1946.
⚫
* National economy for the purposes of the highest levels of secondary schools. Prague: Orbis, 1940. 304 p.
⚫
* {{lang|cs|Malá logika: věda o myšlenkovém řádu}} ('Little logic: the science of the order of thought'). Prague: Melantrich, 1947.
⚫
* Economic systems. Prague: Všehrd, 1946. 147 p.
⚫
* {{lang|cs|Věčné ideály lidstva}} ('Eternal ideals of humanity'). Prague: Vyšehrad, 1992. (From Engliš's estate, completed on January 28, 1956.)
⚫
* Little logic: the science of the order of thought. Prague: Melantrich, 1947. 511 p.
⚫
* {{lang|cs|Hrabyň mého mládí}} ('Countess of my youth'). Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. {{ISBN|80-238-3394-4}}. 2nd edition, Opava: Matice slezská, 2010. {{ISBN|978-80-86887-15-9}}.
⚫
* The eternal ideals of humanity. Prague: Vyšehrad, 1992. 161 pp. (This is a text from the estate of K. Engliš, completed on January 28, 1956.)
⚫
* Countess of my youth. Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. 108 pp. {{ISBN|80-238-3394-4}}. 2nd edition Opava: Matice slezská, 2010. 107 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-86887-15-9}}.


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
In 1929, Pestrý týden presents a photograph of Karel Engliš with his second wife Valeria.<ref>Colorful Week, September 14, 1929, p. 3. Available online.</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
==Literature==
* Biographical dictionary of Silesia and northern Moravia . 1. workbook. Ostrava: University of Ostrava; Opava: Optys, 1993. 112 pp. {{ISBN|80-85819-05-8}} . pp.&nbsp;31–33.
* {{lang|cs|Biografický slovník Slezska a severní Moravy}} ('Biographical dictionary of Silesia and northern Moravia'). 1st workbook. Ostrava: University of Ostrava; Opava: Optys, 1993. {{ISBN|80-85819-05-8}}. pp.&nbsp;31–33.
* DOLEŽALOVÁ, Antonie. Rašín, Engliš and the Others: Confrontation of Economic Policy and Practice of the First Czechoslovak Republic in the Fiscal and Monetary Areas. Years 1918-1928 . Prague: Josef Hlávka Institute of National Economy, 2002. 39 pp. {{ISBN|80-238-9103-0}} .
* Doležalová, Antonie. {{lang|cs|Rašín, Engliš a ti druzí: konfrontace hospodářské politiky a praxe 1. československé republiky ve fiskální a měnové oblasti. Léta 1918-1928}} ('Rašín, Engliš and the Others: Confrontation of Economic Policy and Practice of the First Czechoslovak Republic in the Fiscal and Monetary Areas. Years 1918&nbsp;1928'). Prague: Josef Hlávka Institute of National Economy, 2002. {{ISBN|80-238-9103-0}}.
⚫
* Jančík, Drahomír. "{{lang|cs|Skládaje štěstí své budoucnosti do rukou Vaší Excelence&nbsp;...}}" ("Placing the happiness of his future in the hands of Your Excellency&nbsp;..."). About the relationship of Engliš to teacher Albín Bráf. In: Ambrožová, Hana, et al. {{lang|cs|Historik na Moravě: profesoru Jiřímu Malířovi, předsedovi Matice moravské a vedoucímu Historického ústavu FF MU, věnují jeho kolegové, přátelé a žáci k šedesátinám}} ('Historian in Moravia: Dedication to Professor Jiří Malíř, chairman of Matica Moravská and head of the Institute of History, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, by his colleagues, friends and pupils for his 60th birthday'). Brno: Matice Moravská, 2009. {{ISBN|978-80-86488-57-8}}. pp.&nbsp;159–168.
* ENGLIŠ, Karel. Countess of my youth . Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. 108 pp. {{ISBN|80-238-3394-4}} .
⚫
* Kolařík, Jaroslav. {{lang|cs|Peníze a politika: Karel Engliš, bojovník o stabilisaci}} ('Money and politics: Karel Engliš, fighter for stabilization'). Prague: František Borový, 1937.
⚫
* JANČÍK, Drahomír. "Putting the happiness of your future in the hands of Your Excellency ..." About the relationship of the pupil Karel Engliš to the teacher Albín Bráf. In: AMBROŽOVÁ, Hana, et al. Historian in Moravia: Professor Jiří Malíř, chairman of Matica moravská and head of the Institute of History, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, dedicate his colleagues, friends and pupils to their sixties . Brno: Matice moravská, 2009. {{ISBN|978-80-86488-57-8}} . pp.&nbsp;159–168.
⚫
* Kosatik, Pavel. {{lang|cs|Čeští demokraté: 50 nejvýznamnějších osobností veřejného života}} ('Czech Democrats: 50 most essential personalities of public life'). Prague: Mladá fronta, 2010. {{ISBN|978-80-204-2307-8}}.
* Koderová - Sojka - Havel, Theory of money . Prague: Wolters Kluwer 2011
⚫
* Vencovský, František. {{lang|cs|Englišova peněžní teorie a politika}} ('Engliš's monetary theory and politics'). Prague: Institute of Economics of the Czech National Bank, 1994.
⚫
* KOLAŘÍK, Jaroslav. Money and politics: Karel Engliš, a stabilization fighter . Prague: František Borový, 1937. 597 p.
⚫
* Vošahlíková, Pavla, et al. {{lang|cs|Biografický slovník českých zemí}} ('Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands'). 15th volume: Dvořák–Enz. Prague: Libri, 2012. {{ISBN|978-80-7277-504-0}}. pp.&nbsp;604–606.
⚫
* KOSATIK, Pavel . Czech Democrats: 50 most important personalities of public life . Prague: Mladá fronta, 2010. 280 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-204-2307-8}} .
* MALÍŘ, Jiří, et al. Biographical dictionary of deputies of the Moravian Land Assembly in the years 1861–1918 . Brno: Center for the Study of Democracy and Culture, 2012. 887 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-7325-272-4}} . pp.&nbsp;167–170.
* ŠLECHTOVÁ, Alena; LEVORA, Josef. Members of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts 1890–1952 . 2nd ed. Prague: Academia, 2004. 443 pp. {{ISBN|80-200-1066-1}} .
* TOMEŠ, Josef, et al. Czech Biographical Dictionary XX. century. Part I A-J . Prague; Litomyšl: Paseka; Petr Meissner, 1999. 634 pp. {{ISBN|80-7185-245-7}} . pp.&nbsp;292–293.
⚫
* VENCOVSKÝ, František. Engliš's monetary theory and politics . Prague: Institute of Economics of the Czech National Bank, 1994. 72 p.
* VENCOVSKÝ, František. Karel Engliš . Brno; Boskovice: Masaryk University Foundation; Moravian Museum; Albert, 1993. 164 pp. {{ISBN|80-7028-006-9}} .
⚫
* VOŠAHLÍKOVÁ, Pavla, et al. Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands: 15th volume: Dvořák – Enz . Prague: Libri, 2012. 467–610 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-7277-504-0}} . pp.&nbsp;604–606.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Karel Engliš}}
{{Commons category|Karel Engliš}}
*{{Wikiquote lang|cs|Karel Engliš}}
* {{Wikiquote lang|cs|Karel Engliš}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Karel_Engli%C5%A1 Wikibéral]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Karel_Engli%C5%A1 Wikibéral]


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Latest revision as of 20:28, 18 September 2024

Karel Engliš
Born(1880-08-17)17 August 1880
Hrabyně, Austrian Silesia, Austria-Hungary
Died15 June 1961(1961-06-15) (aged 80)
Hrabyně, Czechoslovakia
Occupation(s)Economist, political scientist

Karel Engliš (17 August 1880 – 15 June 1961)[1] was a Czech economist, political scientist, and founder of teleological economic theory.[2]

Engliš was the first rector of Masaryk University in Brno from 1919 to 1920, and from 1947 to 1948 was rector of Charles University in Prague. Together with Alois Rašín, he was significantly involved in the Czechoslovakian currency reform after World War I as Minister of Finance. From 1934 to 1938, he was Governor of the National Bank of Czechoslovakia.

Life

[edit]

Born in Hrabyně into a butcher family, Engliš studied in poverty.[3] He graduated from the Czech grammar school in Opava and then continued his studies at the Faculty of Law of Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, where he graduated in 1904.[4] One of his teachers was economist Albín Bráf, who recognized his talent and recommended him for work at the Provincial Statistical Office. From there, he transferred to the Ministry of Trade in Vienna in 1908. In 1910 he habilitated to associate professor of economics at the Czech Technology in Brno. In 1911, he became an extraordinary professor, and a full professor in 1917.[5] From 1913 to 1914, he was Dean of the Department of Cultural Engineering, and Dean of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1917 to 1918.[5][6]

In 1913–1918 he was a member of the Moravian Diet[7] for the progressive party of Adolf Stránský. From 1918–1925 he was a member of the National Democratic Party (CND) and in 1920–1925 he was a member of the National Assembly, as well as chairman of the Moravian-Silesian Executive Committee of the CND. In 1915 he wrote contributions to Masaryk's Our Time.[8] On 2 September 1925, he resigned from the CND,[9] then participated in the establishment of the National Labor Party, which he refused to join.[why?]

Together with Alois Rašín, he played a significant role in the monetary reform of post-WWI Czechoslovakia, but was a strong opponent of Rašín's deflationary policy. Engliš served as Minister of Finance in six governments, from 1920–1931, and then in 1934–1939 as Governor of the National Bank of Czechoslovakia. He was responsible for stabilizing the currency, streamlining the state budget, building a modern tax system, overcoming post-war economic upheaval, and mitigating the effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s.[3] He was also mainly responsible for the merger of the Anglo-Czechoslovak Bank with the Prague Credit Bank in 1929. The aim was to create a solid financial institution that could compete with the most substantial bank in Czechoslovakia, the Živnostenská Banka. The merger was completed in early 1930 but did not fulfill Engliš's expectations due to the economic crisis.[10]

In 1919, he became a professor and the first rector of the newly founded Masaryk University in Brno, which he participated in founding together with František Weyr and Alois Jirásek.[3][11] He was a professor of national economy at the university's Faculty of Law and, in 1921–1922 and 1925–1926, also its dean. He founded the teleological school of national economics, which deals with assessing the purposefulness of the behavior of all economic entities.[5] His merits in the field of national economy were recognized by membership in the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts; he became an extraordinary member on 19 March 1927, and a full member on 9 April 1946.[12] Since its inception in 1929, he was also a member of the Czechoslovak Statistical Society. After the Munich Agreement on 1 October 1938, he succeeded in initiating the transport of the remains of Karel Hynek Mácha from Litoměřice, which was annexed by Germany.[13]

From 1947 to 1948, he was Rector of Charles University. After the coup d'état in February 1948, he surrendered all his university positions and was forced to withdraw from public life. In August 1952, he had to move out of Prague due to administrative persecution, but he managed to obtain the authorities' consent to return to his hometown Hrabyně.[14] In the last years of his life, he was the target of several restrictive measures in his personal life, his work was heavily criticized by communist propaganda, and his writings were banned and expelled from public libraries.[15] He faced persistent scrutiny by the communist government consisting mainly of house searches, and his originally high pension was drastically reduced several times to the absolute minimum. Despite the difficult conditions, he devoted himself to his scientific work. He focused mainly on logic, national economy, polemics of the two previous fields, and writing memoirs. Most of his work remained in manuscripts, and even after 1989 only a few titles from the period were published.[16] He died after years of hardship in modest circumstances with only the support of family and close friends.[15]

Personal life

[edit]

On 5 June 1906, Engliš married Maria Grögrová (1880–1953), the daughter of a tax inspector from Uherský Brod, in Prague.[17][18] On 21 April 1907, their daughter Vlasta (1907–2001) was born and later married Brno architect František Plhoně.[19][20] Engliš and Grögrová later had a daughter Věra (1908–1990) and a son Karel (1912–1991).[11] At the time of his wedding and the birth of his children, he was a draftsman of the Provincial Statistical Office.[21] The couple was legally divorced in 1919 and separated in 1921.[17] Engliš married a second time, to Valeria Sovová (1884–1964) in a civil marriage on 12 June 1921 in Brno.[22][a]

Theoretical work

[edit]

In addition to public activity, his theoretical work was also significant. He gradually became one of the most influential theorists of interwar Czechoslovakia. Unlike other economic theorists, he had the opportunity to verify his scientific conclusions in practice and possibly revise them. As a teacher, he influenced two generations of Czech economists and founded the so-called Brno School of Economics.

He began his scientific work before the First World War in the field of social policy. His work at university led him to the need for theoretical mastery of all economics and the development of the concept of economic knowledge. The concept is based on marginal utility theory, counter to the then-prevailing causal interpretation of economic issues. He was inspired by the method of economic cognition, so-called teleological theory, from the Vienna school of economics, of which he was a follower (similar to Rašín under the influence of Bráf). According to Engliš, economics is the science of order, where individuals and entire nations try to maintain and improve their lives. Organization in the economy is based on purposeful thinking. The peak of his theoretical work is the two-volume System of the national economy. In this extensive work (approximately 1,700 pages in total) he summarized his economic teachings.[10]

In his theoretical work, he was influenced mainly by neo-Kantianism and was inspired by the normative theory of Hans Kelsen. He analyzed the teleological way of cognition and thinking because he believed human action is always done for some purpose.[24] Engliš held that in any economic system, all subjects always try to improve their existence, so he rejected simple causality in the economy. He thought that in individualistic (capitalist) systems, everyone decides on the satisfaction of their own needs, but in solidaristic (socialist) systems it is a matter of caring for another, foreign subject, who cannot have such a good overview. In practice, he believed there are always mixed systems. Engliš himself did not support a controlled economy, and saw its justification only in temporary critical situations.[5]

Although he worked closely with Rašín, he differed significantly in many respects. Engliš criticized his deflationary policy, persistent efforts to strengthen the Czech koruna, and insistence on the gold standard. His reasoning included the observation that between 1921 and 1923, the price level fell by 43%, exports fell by 53%, and unemployment rose from 72 to 207 thousand people. Although the deflationary policy was revoked by parliament in 1925, the leadership of the National Bank continued to insist on it, even though during the economic crisis, the price of gold rose sharply, and with it, the koruna exchange rate. Between 1930 and 1933, the price level decreased by 19%, but exports fell by 64%, and unemployment rose from 105 to 736 thousand people. It was not until 1934 that Engliš was able to enforce the devaluation of the koruna by 16%, which was not enough.[25][clarification needed]

He was characterized by extensive debates with opponents, where he exhaustively analyzed all arguments and counter-arguments. As a lecturer, he enriched his speeches with deep practical excursions.[2] In 1991, President Václav Havel awarded him the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Class III in memoriam for "outstanding services to democracy and human rights".[26]

Legacy

[edit]

In 1990, the Karel Engliš Society was founded in Prague, and in 1994 the Karel Engliš Prize was established by Masaryk University in Brno, awarded annually to a prominent economist.[27]

Every year, the Rector of Charles University awards the Prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš Prize as one of the types of Rector's Prizes for the best social science graduates.[28]

The former Karel Engliš University in Brno bore his name, and streets in Smíchov, Prague and Opava are named after him.[citation needed]

In 2022, the Czech National Bank issued a commemorative banknote featuring a portrait of Engliš, with a nominal value of CZK 100.[29][30]

Works

[edit]
  • Základy hospodářského myšlení ('Basics of economic thinking'). Brno: Barvič & Novotný, 1922.
  • Vybrané kapitoly z národního hospodářství ('Selected chapters from the national economy'). Prague: State Publishing House, 1925.
  • Finanční věda: nástin theorie hospodářství veřejných svazků ('Financial science: an outline of the theory of public unions'). Prague: Fr. Borový, 1929.
  • Teleologie jako forma vědeckého poznání ('Teleology as a form of scientific knowledge'). Prague: F. Topič, 1930.
  • Ekonomie a filosofie ('Economics and philosophy'). Prague: Fr. Borový, 1931.
  • O nouzi v nadbytku ('In need of excess'). Prague: Fr. Borový, 1935.
  • Soustava národního hospodářství: Věda o pořádku, v kterém jednotlivci a národové pečují o udržení a zlepšení života ('System of the national economy: The science of the order in which individuals and nations care for the maintenance and improvement of life'). 2 Volumes. Prague: Melantrich, 1938.
  • Národní hospodářství pro účely nejvyšších stupňů středních škol ('National economy for the purposes of the highest levels of secondary schools'). Prague: Orbis, 1940.
  • Hospodářské soustavy ('Economic systems'). Prague: Všehrd, 1946.
  • Malá logika: věda o myšlenkovém řádu ('Little logic: the science of the order of thought'). Prague: Melantrich, 1947.
  • Věčné ideály lidstva ('Eternal ideals of humanity'). Prague: Vyšehrad, 1992. (From Engliš's estate, completed on January 28, 1956.)
  • Hrabyň mého mládí ('Countess of my youth'). Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. ISBN 80-238-3394-4. 2nd edition, Opava: Matice slezská, 2010. ISBN 978-80-86887-15-9.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ A September 1929 edition of Pestrý týden presents a photograph of Engliš with his second wife Valeria.[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Digital Archives of the Regional Archives in Opava". digi.archives.cz. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b Holman, Robert, et al. Dějiny ekonomického myšlení ('History of economic thought'). Prague: C. H. Beck, 2005. ISBN 80-7179-380-9. p. 504.
  3. ^ a b c Karfíková, Marie. "Karel Engliš". In: Skřejpková, Petra. Antologie československé právní vědy v letech 1918–1939 ('Anthology of Czechoslovak jurisprudence in the years 1918–1939'). Prague: Linde, 2009. ISBN 978-80-7201-750-8. pp. 576–581.
  4. ^ Opavský týdenník ('Opava Weekly'), 28 May 1904, p. 4. (available online at the National Library of the Czech Republic).
  5. ^ a b c d Šmídová, Iva. Život a dílo prof. JUDr. Karla Engliše ('Life and work of Prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš'). Brno: Masaryk University, 1993. ISBN 80-210-0829-6. pp. 3–6.
  6. ^ "Rektoři a děkani fakult pro jednotlivé akademické roky" [Rectors and deans of faculties for individual academic years] (XLSX). Brno University of Technology (in Czech). ČVŠT tab, cells D18, F22. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  7. ^ Malíř, Jiří, et al. Biografický slovník poslanců moravského zemského sněmu v letech 1861–1918 ('Biographical dictionary of Moravian Land Assembly deputies in the years 1861–1918'). Brno: Center for the Study of Democracy and Culture, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7325-272-4. pp. 167–170.
  8. ^ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk and the Legion. Paris Karviná 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp. 8–22, 24–25, 151, 157, 169.
  9. ^ Vencovský, František. Karel Engliš. Brno; Boskovice: Masaryk University Foundation; Moravian Provincial Museum; Albert, 1993. ISBN 80-7028-006-9. p. 132.
  10. ^ a b Politická elita meziválečného Československa 1918–1938 ('Political elite of interwar Czechoslovakia 1918–1938'). 1st ed. Prague: Pražská edice, k.s., 1998. pp. 50–51.
  11. ^ a b Fl, Menš. Prof. JUDr. Karel Engliš. Brno: Encyclopedia of the History of the City of Brno, rev. 2014-07-17 [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.
  12. ^ Šlechtová, Alena; Levora, Josef. Členové České akademie věd a umění 1890–1952 ('Members of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts 1890–1952'). 2nd ed. Prague: Academia, 2004. ISBN 80-200-1066-1. p. 69.
  13. ^ Med, Jaroslav. Literary life in the shadow of Munich (1938–1939). Prague: Academia, 2010. ISBN 978-80-200-1823-6. p. 211.
  14. ^ Vencovský, František. "Karel Engliš and Hrabyně". In: Engliš, Karel. Countess of my youth. Opava: Matice slezská, 1999. Hereinafter referred to as Karel Engliš and Hrabyně. ISBN 80-238-3394-4. p. 96.
  15. ^ a b Šmejkal, Miroslav, et al. Important Czech economists. Prague: University of Economics, 1993. ISBN 80-7079-195-0. p. 63.
  16. ^ Čechura, Jaroslav. Countess tusculum of Karel Engliš. Science in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945–1953. Proceedings of the conference (Prague, November 23–24, 1999). 1999, pp. 255–273.
  17. ^ a b Register of Devotees, Church of St. Ludmila, 1906–1908, slide 35.
  18. ^ Opava Weekly, 20 June 1906, p. 4 (available online in the National Library of the Czech Republic).
  19. ^ Registry N, Church of St. Ludmila 1907–1909, slide 48.
  20. ^ Kal, Minor. Vlasta Plhonova [online]. Encyclopedia of the City of Brno, rev. 2015-01-04 [cit. 2016-07-05]. Available online.
  21. ^ Police applications Prague, Karel Engliš family.
  22. ^ Fl, Menš, Kal. Valerie Englišová [online]. Encyclopedia of the City of Brno, rev. 2015-06-24 [cit. 2016-07-05]. Available online.
  23. ^ Pestrý týden, September 14, 1929, p. 3. Available online.
  24. ^ Dictionary of Czech Philosophers - Karel Engliš [online]. Brno: Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.
  25. ^ Koderová, Jitka; Sojka, Milan; Havel, Jan. Teorie peněz ('Theory of money'). Prague: Wolters Kluwer, 2011. p. 260n.
  26. ^ Karel Engliš and Hrabyně, p. 98.
  27. ^ Tomeš, Josef, et al. Český biografický slovník XX. století ('Czech Biographical Dictionary of the 20th Century'). Part I: A–J. Prague; Litomyšl: Paseka; Petr Meissner, 1999. ISBN 80-7185-245-7. pp. 292–293.
  28. ^ Fišer, Radovan. Karel Engliš Award: it's (again) at home! Social [online]. 2007-01-01 [cit. 2014-07-25]. Available online.
  29. ^ Charles IV. will have competition. Karel Engliš will add him to the hundreds. Message list [online]. 2019-11-19 [cit. 2019-11-19]. Available online.
  30. ^ Issuance of commemorative coins and banknotes by the CNB for the first time, special ducats [online]. Cnb.cz, 2019-11-19 [cit. 2019-11-19]. Available online.

Further reading

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  • Biografický slovník Slezska a severní Moravy ('Biographical dictionary of Silesia and northern Moravia'). 1st workbook. Ostrava: University of Ostrava; Opava: Optys, 1993. ISBN 80-85819-05-8. pp. 31–33.
  • Doležalová, Antonie. Rašín, Engliš a ti druzí: konfrontace hospodářské politiky a praxe 1. československé republiky ve fiskální a měnové oblasti. Léta 1918-1928 ('Rašín, Engliš and the Others: Confrontation of Economic Policy and Practice of the First Czechoslovak Republic in the Fiscal and Monetary Areas. Years 1918 1928'). Prague: Josef Hlávka Institute of National Economy, 2002. ISBN 80-238-9103-0.
  • Jančík, Drahomír. "Skládaje štěstí své budoucnosti do rukou Vaší Excelence ..." ("Placing the happiness of his future in the hands of Your Excellency ..."). About the relationship of Engliš to teacher Albín Bráf. In: Ambrožová, Hana, et al. Historik na Moravě: profesoru Jiřímu Malířovi, předsedovi Matice moravské a vedoucímu Historického ústavu FF MU, věnují jeho kolegové, přátelé a žáci k šedesátinám ('Historian in Moravia: Dedication to Professor Jiří Malíř, chairman of Matica Moravská and head of the Institute of History, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, by his colleagues, friends and pupils for his 60th birthday'). Brno: Matice Moravská, 2009. ISBN 978-80-86488-57-8. pp. 159–168.
  • Kolařík, Jaroslav. Peníze a politika: Karel Engliš, bojovník o stabilisaci ('Money and politics: Karel Engliš, fighter for stabilization'). Prague: František Borový, 1937.
  • Kosatik, Pavel. Čeští demokraté: 50 nejvýznamnějších osobností veřejného života ('Czech Democrats: 50 most essential personalities of public life'). Prague: Mladá fronta, 2010. ISBN 978-80-204-2307-8.
  • Vencovský, František. Englišova peněžní teorie a politika ('Engliš's monetary theory and politics'). Prague: Institute of Economics of the Czech National Bank, 1994.
  • Vošahlíková, Pavla, et al. Biografický slovník českých zemí ('Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands'). 15th volume: Dvořák–Enz. Prague: Libri, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7277-504-0. pp. 604–606.
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