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|name = Aurel Stodola
|name = Aurel Stodola
|image = Auguste Stodola.jpg
|image = Auguste Stodola.jpg
|caption = Aurel Stodola
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1859|5|10}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1859|5|10}}
|birth_place = [[Liptovský Mikuláš]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{nowrap|<small>(today: Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia)}}
|birth_place = [[Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{nowrap|<small>(today: Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia)</small>}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|12|25|1859|5|10}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|12|25|1859|5|10}}
|death_place = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
|death_place = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
|resting_place = Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
|resting_place = Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
|ethnicity = [[Slovaks|Slovak]]
|spouse =
|spouse =
|residence = Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland
|citizenship =
|citizenship =
|fields = Engineering
|workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|[[ETH Zurich]]}}
|alma_mater =
|alma_mater =
|education = [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]]
|education = [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]]
|known_for = [[Centrifugal compressor]]<br>[[Steam turbine]]<br>[[Ellipse Law|Stodola's cone law]]<br>[[Slip_factor#Mathematical_Formulae_for_Slip_factor|Stodola's equation]]<br>[[Gouy–Stodola theorem]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|awards = {{Unbulleted list|{{no wrap|[[James Watt International Gold Medal]] (1941)}}| [[Grashof Commemorative Medal]] (1908)|[[List of International Congresses of Mathematicians Plenary and Invited Speakers|ICM Speaker]] (1897)}}
|academic_advisors =
|notable_students = {{Unbulleted list|[[Albert Einstein]]}}
|known_for = {{Unbulleted list|technical thermodynamics|gas turbine-powered electric generator}}
|awards = {{Unbulleted list|Honorary degree of [[Leibniz University Hannover]]|[[Franz Grashof|Grashof]] [http://www.vdi.de/vdi/organisation/schnellauswahl/fgkf/adb/organisation/ehrungen/index.98.html medal] of [[Verein Deutscher Ingenieure]]|Honorary degree of [[German Technical University in Brno]]|Honorary degree of [[Charles University]] of [[Prague]]|[[James Watt International Medal]]}}
|signature =
|signature =
|footnotes = <!-- for any footnotes needed to clarify entries above -->
}}
}}


'''Aurel Boleslav Stodola''' (10 May 1859, [[Liptovský Mikuláš]], [[Slovakia]] – 25 December 1942 [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]]) was a [[Slovaks|Slovak]] engineer, [[physicist]], and inventor. He was a pioneer in the area of technical thermodynamics and its applications and published his book ''Die Dampfturbine'' (the [[steam turbine]]) in 1903. In addition to the thermodynamic issues involved in turbine design the book discussed aspects of fluid flow, vibration, stress analysis of plates, shells and rotating discs and stress concentrations at holes and fillets.<ref>Rao, S., "Mechanical Vibrations", Addison-Wesley, Wokingham, England, Third Edition, 1995.</ref> Stodola was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now [[ETH]]) in Zurich. One of his students was [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Osobnosti Pýcha inžinierstva celého sveta Aurel Stodola: Moje city nikdy neochabli pre môj národ |url=http://www.civil.gov.sk/archiv/casopis/2001/1426mipr.html |date= |work= |publisher=civil.gov.sk |accessdate=23 September 2009 |language=sk}}</ref> In 1892, Stodola founded the [[Laboratory for Energy Conversion]].
'''Aurel Boleslav Stodola''' (11 May 1859 – 25 December 1942) was a [[Slovaks|Slovak]] engineer, [[physicist]], and inventor. He was a pioneer in the area of technical thermodynamics and its applications and published his book ''Die Dampfturbine'' (the [[steam turbine]]) in 1903. In addition to the thermodynamic issues involved in turbine design the book discussed aspects of fluid flow, vibration, stress analysis of plates, shells and rotating discs and stress concentrations at holes and fillets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first= S.|title=Mechanical Vibrations|publisher=Addison-Wesley|location= Wokingham, England|edition=3rd|date= 1995}}</ref> Stodola was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now [[ETH]]) in Zurich. He maintained friendly contact with [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Osobnosti Pýcha inžinierstva celého sveta Aurel Stodola: Moje city nikdy neochabli pre môj národ |url=http://www.civil.gov.sk/archiv/casopis/2001/1426mipr.html |publisher=civil.gov.sk |accessdate=23 September 2009 |language=sk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915181800/http://www.civil.gov.sk/archiv/casopis/2001/1426mipr.html |archivedate=15 September 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1892, Stodola founded the [[Laboratory for Energy Conversion]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Liptovský Mikuláš - dom rodný - Aurel Stodola.jpg|thumb|The birthplace in Liptovský Mikuláš (Slovakia)]]
Aurel Stodola was born in Vrbica-Hušták (now a part of region Liptovský Mikuláš), in the Kingdom of Hungary (now in Slovakia) on 11 May 1859. His father Ondrej Stodola was a leather manufacturer. His mother was Anna (born Kováčová). He was baptized as Aurel Bohuslav, but he used just name Aurel. He was baptized by the famous person of the Slovak emancipation movement, Protestant priest, poet, linguist, and representative of the Slovak national movement in 1840s Michal Miloslav Hodža.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Najväčší z vel̕kých : Aurel Bohuslav Stodola|last=Petráš|first= Milan|isbn=9788022747363|location=Bratislava|oclc=1035956346|year = 2017}}</ref>

=== Education ===
He attended a local primary school in Vrbica, Liptovský Mikuláš. After first four years, he went to town called Stráže pod Tatrami (now Poprad) in order to improve his German. There was a strong German speaking community and this practice was very usual. He attended secondary education in Levoča, Kežmarok and Košice, where he completed his secondary schooling. He studied on his own, as well. Especially classics and other languages.

In 1876, he moved to Budapest, where he studied two semesters at the Royal Jeseph University in Budapest. He was acknowledged as gifted student and he received a grant. In 1876, he transferred to the ''Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule'' (Federal Polytechnic School), today known as the ETH. In 1881, he completed his degree in Mechanical Engineering. After graduation, he went to work in a factory in Budapest for seven months. In 1882/1883, he attended the [[Technische Hochschule]] in Charlottenburg (now [[Technische Universität Berlin]]).

After this, he did volunteering in a technical studio in Paris. He wanted to improve his skills and French, as well. It was important for his future career in Switzerland. After this trip, he began to work in Prague as engineer. He improved his practical engineering and soon became a main engineer.<ref name=":0" />

=== Zürich ===
[[File:ETH-BIB-Stodola, Aurel (1859-1942)-Portrait-Portr 01254.tif|thumb|Aurel Stodola circa 1905]]
In 1892, he was appointed Professor of Machine Construction by the Polytechnikum in Zürich. He worked and taught at Polytechnikum until his retirement in 1929. He gave his first lecture on 23 October 1892. Stodola provided stimuli in the development of the curriculum and the construction of the first machine laboratory (now Laboratory for Energy Conversion). It was opened in 1900. He was invited as evaluator to ''The Exposition Universelle'' in Paris, during the same year.<ref name=":0" />

He was awarded Swiss citizenship in 1905.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mavt.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/mavt/department-dam/news/documents/Broschure_Aurel-Stodola-Lecture_Veranstaltungen_MAVT.pdf|title=Aurel Stodola and his influence on the ETH and on Mechanical Engineering|last=Lang|first=Norbert}}</ref>

In 1924 he endowed a foundation with the stated aim ‘to promote the development of mechanical and electro-technical science in the ETH’. This foundation still exists today.<ref name=":1" />

He maintained friendly contact with academics in Switzerland and abroad, including Albert Einstein. Einstein wrote him an impressive letter for his anniversary. Einstein was not his student, as some sources say, because he studied physics and mathematics. Another prominent friend was theologian, organist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician Albert Schweizer. Stodola encouraged Swiss businessmen to support Schweitzer's hospital in Africa.<ref name=":0" />

Stodola retired at the age of 70. Then, he did not teach, but he carried on as expert and advisor. He was interested in Theoretical physics and philosophy, as well.<ref name=":0" /> In 1931, he published his book about philosophy of technology ‘Gedanken zu einer Weltanschauung vom Standpunktedes Ingenieurs’ (‘Thoughts of a worldview from the standpoint of the engineer’). The title of the fourth and fifth edition was ''Die geheimnisvolle Naturweltanschauliche Betrachtung.'' It was his contribution to social, political and technological issues of his time. This book was reprinted several times and made a significant contribution to the technical philosophy in Europe.<ref name=":1" />

Stodola's farewell lecture is also included in this publication.<ref name=":1" /> In 1939, he led a team at Brown Boveri in [[Neuchâtel gas turbine|the first test worldwide using a gas turbine to generate electricity]]. This machine is still exhibited today at the Alstom works in Birr and due to its importance is considered to be an ‘historical milestone in mechanical engineering’.<ref name=":1" />

He died on December 25, 1942, in Zurich. His remains were moved to his birthplace in 1989 because the ETH denied paying for his grave.<ref name=":0" />


==Steam and gas turbines==
==Steam and gas turbines==
[[File:ETH-BIB-Stodola, Aurel (1859-1942)-Portrait-Portr 06560.tif|thumb|Aurel Stodola and the first test worldwide using a gas turbine to generate electricity at Brown, Boveri]]
⚫
Stodola's book ''Steam and Gas Turbines''
In 1903, one of his major textbooks ‘Die Dampfturbine’ (the Steam Turbine) was first published. This was translated into several languages and formed a groundbreaking basis for the construction of thermal turbo-machinery.<ref name=":1" />
<ref>({{Citation

|publisher = P. Smith
The [[Ellipse Law|Law of the Ellipse]], or Stodola's cone law, provides a method for calculating the highly nonlinear dependence of extraction [[pressure]]s with a flow for multistage [[turbine]] with high backpressure, when the turbine [[nozzle]]s are not [[choked flow|choked]]. It is important in turbine off-design calculations.
⚫
|publication-place = New York

⚫
|author = Aurel Stodola
⚫
Stodola's book ''Steam and Gas Turbines''<ref>{{Citation|publisher = P. Smith
⚫
|location = New York
⚫
|first= Aurel |last=Stodola
|ol = 18625767M
|ol = 18625767M
|title = Steam and gas turbines
|title = Steam and gas turbines
|publication-date = 1945
|date = 1945
}})</ref>
}})</ref>
was cited by Soviet rocket scientist [[Fridrikh Tsander]] in the 1920s. Published in English in 1927 and reprinted many times up to 1945, it was a basic reference for engineers working on the first generation of [[Jet engine|jet propulsion engines]] in the United States.<ref>Dawson, V.P., Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology. NASA SP-4306, 1991.</ref> Stodola worked closely with industries on the development of the first practical [[gas turbine]]s, in particular [[Brown, Boveri & Cie]], who built the first gas turbine-powered [[electric generator]] in 1939.<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/labs/gtl/early_GT_history.html Early Gas Turbine History<!-- bot-generated title -->] at web.mit.edu</ref>
was cited by Soviet rocket scientist [[Fridrikh Tsander]] in the 1920s. Published in English in 1927 and reprinted many times up to 1945, it was a basic reference for engineers working on the first generation of [[Jet engine|jet propulsion engines]] in the United States.<ref name="Dawson1991">{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Virginia Parker |title=Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jACAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93|year=1991|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|isbn=978-0-16-030742-3|pages=93–}}</ref> Stodola worked closely with industries on the development of the first practical [[gas turbine]]s, in particular [[Brown, Boveri & Cie]], who built the first gas turbine-powered [[electric generator]] in 1939.<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/labs/gtl/early_GT_history.html Early Gas Turbine History<!-- bot-generated title -->] at web.mit.edu</ref>


==Medical equipment==
==Medical equipment==
[[File:ETH-BIB-Stodola, Aurel (1859-1942)-Portrait-Portr 06944.tif|thumb|Stodola circa 1930]]
In 1915–1916 Stodola collaborated with [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]] a German surgeon to develop an advanced mechanically driven [[prosthetic]] arm. This collaboration marked one of the first documented examples of a surgeon and engineer merging efforts. Sauerbruch said, "Henceforth, surgeon, physiologist, and technician (prosthetist/engineer) will have to work together."<ref>Childress, D.S., Development of rehabilitation engineering over the years: As I see it. ''[[Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development]]'', 2002, 39(6, Supplement):1–10.</ref>
In 1915–1916 Stodola collaborated with [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]] a German surgeon to develop an advanced mechanically driven [[prosthetic]] arm. This collaboration marked one of the first documented examples of a surgeon and engineer merging efforts. Sauerbruch said, "Henceforth, surgeon, physiologist, and technician (prosthetist/engineer) will have to work together."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Childress|first= D.S.|title= Development of rehabilitation engineering over the years: As I see it|journal=[[Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development]]|date= 2002|volume=39|issue=6, Supplement|pages=1–10|pmid= 17642028}}</ref>


== Honors ==
==Honors==
* 1905 – Honorary degree of [[Leibniz University Hannover]]
[[File:Bratislava STU strojnicka fakulta Aurel Stodola1.jpg|thumb|Aurel Stodola's bust in Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia]]1905 – Honorary degree of [[Leibniz University Hannover]]
* 1908 – [[Franz Grashof|Grashof]] [http://www.vdi.de/vdi/organisation/schnellauswahl/fgkf/adb/organisation/ehrungen/index.98.html medal] of [[Verein Deutscher Ingenieure]]
* 1908 – [[Franz Grashof|Grashof]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106062332/http://www.vdi.de/vdi/organisation/schnellauswahl/fgkf/adb/organisation/ehrungen/index.98.html medal] of [[Verein Deutscher Ingenieure]]
* Honorary degree of (German) Technical University of [[Brno]]
* Honorary degree of [[German Technical University in Brno]]
* 1929 – Honorary degree of [[Charles University]] of [[Prague]]
* 1929 – Honorary degree of [[Charles University]] of [[Prague]]
* 1941 – [[James Watt International Medal]]
* 1941 – [[James Watt International Medal]]
Line 52: Line 75:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Ellipse Law]]
* [[Heat pump]]
* [[Timeline of jet power]]


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons cat}}
* [http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/exhibit/stodola/inhalt.html Virtual Exhibition from the Library of the ETH Zürich] {{de icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607094527/http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/exhibit/stodola/inhalt.html Virtual Exhibition from the Library of the ETH Zürich] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.fondstodola.sk/ Fund of A. Stodola]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095529/http://www.fondstodola.sk/ Fund of A. Stodola]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME =Stodola, Aurel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Slovak scientist
| DATE OF BIRTH =10 May 1859
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Liptovský Mikuláš]], Slovakia
| DATE OF DEATH =25 December 1942
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Zürich]], Switzerland
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stodola, Aurel}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stodola, Aurel}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Slovak inventors]]
[[Category:Scientists from Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Slovak engineers]]
[[Category:Technische Universität Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of ETH Zurich]]
⚫
[[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Liptovský Mikuláš]]
[[Category:Jet engine pioneers]]
[[Category:Jet engine pioneers]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Liptovský Mikuláš]]
⚫
[[Category:Slovak engineers]]
[[Category:Slovak inventors]]
[[Category:Engineers from Austria-Hungary]]

Latest revision as of 18:53, 19 September 2024

Aurel Stodola
Born(1859-05-10)10 May 1859
Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, Kingdom of Hungary
(today: Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia)
Died25 December 1942(1942-12-25) (aged 83)
Zürich, Switzerland
Resting placeLiptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
EducationBudapest University of Technology and Economics
Known forCentrifugal compressor
Steam turbine
Stodola's cone law
Stodola's equation
Gouy–Stodola theorem
Awards

Aurel Boleslav Stodola (11 May 1859 – 25 December 1942) was a Slovak engineer, physicist, and inventor. He was a pioneer in the area of technical thermodynamics and its applications and published his book Die Dampfturbine (the steam turbine) in 1903. In addition to the thermodynamic issues involved in turbine design the book discussed aspects of fluid flow, vibration, stress analysis of plates, shells and rotating discs and stress concentrations at holes and fillets.[1] Stodola was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now ETH) in Zurich. He maintained friendly contact with Albert Einstein.[2][3] In 1892, Stodola founded the Laboratory for Energy Conversion.

Biography

[edit]
The birthplace in Liptovský Mikuláš (Slovakia)

Aurel Stodola was born in Vrbica-Hušták (now a part of region Liptovský Mikuláš), in the Kingdom of Hungary (now in Slovakia) on 11 May 1859. His father Ondrej Stodola was a leather manufacturer. His mother was Anna (born Kováčová). He was baptized as Aurel Bohuslav, but he used just name Aurel. He was baptized by the famous person of the Slovak emancipation movement, Protestant priest, poet, linguist, and representative of the Slovak national movement in 1840s Michal Miloslav Hodža.[3]

Education

[edit]

He attended a local primary school in Vrbica, Liptovský Mikuláš. After first four years, he went to town called Stráže pod Tatrami (now Poprad) in order to improve his German. There was a strong German speaking community and this practice was very usual. He attended secondary education in Levoča, Kežmarok and Košice, where he completed his secondary schooling. He studied on his own, as well. Especially classics and other languages.

In 1876, he moved to Budapest, where he studied two semesters at the Royal Jeseph University in Budapest. He was acknowledged as gifted student and he received a grant. In 1876, he transferred to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (Federal Polytechnic School), today known as the ETH. In 1881, he completed his degree in Mechanical Engineering. After graduation, he went to work in a factory in Budapest for seven months. In 1882/1883, he attended the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin).

After this, he did volunteering in a technical studio in Paris. He wanted to improve his skills and French, as well. It was important for his future career in Switzerland. After this trip, he began to work in Prague as engineer. He improved his practical engineering and soon became a main engineer.[3]

Zürich

[edit]
Aurel Stodola circa 1905

In 1892, he was appointed Professor of Machine Construction by the Polytechnikum in Zürich. He worked and taught at Polytechnikum until his retirement in 1929. He gave his first lecture on 23 October 1892. Stodola provided stimuli in the development of the curriculum and the construction of the first machine laboratory (now Laboratory for Energy Conversion). It was opened in 1900. He was invited as evaluator to The Exposition Universelle in Paris, during the same year.[3]

He was awarded Swiss citizenship in 1905.[4]

In 1924 he endowed a foundation with the stated aim ‘to promote the development of mechanical and electro-technical science in the ETH’. This foundation still exists today.[4]

He maintained friendly contact with academics in Switzerland and abroad, including Albert Einstein. Einstein wrote him an impressive letter for his anniversary. Einstein was not his student, as some sources say, because he studied physics and mathematics. Another prominent friend was theologian, organist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician Albert Schweizer. Stodola encouraged Swiss businessmen to support Schweitzer's hospital in Africa.[3]

Stodola retired at the age of 70. Then, he did not teach, but he carried on as expert and advisor. He was interested in Theoretical physics and philosophy, as well.[3] In 1931, he published his book about philosophy of technology ‘Gedanken zu einer Weltanschauung vom Standpunktedes Ingenieurs’ (‘Thoughts of a worldview from the standpoint of the engineer’). The title of the fourth and fifth edition was Die geheimnisvolle Naturweltanschauliche Betrachtung. It was his contribution to social, political and technological issues of his time. This book was reprinted several times and made a significant contribution to the technical philosophy in Europe.[4]

Stodola's farewell lecture is also included in this publication.[4] In 1939, he led a team at Brown Boveri in the first test worldwide using a gas turbine to generate electricity. This machine is still exhibited today at the Alstom works in Birr and due to its importance is considered to be an ‘historical milestone in mechanical engineering’.[4]

He died on December 25, 1942, in Zurich. His remains were moved to his birthplace in 1989 because the ETH denied paying for his grave.[3]

Steam and gas turbines

[edit]
Aurel Stodola and the first test worldwide using a gas turbine to generate electricity at Brown, Boveri

In 1903, one of his major textbooks ‘Die Dampfturbine’ (the Steam Turbine) was first published. This was translated into several languages and formed a groundbreaking basis for the construction of thermal turbo-machinery.[4]

The Law of the Ellipse, or Stodola's cone law, provides a method for calculating the highly nonlinear dependence of extraction pressures with a flow for multistage turbine with high backpressure, when the turbine nozzles are not choked. It is important in turbine off-design calculations.

Stodola's book Steam and Gas Turbines[5] was cited by Soviet rocket scientist Fridrikh Tsander in the 1920s. Published in English in 1927 and reprinted many times up to 1945, it was a basic reference for engineers working on the first generation of jet propulsion engines in the United States.[6] Stodola worked closely with industries on the development of the first practical gas turbines, in particular Brown, Boveri & Cie, who built the first gas turbine-powered electric generator in 1939.[7]

Medical equipment

[edit]
Stodola circa 1930

In 1915–1916 Stodola collaborated with Ferdinand Sauerbruch a German surgeon to develop an advanced mechanically driven prosthetic arm. This collaboration marked one of the first documented examples of a surgeon and engineer merging efforts. Sauerbruch said, "Henceforth, surgeon, physiologist, and technician (prosthetist/engineer) will have to work together."[8]

Honors

[edit]
Aurel Stodola's bust in Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia

1905 – Honorary degree of Leibniz University Hannover

Corresponding member of French Academy of Sciences.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rao, S. (1995). Mechanical Vibrations (3rd ed.). Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley.
  2. ^ "Osobnosti Pýcha inžinierstva celého sveta Aurel Stodola: Moje city nikdy neochabli pre môj národ" (in Slovak). civil.gov.sk. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Petráš, Milan (2017). Najväčší z vel̕kých : Aurel Bohuslav Stodola. Bratislava. ISBN 9788022747363. OCLC 1035956346.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Lang, Norbert. "Aurel Stodola and his influence on the ETH and on Mechanical Engineering" (PDF).
  5. ^ Stodola, Aurel (1945), Steam and gas turbines, New York: P. Smith, OL 18625767M)
  6. ^ Dawson, Virginia Parker (1991). Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-0-16-030742-3.
  7. ^ Early Gas Turbine History at web.mit.edu
  8. ^ Childress, D.S. (2002). "Development of rehabilitation engineering over the years: As I see it". Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 39 (6, Supplement): 1–10. PMID 17642028.
[edit]
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