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Fertility was often mentioned in many mythological tales. In mythology, fertility deities exist in different belief systems or religions.

Fertility deities

A fertility deity is a god or goddess in mythology associated with fertility, pregnancy, and birth. In some cases these deities are directly associated with sex, and in others they simply embody related attributes.

Fertility rites

Fertility rites are religious rituals that reenact sexual acts actually or symbolically. They may include sacrifices of animals and at times humans.^[1]

Demeter was the central deity in fertility rites held in classical Greece. Her rites included celebrating the change of seasons.^[2] Most women's festivals related in some way to woman's proper function as a fertile being (believed to allow women to promote the fertility of crops).^[3] Because of his link to the grape harvest, however, it is not surprising to see Dionysus associated with Demeter and Kore in the Eleusinian Mysteries.^[4]

In Ancient Phoenicia, a special sacrifice was conducted in the harvest season to reawaken the spirit of the vine; while another winter fertility rite was performed to restore the spirit of the withering vine. The sacrifice included cooking a kid in the milk of its mother, a Canaanite custom which Mosaic law condemned and formally forbade.^[5]

According to Ibn Ishaq, the Kaaba was formerly worshipped as a female deity.^[6] Circumambulation was often performed naked by male and sometimes female pilgrims,^[7] and worship associated with fertility goddesses.^[8] Some have noted the apparent similarity of the Black Stone and its silver frame to the external female genitalia.^[9]^[10]

Fertility symbols

Fertility symbols were generally considered to have been used since Prehistoric times for encouraging fertility in women, although it is also used to show creation in some cultures.

Wedding cakes are a form of fertility symbols. In Ancient Rome, the custom was for the groom to break a cakes over the bride's head to symbolize the end of the bride's virginal state, ensure fertility, and the beginning of her husband's power over her.

Fertility symbols were used by Native Americans, the most common being a supernatural figure called Kokopelli, a fertility deity usually depicted as a hunchback, dancing flute player carrying a sack also shown with a large phallus. The deity presides over childbirth and agriculture.^[11]

In Hinduism, Lingam is the most powerful fertility symbol, showing the critical union of Shiva and Shakti. Shiva is depicted with River Ganges and moon on his head. He wears garlands of snakes called Naga. The Ganga, moon and snakes are fertility symbols, and associated with fertility rituals in Hinduism.^[12]

In the Judeo-Christian bible, the Song of Songs emphasizes the navel as an important element of a woman's beauty.^[13]^[14] It contains imagery similar to that in the love songs of ancient Egyptian literature.^[13] Song of Songs 7:2 states: "Your navel is a rounded bowl."^[15] The verse preceding the line mentioning the navel (Song of Songs 7:1) states, "your rounded thighs are like jewels, the work of a master hand",^[15] ) and the verse following states, "Your belly is a heap of wheat."^[15] Thus the treatment of the navel appears placed textually in between the description of the curves of a woman through thigh and the stomach or midriff.^[14] "Belly" also suggests the womb, and the combination of the imagery of the womb with that of wheat suggests the link between romance, eroticism and fertility through the imagery of the navel and curvaceous thighs.^[14] These passages also celebrate a curvaceous stomach and midriff and plumpness as aspects of female physical attractiveness.^[14]

The Bible states that the purpose of sex is to fertilize a woman, and God, for example, punishes Onan, who wastes his semen, with death.^[16]

The religious discourse, in particular Christians, Muslim and Jew values the virginity of the young girl before the marriage and associates the deflowering with the idea of fertility. On the wedding night, is the first time that the bride and groom have sex with each other. The young couple is advised and even ordered to have sex on the first night after marriage.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (London 1965) p. 236
^ M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (Penguin 1967) p. 158
^ J. Boardman et al eds., The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford 1991) p. 269–70
^ F. Guirand ed., The New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1968) p. 160
^ Guirand, p. 77–9
^ Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 85 footnote 2. ISBN 9780196360331.
^ Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9. ISBN 9780196360331.
^ Rice, Edward (May 1978). Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient. New York: Doubleday. p. 433. ISBN 9780385085632.
^ Tate, Karen (January 1, 2006). Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations. San Francisco: Consortium of Collective Consciousness Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 9781888729115.
^ Camphausen, Rufus (1996). The Yoni, Sacred Symbol of Female Creative Power. Vermont: Inner Traditions. Bear & Company. p. 134. ISBN 9780892815623.
^ Young, John V. (1990). Kokopelli: Casanova of the Cliff Dwellers; The hunchbacked flute player. Filter Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-86541-026-8.
^ William McCormack, in A. K. Ramanujan, Speaking of Śiva (Penguin 1979) p. 181
^ ^a ^b Murphy Ronald E (1992) "Song of songs, Book of", in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol 6. p. 151
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dobbs-Allsopp F. W. (2001) Annotation and commentary on "Song of Solomon" in 'The New Oxford Annotated Bible' (with the Apocrypha. Third Edition (Ed) Coogan, M.D. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. page 966 from pages 959–968
^ ^a ^b ^c The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New Revised Standard Version. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001.
^ Tuovinen, Liisa (Sexuality in Different Cultures, 2008), p. 15.

[1] Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (London 1965) p. 236

[2] M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (Penguin 1967) p. 158

[3] J. Boardman et al eds., The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford 1991) p. 269–70

[4] F. Guirand ed., The New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1968) p. 160

[5] Guirand, p. 77–9

[Ishaq-6] Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 85 footnote 2. ISBN 9780196360331.

[Ishaq2-7] Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9. ISBN 9780196360331.

[rice-8] Rice, Edward (May 1978). Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient. New York: Doubleday. p. 433. ISBN 9780385085632.

[tate-9] Tate, Karen (January 1, 2006). Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations. San Francisco: Consortium of Collective Consciousness Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 9781888729115.

[camphausen-10] Camphausen, Rufus (1996). The Yoni, Sacred Symbol of Female Creative Power. Vermont: Inner Traditions. Bear & Company. p. 134. ISBN 9780892815623.

[Young-11] Young, John V. (1990). Kokopelli: Casanova of the Cliff Dwellers; The hunchbacked flute player. Filter Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-86541-026-8.

[12] William McCormack, in A. K. Ramanujan, Speaking of Śiva (Penguin 1979) p. 181

[Murphy-13] Murphy Ronald E (1992) "Song of songs, Book of", in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol 6. p. 151

[Annotation-14] Dobbs-Allsopp F. W. (2001) Annotation and commentary on "Song of Solomon" in 'The New Oxford Annotated Bible' (with the Apocrypha. Third Edition (Ed) Coogan, M.D. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. page 966 from pages 959–968

[NRSV-15] The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New Revised Standard Version. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001.

[16] Tuovinen, Liisa (Sexuality in Different Cultures, 2008), p. 15.

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+{{Short description|Fertility deities, rites and symbols}}
 [[File:Demeter Altemps Inv8546.jpg|thumb|[[Demeter]], the [[greek goddess]] of [[fertility]]]]
 [[Fertility]] was often mentioned in many mythological tales. In [[mythology]], [[fertility deity|fertility deities]] exist in different [[belief systems]] or [[religions]].
 ==Fertility deities==
-A fertility deity is a god or goddess in mythology associated with fertility, pregnancy, and birth. In some cases these deities are directly associated with sex, and in others they simply embody related attributes.
+A [[list of fertility deities|fertility deity]] is a god or goddess in mythology associated with fertility, pregnancy, and birth. In some cases these deities are directly associated with sex, and in others they simply embody related attributes.
 ==Fertility rites==
 {{main|Fertility rite}}
-[[File:Sao Goncalo Pastries @ Amarante.jpg|thumb|[[Gonçalo de Amarante|Sao Goncalo]] Pastries. [[Wedding cake|erotic pastry]] from [[Portugal]] claimed to have originated with [[Celts|Celtic]] fertility rites]]
+[[File:Sao Goncalo Pastries @ Amarante.jpg|thumb|[[Gonçalo de Amarante|Sao Goncalo]] Pastries. Erotic pastry from [[Portugal]] claimed to have originated with [[Celts|Celtic]] fertility rites]]
 Fertility rites are religious rituals that reenact sexual acts actually or symbolically. They may include sacrifices of animals and at times humans.<ref>Max Weber, ''The Sociology of Religion'' (London 1965) p. 236</ref>
-Demeter was the central deity in fertility rites held in classical Greece. Her rites included celebrating the change of seasons.<ref>M. I. Finley, ''The World of Odysseus'' (Penguin 1967) p. 158</ref> Most women's festivals related in some way to woman's proper function as a fertile being (believed to allow women to promote the fertility of crops).<ref>J. Boardman et al eds., ''The Oxford History of the Classical World'' (Oxford 1991) p. 269-70</ref> Because of his link to the grape harvest, however, it is not surprising to see Dionysus associated with Demeter and Kore in the Eleusinian Mysteries.<ref>F. Guirand ed., ''The New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology'' (1968) p. 160</ref>
+Demeter was the central deity in fertility rites held in classical Greece. Her rites included celebrating the change of seasons.<ref>M. I. Finley, ''The World of Odysseus'' (Penguin 1967) p. 158</ref> Most women's festivals related in some way to woman's proper function as a fertile being (believed to allow women to promote the fertility of crops).<ref>J. Boardman et al eds., ''The Oxford History of the Classical World'' (Oxford 1991) p. 269–70</ref> Because of his link to the grape harvest, however, it is not surprising to see Dionysus associated with Demeter and Kore in the Eleusinian Mysteries.<ref>F. Guirand ed., ''The New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology'' (1968) p. 160</ref>
-In Ancient Phoenicia, a special sacrifice was conducted in the harvest season to reawaken the spirit of the vine; while another winter fertility rite was performed to restore the spirit of the withering vine. The sacrifice included cooking a kid in the milk of its mother, a [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] custom which [[Mosaic law]] condemned and formally forbade.<ref>Guirand, p. 77-9</ref>
+In Ancient Phoenicia, a special sacrifice was conducted in the harvest season to reawaken the spirit of the vine; while another winter fertility rite was performed to restore the spirit of the withering vine. The sacrifice included cooking a kid in the milk of its mother, a [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] custom which [[Mosaic law]] condemned and formally forbade.<ref>Guirand, p. 77–9</ref>
-According to Ibn Ishaq, the Kaaba was formerly worshipped as a female deity.<ref name="Ishaq">{{Cite book | last = Ibn Ishaq | first = Muhammad | title = Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | page = 85 footnote 2 | date = 1955 | url = https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n65/mode/1up | isbn =9780196360331 }}</ref> Circumambulation was often performed naked by male and sometimes female pilgrims,<ref name="Ishaq2">{{Cite book | last = Ibn Ishaq | first = Muhammad | title = Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah - The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | pages = 88–9 | date = 1955 | url = https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n67/mode/1up | isbn =9780196360331 }}</ref> and worship associated with [[List of fertility deities#Arabian mythology|fertility goddesses]].<ref name="rice">{{Cite book | last = Rice | first = Edward | title = Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/easterndefinitio00rice/page/433 433] | date = May 1978 | isbn = 9780385085632 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/easterndefinitio00rice/page/433 }}</ref> Some have noted the apparent similarity of the Black Stone and its silver frame to the external female genitalia.<ref name="tate">{{Cite book | last = Tate | first = Karen | title = Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations | publisher = Consortium of Collective Consciousness Publishing  | location = San Francisco | page = 165 | date = January 1, 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA166 | isbn =9781888729115 }}</ref><ref name="camphausen">{{Cite book | last = Camphausen | first = Rufus | title = The Yoni, Sacred Symbol of Female Creative Power | publisher = Inner Traditions. Bear & Company | location = Vermont | page = 134 | date = 1996 | isbn =9780892815623}}</ref>
+According to Ibn Ishaq, the Kaaba was formerly worshipped as a female deity.<ref name="Ishaq">{{Cite book | last = Ibn Ishaq | first = Muhammad | title = Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | page = 85 footnote 2 | date = 1955 | url = https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n65/mode/1up | isbn =9780196360331 }}</ref> Circumambulation was often performed naked by male and sometimes female pilgrims,<ref name="Ishaq2">{{Cite book | last = Ibn Ishaq | first = Muhammad | title = Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | pages = 88–9 | date = 1955 | url = https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n67/mode/1up | isbn =9780196360331 }}</ref> and worship associated with [[List of fertility deities#Arabian mythology|fertility goddesses]].<ref name="rice">{{Cite book | last = Rice | first = Edward | title = Eastern Definitions: A Short Encyclopedia of Religions of the Orient | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/easterndefinitio00rice/page/433 433] | date = May 1978 | isbn = 9780385085632 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/easterndefinitio00rice/page/433 }}</ref> Some have noted the apparent similarity of the Black Stone and its silver frame to the external female genitalia.<ref name="tate">{{Cite book | last = Tate | first = Karen | title = Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations | publisher = Consortium of Collective Consciousness Publishing  | location = San Francisco | page = 165 | date = January 1, 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA166 | isbn =9781888729115 }}</ref><ref name="camphausen">{{Cite book | last = Camphausen | first = Rufus | title = The Yoni, Sacred Symbol of Female Creative Power | publisher = Inner Traditions. Bear & Company | location = Vermont | page = 134 | date = 1996 | isbn =9780892815623}}</ref>
 ==Fertility symbols==
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 Fertility symbols were generally considered to have been used since [[Prehistoric]] times for encouraging fertility in women, although it is also used to show creation in some cultures.
-[[Wedding cakes]] are a form of fertility symbols. In Ancient Rome, the custom was for the groom to break a cakes over the bride’s head to symbolize the end of the bride’s virginal state, ensure fertility, and the beginning of her husband’s power over her.
+[[Wedding cakes]] are a form of fertility symbols. In Ancient Rome, the custom was for the groom to break a cakes over the bride's head to symbolize the end of the bride's virginal state, ensure fertility, and the beginning of her husband's power over her.
-Fertility symbols were used by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], the most common being a supernatural figure called [[Kokopelli]], a fertility deity usually depicted as a hunchback, dancing flute player carrying a sack also shown with a large phallus. The deity presides over childbirth and agriculture.<ref name=Young>{{cite book|last=Young|first=John V.|title=Kokopelli: Casanova of the Cliff Dwellers; The hunchbacked flute player|year=1990|publisher=Filter Press|isbn=978-0-86541-026-8|pages=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8dtAAAAMAAJ&q=kokopelli+young}}</ref>
+Fertility symbols were used by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], the most common being a supernatural figure called [[Kokopelli]], a fertility deity usually depicted as a hunchback, dancing flute player carrying a sack also shown with a large [[phallus]]. The deity presides over childbirth and agriculture.<ref name=Young>{{cite book|last=Young|first=John V.|title=Kokopelli: Casanova of the Cliff Dwellers; The hunchbacked flute player|year=1990|publisher=Filter Press|isbn=978-0-86541-026-8|pages=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8dtAAAAMAAJ&q=kokopelli+young}}</ref>
 In [[Hinduism]], [[Lingam]] is the most powerful fertility symbol, showing the critical union of [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]]. Shiva is depicted with River Ganges and moon on his head. He wears garlands of snakes called Naga. The Ganga, moon and snakes are fertility symbols, and associated with fertility rituals in Hinduism.<ref>William McCormack, in A. K. Ramanujan, ''Speaking of Śiva'' (Penguin 1979) p. 181</ref>
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 In the [[Judeo-Christian bible]], the [[Song of Songs]] emphasizes the navel as an important element of a woman's beauty.<ref name="Murphy">Murphy Ronald E (1992) "Song of songs, Book of", in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol 6. p. 151</ref><ref name="Annotation">Dobbs-Allsopp F. W. (2001) Annotation and commentary on "Song of Solomon" in 'The New Oxford Annotated Bible' (with the Apocrypha. Third Edition (Ed) Coogan, M.D. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. page 966 from pages 959–968</ref> It contains imagery similar to that in the love songs of [[ancient Egyptian literature]].<ref name="Murphy"/> Song of Songs 7:2 states: "Your navel is a rounded bowl."<ref name="NRSV">''The New Oxford Annotated Bible''. New Revised Standard Version. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001.</ref> The verse preceding the line mentioning the navel (Song of Songs 7:1) states, "your rounded thighs are like jewels, the work of a master hand",<ref name="NRSV"/> ) and the verse following states, "Your belly is a heap of wheat."<ref name="NRSV"/> Thus the treatment of the navel appears placed textually in between the description of the curves of a woman through [[thigh]] and the [[stomach]] or [[midriff]].<ref name="Annotation"/> "Belly" also suggests the womb, and the combination of the imagery of the womb with that of wheat suggests the link between [[Romance (love)|romance]], [[eroticism]] and [[fertility]] through the imagery of the navel and curvaceous thighs.<ref name="Annotation"/> These passages also celebrate a curvaceous stomach and midriff and plumpness as aspects of female [[physical attractiveness]].<ref name="Annotation"/>
-The religious discourse, in particular [[Christians]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Jews|Jew]] values the virginity of the young girl before the marriage and associates the deflowering with the idea of fertility. On the wedding night, is the first time that the bride and groom have sex with each other. The young couple is advised and even ordered to have sex on the first night after [[marriage]].
+The [[Bible]] states that the purpose of sex is to fertilize a woman, and God, for example, punishes [[Onan]], who wastes his semen, with death.<ref>Tuovinen, Liisa (Sexuality in Different Cultures, 2008), p. 15.</ref>
+The religious discourse, in particular [[Christians]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Jews|Jew]] values the virginity of the young girl before the marriage and associates the deflowering with the idea of fertility. On the wedding night, is the first time that the bride and groom have sex with each other. The young couple is advised and even ordered to have sex on the first night after [[marriage]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
+==See also==
+* [[Infertility and childlessness stigmas]]
+* [[Fertility in art]]
 ==References==

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