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{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
⚫
{{Taxobox | name = Plain Banded Awl
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = Plain banded awl
| status =
| status =
| image = Hasora vitta2CRW 5484-05.jpg
| image = Plain Banded Awl Hasora vitta by Dr. Raju Kasambe (4).jpg
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Hasora vitta
| authority = ([[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1870)<ref name="LepIndex Hasora vitta">{{LepIndex |id=184119}} Retrieved April 20, 2018.</ref>
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Hesperiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Hasora]]''
| species = '''''H. vitta'''''
| binomial = ''Hasora vitta''
| binomial_authority = ([[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1870)<ref name="LepIndex Hasora vitta">Card for [http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/lepindex/detail.dsml?TaxonNo=184119.0&UserID=&UserName=&&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fsort%3dSCIENTIFIC%255fNAME%255fon%255fcard%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcardqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcard%3dvitta%26recLimit%3d30&searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fSCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcardqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dSCIENTIFIC%255fNAME%255fon%255fcard%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcard%3dvitta%26recLimit%3d30 '''''Hasora vitta'''''] in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.</ref>
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
| range_map =
| range_map =
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}}
}}


'''''Hasora vitta''''', commonly known as the '''Plain Banded Awl''',<ref name="TOLWeb Hasora">TOL web page on [http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 genus ''Hasora'']</ref><ref name="Savela Hasora">Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera. Page on genus [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/hasora/index.html ''Hasora''].</ref> is a [[butterfly]] belonging to the family [[Hesperiidae]] which is found in [[India]] and parts of [[Southeast Asia]].
'''''Hasora vitta''''', the '''plain banded awl''',<ref name=Smetacek/><ref name="TOLWeb Hasora">TOL web page on [http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 genus ''Hasora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014030114/http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 |date=2020-10-14 }}</ref><ref name="Savela Hasora">Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/hasora/index.html ''Hasora''].</ref> is a [[butterfly]] belonging to the family [[Hesperiidae]] which is found in [[India]] and parts of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Evans Hesperiidae">{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/187283#page/92/mode/1up|title=A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum|last=W. H.|first=Evans|author-link=William Harry Evans |publisher=British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology|year=1949|location=London|pages=68}}</ref>

==Description==
==Description==
{{Lepidopteran glossary hatnote}}
[[File:HasoraChabrona_751_3.png|thumb|left|200px|upright]]
[[File:Plain Banded Awl (Hasora vitta).jpg|thumb|left|200px]]
[[File:HasoraChabrona 751 3.png|thumb|200px|upright]]
:''For a key to the terms used see the [[glossary of Lepidopteran terms]].''


The butterfly, which has a wingspan of 45 to 55mm, is dark brown above. It resembles the Common Banded Awl ''[[Hasora chromus]]'', except in the case of having a broad white band on the under hindwing which is outwardly diffused; also, its wings are more prominently glossed.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth">Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, pg 468.</ref><ref name="Kunte">Kunte, Krushnamegh. (2000) Butterflies of Peninsular India, pg 192.</ref>
The butterfly, which has a wingspan of 45 to 55&nbsp;mm, is dark brown above. It resembles the common banded awl (''[[Hasora chromus]]''), except in the case of having a broad white band on the under hindwing which is outwardly diffused; also, its wings are more prominently glossed.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth">{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |author-link=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 |page=468 }}</ref><ref name="Kunte">{{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 |page=192 }}</ref>


Other differentiating characteristics are:
Other differentiating characteristics are:


'''Male''': The upperforewing hasan apical spot, sometimes with another in 3. The upperforewing has no brand.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>
'''Male''': The upper forewing has an apical spot, sometimes with another in 3. The upper forewing has no brand.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>


'''Female''': The apical spot in the case of the female is larger, and there is an additional spot in 2.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>
'''Female''': The apical spot in the case of the female is larger, and there is an additional spot in 2.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>
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The butterfly has two subspecies:
The butterfly has two subspecies:
* ''Hasora vitta vitta'' - South [[Myanmar]] (Dawnas), [[Malaysia|Malaya]] peninsula, [[Indonesia]]n archipelago and [[Philippines]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans"/>
* ''Hasora vitta vitta'' - South [[Myanmar]] (Dawnas), [[Malaysia|Malaya]] peninsula, [[Indonesia]]n archipelago and [[Philippines]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans"/>
* ''Hasora vitta indica'' - [[South India]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], North [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and South Western [[China]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans"/>
* ''Hasora vitta indica'' - [[South India]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], North [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and south western [[China]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans"/>


==Range==
==Range==
The Plain Banded Awl is found in [[India]] in the South ([[Kanara]]), [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and eastwards to [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], western [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans">Evans,W.H.(1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies, ser no I 1.13, pg 315.</ref>
The plain banded awl is found in India in the south ([[Kanara]]), [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]]<ref name=Smetacek>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last1=R.K.|first1=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=26|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref> and eastwards to [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], western [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |author-link=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 |page=315, ser no I 1.13 }}</ref>


==Status==
==Status==
Not Rare as per Evans (1932).<ref name="Evans"/> Not Common as per Wynter-Blyth (1957).<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>
Not rare as per Evans (1932).<ref name="Evans"/> Not common as per Wynter-Blyth (1957).<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>


==Host-plants==
==Host-plants==
The caterpillars have been recorded on ''[[Derris]]'' spp., ''[[Pongamia]]'' spp, ''[[Millettia glabra]]'' and ''[[Spatholobus ferrugineus]]''.<ref name="Savela Hasora"/>
The caterpillars have been recorded on ''[[Derris]]'' spp., ''[[Pongamia]]'' spp., ''[[Millettia extensa]]'', ''[[Endosamara racemosa]]'', ''[[Millettia glabra]]'' and ''[[Spatholobus ferrugineus]]''.<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-10|title=Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, India|author1=Ravikanthachari Nitin|author2= V.C. Balakrishnan|author3= Paresh V. Churi|author4= S. Kalesh|author5= Satya Prakash|author6= Krushnamegh Kunte|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/3104/4402|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=10 |issue=4|pages=11495–11550|via=JoTT|doi=10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Cited references==
==Cited references==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
==References==
'''Print'''
'''Print'''
*{{aut|Evans, W.H.}} (1932) ''The Identification of Indian Butterflies''. 2nd Ed, (i to x, pp454, Plates I to XXXII), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
*{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |author-link=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 }}
*{{aut|Kunte, Krushnamegh}}. (2000) ''Butterflies of Peninsular India'', (i to xviii, pp254, Plates 1 to 32) Universities Press (India) Ltd, Hyderabad (reprint 2006). ISBN 81-7371-354-5.
*{{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }}
*{{aut|Wynter-Blyth, M.A.}} (1957) ''Butterflies of the Indian Region'', Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
*{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |author-link=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
'''Online'''
'''Online'''
*{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |access-date=2016-10-15 }}
*{{aut|Beccaloni, G. W.}}, {{aut|Scoble, M. J.}}, {{aut|Robinson, G. S.}} & {{aut|Pitkin, B.}} (Editors). 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). World Wide Web electronic publication. [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/lepindex] (accessed 22 September 2007).
*{{aut|Brower, Andrew V. Z.}}, (2007). Hasora Moore 1881. Version 21 February 2007 (under construction). Page on [http://tolweb.org/Hasora/94263/2007.02.21 genus Hasora] in The Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/.
*Brower, Andrew V. Z., (2007). Hasora Moore 1881. Version 21 February 2007 (under construction). Page on [http://tolweb.org/Hasora/94263/2007.02.21 genus Hasora] in The Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/.
*{{aut|Savela, Marrku }} Website on Lepidoptera [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/index.html] (accessed 12 October 2007)
*{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ |title=Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera }}
[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plain_Banded_Awl_Hasora_vitta_Karnala_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Maharashtra_DSCF4375_%285%29.JPG]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595400}}
{{Hesperiidae-stub}}
[[Category:Hasora]]
⚫
[[Category:Butterflies of India]]


[[vi:Hasora vitta]]
[[Category:Hasora]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Singapore]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1870]]
⚫
[[Category:Butterflies of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of the Philippines]]

Latest revision as of 15:00, 20 September 2024

Plain banded awl
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Hesperiidae
Genus: Hasora
Species:
H. vitta
Binomial name
Hasora vitta
(Butler, 1870)[1]

Hasora vitta, the plain banded awl,[2][3][4] is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae which is found in India and parts of Southeast Asia.[5]

Description

[edit]
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

The butterfly, which has a wingspan of 45 to 55 mm, is dark brown above. It resembles the common banded awl (Hasora chromus), except in the case of having a broad white band on the under hindwing which is outwardly diffused; also, its wings are more prominently glossed.[6][7]

Other differentiating characteristics are:

Male: The upper forewing has an apical spot, sometimes with another in 3. The upper forewing has no brand.[6]

Female: The apical spot in the case of the female is larger, and there is an additional spot in 2.[6]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The butterfly has two subspecies:

Range

[edit]

The plain banded awl is found in India in the south (Kanara), Sikkim, Assam[2] and eastwards to Myanmar, Thailand, western China, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.[4][8]

Status

[edit]

Not rare as per Evans (1932).[8] Not common as per Wynter-Blyth (1957).[6]

Host-plants

[edit]

The caterpillars have been recorded on Derris spp., Pongamia spp., Millettia extensa, Endosamara racemosa, Millettia glabra and Spatholobus ferrugineus.[4][9]

Cited references

[edit]
  1. ^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "​Hasora vitta​". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  2. ^ a b R.K., Varshney; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 26. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
  3. ^ TOL web page on genus Hasora Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b c d e Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus Hasora.
  5. ^ W. H., Evans (1949). A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology. p. 68.
  6. ^ a b c d Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 468. ISBN 978-8170192329.
  7. ^ Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-8173713545.
  8. ^ a b c d Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 315, ser no I 1.13.
  9. ^ Ravikanthachari Nitin; V.C. Balakrishnan; Paresh V. Churi; S. Kalesh; Satya Prakash; Krushnamegh Kunte (2018-04-10). "Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10 (4): 11495–11550. doi:10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550 – via JoTT.

References

[edit]

Print

Online

[1]

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