Hasora vitta: Difference between revisions

Plain banded awl
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Hesperiidae
Genus:	Hasora
Species:	H. vitta
Binomial name
	Hasora vitta; (Butler, 1870)

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Hasora vitta, the plain banded awl,^[2]^[3]^[4] is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae which is found in India and parts of Southeast Asia.^[5]

Description

The butterfly, which has a wingspan of 45 to 55 mm, is dark brown above. It resembles the common banded awl (Hasora chromus), except in the case of having a broad white band on the under hindwing which is outwardly diffused; also, its wings are more prominently glossed.^[6]^[7]

Other differentiating characteristics are:

Male: The upper forewing has an apical spot, sometimes with another in 3. The upper forewing has no brand.^[6]

Female: The apical spot in the case of the female is larger, and there is an additional spot in 2.^[6]

Taxonomy

The butterfly has two subspecies:

Hasora vitta vitta - South Myanmar (Dawnas), Malaya peninsula, Indonesian archipelago and Philippines.^[4]^[8]
Hasora vitta indica - South India, Sikkim, Assam, North Myanmar, Thailand and south western China.^[4]^[8]

Range

The plain banded awl is found in India in the south (Kanara), Sikkim, Assam^[2] and eastwards to Myanmar, Thailand, western China, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.^[4]^[8]

Status

Not rare as per Evans (1932).^[8] Not common as per Wynter-Blyth (1957).^[6]

Host-plants

The caterpillars have been recorded on Derris spp., Pongamia spp., Millettia extensa, Endosamara racemosa, Millettia glabra and Spatholobus ferrugineus.^[4]^[9]

Cited references

^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Hasora vitta". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ ^a ^b R.K., Varshney; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 26. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
^ TOL web page on genus Hasora Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus Hasora.
^ W. H., Evans (1949). A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology. p. 68.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 468. ISBN 978-8170192329.
^ Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-8173713545.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 315, ser no I 1.13.
^ Ravikanthachari Nitin; V.C. Balakrishnan; Paresh V. Churi; S. Kalesh; Satya Prakash; Krushnamegh Kunte (2018-04-10). "Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10 (4): 11495–11550. doi:10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550 – via JoTT.

References

Print

Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-8173713545.
Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN 978-8170192329.

Online

Beccaloni, George; Scoble, Malcolm; Kitching, Ian; Simonsen, Thomas; Robinson, Gaden; Pitkin, Brian; Hine, Adrian; Lyal, Chris. "The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex)". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Brower, Andrew V. Z., (2007). Hasora Moore 1881. Version 21 February 2007 (under construction). Page on genus Hasora in The Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/.
"Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera".

[1]

[LepIndex_Hasora_vitta-1] Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Hasora vitta". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[Smetacek-2] R.K., Varshney; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 26. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.

[TOLWeb_Hasora-3] TOL web page on genus Hasora Archived 2020-10-14 at the Wayback Machine

[Savela_Hasora-4] Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus Hasora.

[Evans_Hesperiidae-5] W. H., Evans (1949). A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology. p. 68.

[Wynter-Blyth-6] Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 468. ISBN 978-8170192329.

[Kunte-7] Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-8173713545.

[Evans-8] Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 315, ser no I 1.13.

[9] Ravikanthachari Nitin; V.C. Balakrishnan; Paresh V. Churi; S. Kalesh; Satya Prakash; Krushnamegh Kunte (2018-04-10). "Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10 (4): 11495–11550. doi:10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550 – via JoTT.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
 {{Italic title}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
 | name = Plain banded awl
 | status =
 | image = Plain Banded Awl Hasora vitta by Dr. Raju Kasambe (4).jpg
 | image_caption =
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| taxon = Hasora vitta
+| authority = ([[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1870)<ref name="LepIndex Hasora vitta">{{LepIndex |id=184119}} Retrieved April 20, 2018.</ref>
-| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
-| classis = [[Insect]]a
-| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
-| familia = [[Hesperiidae]]
-| genus = ''[[Hasora]]''
-| species = '''''H. vitta'''''
-| binomial = ''Hasora vitta''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1870)<ref name="LepIndex Hasora vitta">Card for [http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/lepindex/detail.dsml?TaxonNo=184119.0&UserID=&UserName=&&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fsort%3dSCIENTIFIC%255fNAME%255fon%255fcard%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcardqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcard%3dvitta%26recLimit%3d30&searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fSCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcardqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dSCIENTIFIC%255fNAME%255fon%255fcard%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcard%3dvitta%26recLimit%3d30 ''Hasora vitta''] in LepIndex. Accessed 12 October 2007.</ref>
 | synonyms =
 | range_map =
@@ Line 19: / Line 13: @@
 }}
-'''''Hasora vitta''''', the '''plain banded awl''',<ref name="TOLWeb Hasora">TOL web page on [http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 genus ''Hasora'']</ref><ref name="Savela Hasora">Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/hasora/index.html ''Hasora''].</ref> is a [[butterfly]] belonging to the family [[Hesperiidae]] which is found in [[India]] and parts of [[Southeast Asia]].
+'''''Hasora vitta''''', the '''plain banded awl''',<ref name=Smetacek/><ref name="TOLWeb Hasora">TOL web page on [http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 genus ''Hasora''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014030114/http://www.tolweb.org/Hasora/94263 |date=2020-10-14 }}</ref><ref name="Savela Hasora">Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/coeliadinae/hasora/index.html ''Hasora''].</ref> is a [[butterfly]] belonging to the family [[Hesperiidae]] which is found in [[India]] and parts of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Evans Hesperiidae">{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/187283#page/92/mode/1up|title=A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum|last=W. H.|first=Evans|author-link=William Harry Evans |publisher=British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology|year=1949|location=London|pages=68}}</ref>
 ==Description==
@@ Line 25: / Line 19: @@
 [[File:HasoraChabrona 751 3.png|thumb|200px|upright]]
-The butterfly, which has a wingspan of 45 to 55&nbsp;mm, is dark brown above. It resembles the common banded awl (''[[Hasora chromus]]''), except in the case of having a broad white band on the under hindwing which is outwardly diffused; also, its wings are more prominently glossed.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth">{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 |page=468 }}</ref><ref name="Kunte">{{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 |page=192 }}</ref>
+The butterfly, which has a wingspan of 45 to 55&nbsp;mm, is dark brown above. It resembles the common banded awl (''[[Hasora chromus]]''), except in the case of having a broad white band on the under hindwing which is outwardly diffused; also, its wings are more prominently glossed.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth">{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |author-link=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 |page=468 }}</ref><ref name="Kunte">{{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 |page=192 }}</ref>
 Other differentiating characteristics are:
@@ Line 39: / Line 33: @@
 ==Range==
-The plain banded awl is found in India in the south ([[Kanara]]), [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and eastwards to [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], western [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans">{{cite book |last=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 |page=315, ser no I 1.13 }}</ref>
+The plain banded awl is found in India in the south ([[Kanara]]), [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]]<ref name=Smetacek>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last1=R.K.|first1=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=26|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref> and eastwards to [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], western [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref name="Evans">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |author-link=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 |page=315, ser no I 1.13 }}</ref>
 ==Status==
@@ Line 45: / Line 39: @@
 ==Host-plants==
-The caterpillars have been recorded on ''[[Derris]]'' spp., ''[[Pongamia]]'' spp,''[[Millettia extensa]]'', ''[[Endosamara racemosa]]'', ''[[Millettia glabra]]'' and ''[[Spatholobus ferrugineus]]''.<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2018-04-10|title=Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, India|author1=Ravikanthachari Nitin|author2= V.C. Balakrishnan|author3= Paresh V. Churi|author4= S. Kalesh|author5= Satya Prakash|author6= Krushnamegh Kunte|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/3104/4402|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=10(4)|pages=11495–11550|via=JoTT|doi=10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550}}</ref>
+The caterpillars have been recorded on ''[[Derris]]'' spp., ''[[Pongamia]]'' spp., ''[[Millettia extensa]]'', ''[[Endosamara racemosa]]'', ''[[Millettia glabra]]'' and ''[[Spatholobus ferrugineus]]''.<ref name="Savela Hasora"/><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-10|title=Larval host plants of the buterfies of the Western Ghats, India|author1=Ravikanthachari Nitin|author2= V.C. Balakrishnan|author3= Paresh V. Churi|author4= S. Kalesh|author5= Satya Prakash|author6= Krushnamegh Kunte|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/3104/4402|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=10 |issue=4|pages=11495–11550|via=JoTT|doi=10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Cited references==
@@ Line 52: / Line 46: @@
 ==References==
 '''Print'''
-*{{cite book |last=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 }}
+*{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |author-link=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 }}
 *{{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }}
-*{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
+*{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |author-link=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
 '''Online'''
-*{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |accessdate=2016-10-15 }}
+*{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |access-date=2016-10-15 }}
 *Brower, Andrew V. Z., (2007). Hasora Moore 1881. Version 21 February 2007 (under construction). Page on [http://tolweb.org/Hasora/94263/2007.02.21 genus Hasora] in The Tree of Life Web Project http://tolweb.org/.
 *{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ |title=Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera }}
 [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plain_Banded_Awl_Hasora_vitta_Karnala_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Maharashtra_DSCF4375_%285%29.JPG]
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q3595400}}
 [[Category:Hasora]]
-[[Category:Butterflies of India]]
 [[Category:Butterflies of Singapore]]
-[[Category:Insects described in 1870]]
+[[Category:Butterflies described in 1870]]
+[[Category:Butterflies of Malaysia]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler]]
+[[Category:Butterflies of Indonesia]]
+[[Category:Lepidoptera of the Philippines]]