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{{Short description|Defunct Dutch shortwave radio station}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name = PCJJ
| name = PCJJ
Line 4: Line 5:
| country = [[Netherlands]]
| country = [[Netherlands]]
| network_type = [[International broadcasting|International broadcaster]]
| network_type = [[International broadcasting|International broadcaster]]
| available = [[International]]
| available = International
| owner = [[Philips Radio|Philips Laboratories]]
| owner = [[Philips Radio|Philips Laboratories]]
| key_people = [[Edward Startz]]
| key_people = [[Edward Startz]]
| launch_date = 11 March 1927
| launch_date = 11 March 1927
|dissolved = 15 April 1947, ([[nationalisation|nationalised]]), assets transferred to [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]]
| dissolved = 15 April 1947 ([[nationalisation|nationalised]], assets transferred to [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]])
| past_names =
| past_names =
| website =
| website =
|}}
|}}


'''PCJJ''' (later known as '''PCJ''') was a pioneering [[shortwave radio]] station in the [[Netherlands]] operated by [[Philips Radio]] on behalf of [[Philips|Philips Laboratories]], a division of Philips Electronics. It was the first shortwave radio station in Europe,<ref>https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/942617_140576356146587_129905065_n.jpg</ref> and the first dedicated shortwave radio station in the world - previous stations had simulcast AM/medium wave broadcasts.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=XSWXAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA31&ots=qBEX9J0k_b&dq=first%20shortwave%20station&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q=first%20shortwave%20station&f=false</ref>
'''PCJJ''' (later known as '''PCJ''') was a pioneering [[shortwave radio]] station in the [[Netherlands]] operated by [[Philips Radio]] on behalf of [[Philips|Philips Laboratories]], a division of Philips Electronics. It was the first shortwave radio station in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/942617_140576356146587_129905065_n.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106131913/https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/942617_140576356146587_129905065_n.jpg |archivedate=2014-11-06 }}</ref> and the first dedicated shortwave radio station in the world - previous stations had simulcast AM/medium wave broadcasts.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSWXAAAAQBAJ&q=first+shortwave+station&pg=PA50 |title = The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945|isbn = 9780786474110|last1 = Berg|first1 = Jerome S.|date = 2013-08-27| publisher=McFarland }}</ref>


==History==
The station officially went on the air on 11 March 1927 broadcasting on 9930&nbsp;kHz in a transmission to the [[Dutch East Indies]] with the words "Hello Dutch East Indies, this is PCJJ, the shortwave transmitter of Philips Laboratories in [[Eindhoven]]."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JXIKDHWmRdgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=pcjj+philips&source=bl&ots=wnulgN5dLv&sig=16T4pJ_h-7hHNj65efYCI7HNvSM&hl=en&ei=gqUpTaj5Bcn_nAffxeWhAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=pcjj%20philips&f=false Broadcasting in the Malay world: radio, television, and video in Brunei By Drew O. McDaniel]</ref> PCJJ was soon broadcasting in English, Spanish, German and Dutch to a worldwide audience.
The station officially went on the air on 11 March 1927, broadcasting on 9.93&nbsp;MHz in a transmission to the [[Dutch East Indies]] with the words, "Hello Dutch East Indies, this is PCJJ, the shortwave transmitter of Philips Laboratories in [[Eindhoven]]."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JXIKDHWmRdgC&dq=pcjj+philips&pg=PA26 Broadcasting in the Malay world: radio, television, and video in Brunei By Drew O. McDaniel]</ref> PCJJ was soon broadcasting in English, Spanish, German and Dutch to a worldwide audience. The station was founded as part of Philips' international marketing campaign to encourage the sale of radio receivers.<ref name="wireless">{{cite book |last1=Simon J. Potter, David Clayton, Friederike Kind-Kovacs, Vincent Kuitenbrouwer, Nelson Ribeiro, Rebecca Scales, Andrea Stanton |title=The Wireless World: Global Histories of International Radio Broadcasting |date=15 September 2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=9780191955426 |pages=194–200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8L6CEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Wireless+World:+Global+Histories+of+International+Radio+Broadcasting |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>


On 30 May and 1 June 1927, [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] spoke over PCJJ to her colonial subjects in the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch East and West Indies]].<ref>[http://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_pcj.htm Philips Museum]</ref>
On 30 May and 1 June 1927, [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] and [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Crown Princess Juliana]] spoke over PCJJ to their colonial subjects in the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch East and West Indies]].<ref>[http://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_pcj.htm Philips Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128114705/http://www.philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl/phe/products/e_pcj.htm |date=2010-11-28 }}</ref>


PCJJ was likely the first shortwave radio stations in the world to provide distinct programming rather than a simulcast of domestic stations.
PCJJ was likely the first shortwave radio station in the world to provide distinct programming rather than a simulcast of domestic stations.


The multilingual [[Edward Startz]] joined PCJJ in 1928 and became its best known announcer. He created the light entertainment ''[[Happy Station]]'' show which became the world's longest running shortwave program and informally rechristened the station PCJ for Peace, Cheer and Joy.<ref name=history/>
The multilingual [[Edward Startz|Edward "Eddy" Startz]] joined PCJJ in 1928 and became its best known announcer. He created the light entertainment ''[[Happy Station Show|Happy Station]]'' show which became the world's longest running shortwave program and informally rechristened the station name PCJ for Peace, Cheer and Joy.<ref name=history/>


In July 1927, Philips established PHOHI (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië or Philips Holland-India Broadcasting Station). The new venture originally shared PCJJ's transmitter until December 1928 when PCJJ's sister transmitter PHI was completed for PHOHI programming. PHI broadcast in Dutch to the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and the [[Dutch West Indies]] (now the [[Netherlands Antilles]]) while PCJJ now broadcast in English, Spanish and German to Europe and the rest of the world.<ref name=history>[http://rainbow.chard.org/radio/radio-nederland-wereldomroep-radio-netherlands/radio-netherlands-happy-station-history-transcript/ Radio Netherlands: ‘Happy Station’ history transcript]</ref><ref name=anniversary>[http://blogs.rnw.nl/haa/b41627000-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30 "50 Years Shortwave In Holland : klankbeeld 1977-04-15 / 1977-03-30"], RNW</ref> In 1929, PCJJ was renamed PCJ.<ref name=swbook>https://books.google.com/books?id=XSWXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=nbc+shortwave&source=bl&ots=qBE-gH3jTa&sig=Fj96ztfn-sICvYu_-MHA-ZveC1s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4YGiVI-YMYb4yQTFgYGoAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=pcj&f=false</ref> Beginning in February 1929, PCJ broadcast experimental radio programmes on behalf of the [[League of Nations]] using the call letters PCLL.<ref name=swbook/> The shows were produce in Geneva and sent to PCJ by landline. The service was known as "Radio Nations" and its broadcasts via PCJ continued until the League of Nations' own transmitters, HBL and HBP were inaugurated in 1932.<ref>http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan455.html</ref>
In July 1927, Philips established PHOHI (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië or Philips Holland-India Broadcasting Station). The new venture originally shared PCJJ's transmitter until December 1928 when PCJJ's sister transmitter PHI was completed for PHOHI programming. PHI broadcast in Dutch to the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and the [[Dutch West Indies]] (now the [[Netherlands Antilles]]), with its main aim being to provide programming for white Dutch [[Dutch colonial empire|settlers]] and expatriates,<ref name="wireless"/> while PCJJ now broadcast in English, Spanish and German to Europe and the rest of the world.<ref name=history>[http://rainbow.chard.org/radio/radio-nederland-wereldomroep-radio-netherlands/radio-netherlands-happy-station-history-transcript/ Radio Netherlands: ‘Happy Station’ history transcript]</ref><ref name=anniversary>[http://blogs.rnw.nl/haa/b41627000-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30 "50 Years Shortwave In Holland : klankbeeld 1977-04-15 / 1977-03-30"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314165637/http://blogs.rnw.nl/haa/b41627000-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30 |date=2012-03-14 }}, RNW</ref> In 1929, PCJJ was renamed PCJ.<ref name=swbook>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSWXAAAAQBAJ&q=pcj&pg=PA84 |title = The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945|isbn = 9780786474110|last1 = Berg|first1 = Jerome S.|date = 2013-08-27| publisher=McFarland }}</ref> Beginning in February 1929, PCJ broadcast experimental radio programmes on behalf of the [[League of Nations]] using the call letters PCLL.<ref name=swbook/> The shows were produced in Geneva and sent to PCJ via landline. The service was known as "Radio Nations" and its broadcasts via PCJ continued until the League of Nations' own transmitters, HBL and HBP were inaugurated in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan455.html|title = Wavescan 455}}</ref>


PHI ceased broadcasting in 1930 due to the government's new regulations regarding Dutch language broadcasting but PCJ continued. PHI was able to resume broadcasting in 1934.<ref name=history/>
PHI ceased broadcasting in 1930 due to the government's new regulations regarding Dutch language broadcasting, although PCJ continued to air. PHI was able to resume broadcasting in 1934 and would broadcast Dutch as well as English programming to the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] which PCJ broadcast to the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref name=history/>


In 1937, the transmitters were relocated to [[Huizen]] with studios in nearby [[Hilversum]]. The transmitter complex comprised 24 antennas on 65 metre high wooden antenna towers weighing 18 tons each, which were built on [[track (rail transport)|rails]] to allow them to be rotated so that they could be aimed in any direction. Reception would equal that of a 2000 kilowatt station.<ref name=history/>
In 1937, the transmitters were relocated to [[Huizen]] with studios in nearby [[Hilversum]]. The transmitter complex comprised 24 antennas on {{convert|65|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} wooden antenna towers weighing 18 tons each, which were built on concentric [[track (rail transport)|rails]] to allow them to be rotated so that they could be aimed in any direction. Reception would equal that of a 2000 kilowatt station.<ref name=history/>


Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. PCJ broadcast the events of the invasion for four days until Eddy Startz was arrested. The staff of PCJ tried to destroy the Huizen transmitters, but they were repaired by the Germans used for [[black propaganda]] to India under the name ”The Voice of Free India”.<ref name=anniversary/> Transmissions from the occupied facility were also heard as far away as Australia using the call sign DXL15.<ref>http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan352.html</ref>
Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. PCJ broadcast the events of the invasion for four days until Eddy Startz was arrested. The staff of PCJ tried to destroy the Huizen transmitters, but they were repaired by the Germans used for [[black propaganda]] to India under the name ”The Voice of Free India”.<ref name=anniversary/> Transmissions from the occupied facility were also heard as far away as Australia using the call sign DXL15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan352.html|title = Wavescan 352}}</ref>


PCJ resumed broadcasting in October 1945, as a result of the liberation of the Netherlands. The two shortwave stations were nationalised and became [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]], the Dutch International Service on 15 April 1947 though PCJ programs such as Happy Station continued on the new station and the PCJ call letters were kept by Radio Netherlands for several years.<ref>[http://pl703.pairlitesite.com/QSLs_Other/RN-1948.pdf Radio Nederland Wereldomroep International Program Service Summer Schedule, 1948]</ref>
PCJ resumed broadcasting in October 1945, as a result of the liberation of the Netherlands. The two shortwave stations were nationalised and became [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]], the Dutch International Service on 15 April 1947 though PCJ programs such as Happy Station continued on the new station and the PCJ call letters were kept by Radio Netherlands for several years.<ref>[http://pl703.pairlitesite.com/QSLs_Other/RN-1948.pdf Radio Nederland Wereldomroep International Program Service Summer Schedule, 1948] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824134116/http://pl703.pairlitesite.com/QSLs_Other/RN-1948.pdf |date=2011-08-24 }}</ref>


The Taiwan-based [[PCJ Radio]], which produces the revived ''Happy Station'' show, takes its name from the original PCJ.
The Taiwan-based PCJ Radio International, which produced a revived ''Happy Station'' show from 2009 to 2020, took its name from the original PCJ.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux9fZj6izuEC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=pcjj+radio+schedule&source=bl&ots=MMAQtpPtMq&sig=7JAqTKB-uw-mP7iXUAtl-Qx5EWo&hl=en&ei=bJMpTYPPOYmPnwebkq38AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Broadcasting on the short waves, 1945 to today By Jerome S. Berg]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux9fZj6izuEC&dq=pcjj+radio+schedule&pg=PA17 Broadcasting on the short waves, 1945 to today By Jerome S. Berg]
*[http://blogs.rnw.nl/haa/b41627000-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30 50 Years of Shortwave in Holland] Radio Netherlands
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314165637/http://blogs.rnw.nl/haa/b41627000-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30 50 Years of Shortwave in Holland] Radio Netherlands


==External links==
*[http://verhalen.beeldengeluid.nl/radio-without-borders Radio Without Borders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128200719/http://verhalen.beeldengeluid.nl/radio-without-borders |date=2021-01-28 }} history of PCJ and PHOI


[[Category:Shortwave radio stations]]
[[Category:Defunct shortwave radio stations]]
[[Category:Radio stations in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Defunct radio stations in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Defunct radio stations]]
[[Category:Mass media in Hilversum]]
[[Category:Media in Hilversum]]
[[Category:Mass media in Eindhoven]]
[[Category:Media in Eindhoven]]
[[Category:Entertainment in the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:Entertainment in the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1927]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1927]]

Latest revision as of 17:53, 21 September 2024

PCJJ
TypeInternational broadcaster
Country
Netherlands
AvailabilityInternational
OwnerPhilips Laboratories
Key people
Edward Startz
Launch date
11 March 1927
Dissolved15 April 1947 (nationalised, assets transferred to Radio Netherlands Worldwide)

PCJJ (later known as PCJ) was a pioneering shortwave radio station in the Netherlands operated by Philips Radio on behalf of Philips Laboratories, a division of Philips Electronics. It was the first shortwave radio station in Europe,[1] and the first dedicated shortwave radio station in the world - previous stations had simulcast AM/medium wave broadcasts.[2]

History

[edit]

The station officially went on the air on 11 March 1927, broadcasting on 9.93 MHz in a transmission to the Dutch East Indies with the words, "Hello Dutch East Indies, this is PCJJ, the shortwave transmitter of Philips Laboratories in Eindhoven."[3] PCJJ was soon broadcasting in English, Spanish, German and Dutch to a worldwide audience. The station was founded as part of Philips' international marketing campaign to encourage the sale of radio receivers.[4]

On 30 May and 1 June 1927, Queen Wilhelmina and Crown Princess Juliana spoke over PCJJ to their colonial subjects in the Dutch East and West Indies.[5]

PCJJ was likely the first shortwave radio station in the world to provide distinct programming rather than a simulcast of domestic stations.

The multilingual Edward "Eddy" Startz joined PCJJ in 1928 and became its best known announcer. He created the light entertainment Happy Station show which became the world's longest running shortwave program and informally rechristened the station name PCJ for Peace, Cheer and Joy.[6]

In July 1927, Philips established PHOHI (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië or Philips Holland-India Broadcasting Station). The new venture originally shared PCJJ's transmitter until December 1928 when PCJJ's sister transmitter PHI was completed for PHOHI programming. PHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and the Dutch West Indies (now the Netherlands Antilles), with its main aim being to provide programming for white Dutch settlers and expatriates,[4] while PCJJ now broadcast in English, Spanish and German to Europe and the rest of the world.[6][7] In 1929, PCJJ was renamed PCJ.[8] Beginning in February 1929, PCJ broadcast experimental radio programmes on behalf of the League of Nations using the call letters PCLL.[8] The shows were produced in Geneva and sent to PCJ via landline. The service was known as "Radio Nations" and its broadcasts via PCJ continued until the League of Nations' own transmitters, HBL and HBP were inaugurated in 1932.[9]

PHI ceased broadcasting in 1930 due to the government's new regulations regarding Dutch language broadcasting, although PCJ continued to air. PHI was able to resume broadcasting in 1934 and would broadcast Dutch as well as English programming to the Eastern Hemisphere which PCJ broadcast to the Western Hemisphere.[6]

In 1937, the transmitters were relocated to Huizen with studios in nearby Hilversum. The transmitter complex comprised 24 antennas on 65-metre-high (213 ft) wooden antenna towers weighing 18 tons each, which were built on concentric rails to allow them to be rotated so that they could be aimed in any direction. Reception would equal that of a 2000 kilowatt station.[6]

Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. PCJ broadcast the events of the invasion for four days until Eddy Startz was arrested. The staff of PCJ tried to destroy the Huizen transmitters, but they were repaired by the Germans used for black propaganda to India under the name ”The Voice of Free India”.[7] Transmissions from the occupied facility were also heard as far away as Australia using the call sign DXL15.[10]

PCJ resumed broadcasting in October 1945, as a result of the liberation of the Netherlands. The two shortwave stations were nationalised and became Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service on 15 April 1947 though PCJ programs such as Happy Station continued on the new station and the PCJ call letters were kept by Radio Netherlands for several years.[11]

The Taiwan-based PCJ Radio International, which produced a revived Happy Station show from 2009 to 2020, took its name from the original PCJ.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2013-06-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ Berg, Jerome S. (2013-08-27). The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945. McFarland. ISBN 9780786474110.
  3. ^ Broadcasting in the Malay world: radio, television, and video in Brunei By Drew O. McDaniel
  4. ^ a b Simon J. Potter, David Clayton, Friederike Kind-Kovacs, Vincent Kuitenbrouwer, Nelson Ribeiro, Rebecca Scales, Andrea Stanton (15 September 2022). The Wireless World: Global Histories of International Radio Broadcasting. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 194–200. ISBN 9780191955426. Retrieved 25 December 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Philips Museum Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d Radio Netherlands: ‘Happy Station’ history transcript
  7. ^ a b "50 Years Shortwave In Holland : klankbeeld 1977-04-15 / 1977-03-30" Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, RNW
  8. ^ a b Berg, Jerome S. (2013-08-27). The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945. McFarland. ISBN 9780786474110.
  9. ^ "Wavescan 455".
  10. ^ "Wavescan 352".
  11. ^ Radio Nederland Wereldomroep International Program Service Summer Schedule, 1948 Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
[edit]
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