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{{Short description|Oil from the seeds of the kokum tree}}
{{Copy edit|date=November 2013}}
{{reliable sources|date=April 2019}}
'''Kokum oil''' comes from the seeds of the [[kokum]] tree (Garcinia Indica). This fruit-bearing tree is also known as the '''Wild Mangosten''' tree, and also the '''Red Mangosten''' tree. This tree belongs to the [[Guttiferae]] family of the plant kingdom. Its scientific name is [[Garcinia indica]]. The oil extracted from the seeds is edible, and it can also be used for things other than cooking.
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[[File:Kokumfruitsdried.jpg|thumb|right|Dried fruit]]
[[File:Kokum Butter.jpg|thumb|right|Kokum butter as sold traditionally in the form of oblong ball]]
'''Kokum butter''' or '''kokum oil''' is a [[Vegetable oil|fat]] derived from the seeds of the [[kokum]] tree (''Garcinia indica''; also known as wild mangosteen or red mangosteen). Kokum butter is edible and can also be used for things other than cooking.


⚫
Kokum fruits contain five to eight large seeds which account for 20-23% of the fruit's weight. The kernels account for 61 percent of the weight of the seed, while the oil content of the kernel accounts for about 44%. The seeds are compressed and embedded in an acidic pulp. The oil content of the seeds is 23-26%. The average yield of seeds for a tree is 10-15 kilograms. The fruits are collected for seeds from April to May.<ref name="sea">{{cite book | title = SEA HandBook | date = 2009 | publisher = The Solvent Extractors' Association Of India}}</ref> The kernels account for 60% of the fruit by weight. The oil content of a kernel is 41-42%. A kernel contains [[protein]] up to 17%.
==Common names in Indian language<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Kokam.html |title=Garcinia indica - Kokam |publisher=Flowersofindia.net |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>==
*Common name: Kokam, Goa butter tree, Kokum butter tree, Mangosteen
*[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: Kokum (कोकम)
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: bheranda( भेरंड), bhiranda(भिरंड), kokamba(कोकंब), kokambi(कोकंबी ), ratamba(रातंबा), ratambi( रातंबी), तांबडा आंबा tambada amba
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: murgal, murgal-mara
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: kaattampi(കാട്ടമ്പി),kokkam(കൊക്കം )
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: murgina(ಮುರ್ಗಿನ), punarpuli(ಪುನರ್ಪುಳಿ), devana huli
*[[Oriya language|Oriya]]: Tintali
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: કોકમ Kokam
*[[Konkani language|Konkani]]: bhirind( भिरींड), kokam(कोकम)
*[[Sanskrit]]: वृक्षामला Vrikshamia, Amlabija, Amlapura, Amlashaka


==Origin of the kokum tree==
==Collection of seeds==
Although some people place kokum’s origins in [[Africa]], others believe kokum is indigenous to the Western Ghats of [[India]]. The banana tree has been a part of India’s history for centuries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reddy |first=Catherine |url=http://theindianvegan.blogspot.in/2012/10/all-about-kokum.html |title=The Indian Vegan: All About Kokum |publisher=Theindianvegan.blogspot.in |date=2012-10-27 |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>

===Habitat===
Kokum (Garcinia indica) is an indigenous tree of the tropical rain forests of the Western Ghats of South India. This [[evergreen]] tree is mainly found along the west coast of the Konkan, [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and North Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/01/01/0086-0089.pdf |title=Nature Watch : The Kokum Tree |publisher=Ias.ac.in |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> The tree is also found in [[Jaintia Hills]], West Bengal, [[Nicobar Islands|The Nicobar Islands]], and [[Assam]]. It is typically found along the westward slopes of the Western Ghats, between the sea level plains up to an elevation of about 800 m.

==Morphology==

===Tree===

The Kokum [[tree]] grows to varying sizes. It is characterized by a dense canopy of green leaves and red-tinged tender emerging leaves. The mature tree grows up to 15 to 18 meters in height. It is predominant in the East Indies. Its propagation is generally through seeds and silviculture. It takes about 7 to 10 years for it to bear an economical amount of fruit.

'''[[Leaves]]''': The leaves are oblong and lance-shaped with a glossy surface. The young leaves have a red tint to them; mature leaves are deep green and 5.5–8&nbsp;cm long and 2.5–3&nbsp;cm broad. The leaves are dark green in the upper portion and pale in the lower portion.

'''[[Flowers]]''': In India, the kokum blooms between the months of November and February. The flowers are a fleshy, dark pink and can appear either solitary or in spreading clusters. The flowers of the kokum are [[unisexual]], axillary or terminal or solitary.<ref>[http://etd.uasd.edu/ft/th9826.pdf] {{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref>

'''[[Fruits]]''':In India the fruits ripen in April and May. An average tree yields 60 to 80 kilograms of fruit, the fruit is a berry-like fruit; it appears dark purple when ripe and is spherical in shape and lemon-sized, with a diameter of about 2.5-3.0&nbsp;cm. The fruit has an agreeable flavor and a sweet, acidic taste. The fruits contain 10 percent [[malic acid]] and a small proportion of tartaric and hydroxy citric acid. They contain Anthocyanin, coloring matters, cyanidin-3-Glucoside and sambubioside. The fruit is anthelmintic and cardiotonic and useful in the treatment of [[Hemorrhoid|piles]], [[dysentery]], [[tumors]], [[pain]]s and heart problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svlele.com/kokam.htm |title=Kokam , Garcinia indica Choisy, Guttiferac, Atyamala, Raktapurak, Vrikshamla, chukra, tintidika, Kokum, Murgala, Punampuli, Murgal, Kokam, Birund, amsul, ratamba, kolambi, Tintali, Wild mangosteen, red mangosteen |publisher=Svlele.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> Kokum fruit is considered to act as a Cholagogue, and is also used in treatment of skin rashes caused by allergies. Kokum fruit is steeped in [[sugar]][[syrup]] to make Amrut-Kokum, and is used to avoid sunstroke.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/archives/2008/01/24/kokum-garcinia-indica-amsool/ |title=Mahanandi » Kokum (Garcinia Indica, Amsool) |publisher=Nandyala.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>

⚫
'''Seeds''': The fruits contain five to eight large seeds which account for 20 to 23 percent of the fruit's weight. The kernels account for 61 percent of the weight of the seed, while the oil content of the kernel accounts for about 44 percent. The seeds are compressed and embedded in an acidic pulp. The oil content of the seeds is 23-26 percent. The average yield of seeds for a tree will be 10-15 kilograms. The fruits are collected for seeds from April to May.<ref name="sea">SEA,HandBook-2009,By The Solvent Extractors' Association Of India</ref> The kernels account for 60 percent of the fruit by weight. The oil content of a kernel will be 41-42 percent. A kernel contains [[protein]] up to 17 percent.

===Collection of seeds===
Fruits are collected manually by handpicking. The tree branches are shaken with long sticks and fallen fruits are collected. The fruits are broken by sticks to separate the seeds, which are picked up by hand. Then the separated seeds are dried to reduce their [[moisture]] content.
Fruits are collected manually by handpicking. The tree branches are shaken with long sticks and fallen fruits are collected. The fruits are broken by sticks to separate the seeds, which are picked up by hand. Then the separated seeds are dried to reduce their [[moisture]] content.


===Extraction of oil from seed===
==Properties of oil==
⚫
Kokum oil or kokum butter is light gray or yellowish in color. After refining, the kokum fat is equivalent to vanaspati ghee.


⚫
{| class="wikitable"
===Properties of oil===
⚫
|- style="text-align:center;"
⚫
Kokum oil or kokum butter is light grey or yellowish in color. After refining, the kokum fat is equivalent to vanaspati ghee.
⚫
|'''Property''' ||'''Value'''<ref name="herbal">{{cite web |url=http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/kokum-fat.html |title=Kokum Fat - Garcinia indica Fat, kokum fruit, cambogia garcinia, garcinia extract |publisher=Pioneerherbal.com |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220005419/http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/kokum-fat.html |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}

⚫
'''Table-Physical-chemical properties of oil/fat'''<ref name="herbal">{{cite web|url=http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/kokum-fat.html |title=Kokum Fat - Garcinia indica Fat, kokum fruit, cambogia garcinia, garcinia extract |publisher=Pioneerherbal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>
⚫
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|- style="background:indigo; color:white; text-align:center;"
|property ||Limits
|-
|-
|Appearance||Light pinkish white color
|Appearance||Light pinkish white color
|-
|-
|Odor||characteristic kokum odor
|Odor||Characteristic kokum odor
|-
|-
|Taste||Typical taste of kokum fat
|Taste||Typical taste of kokum fat
|-
|-
|Specific gravity||.898-0.914
|[[Specific gravity]]||.898-0.914 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|-
|-
|Slip melting Point||34-40°C
|[[Slip melting point]] ||34-40&nbsp;°C
|-
|-
|Iodine value||34-40
|[[Iodine value]]||34-40
|-
|-
|Saponification value||187-193
|[[Saponification value]]||187-193
|-
|-
|Unsaponifiable matter||1.2%ax
|Unsaponifiable matter||1.2%
|-
|-
|Moisture||0.25
|Moisture||0.25
|-
|-
|Peroxide value||4.0 Max
|[[Peroxide value]]||4.0 max
|}
|}
Kokum oil contains up to 60-65 percent [[saturated fatty acid]], making it solid at room temperature, so this oil is known as kokum butter or kokum fat. Its triglyceride composition is uniform and consists of up to 80% of stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) triglycerides. The butter melts readily on contact with the [[skin]].<ref name="soap"/>
Kokum oil contains up to 60-65% [[saturated fatty acid]], making it solid at room temperature, so this oil is known as kokum butter or kokum fat. Its triglyceride composition is uniform and consists of up to 80% of stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) triglycerides. Because its slip melting point is close to human body temperature (37°C), it tends to melt on skin contact.


'''Fatty acid composition of fat'''<ref name="sea"/><ref name="herbal"/>
'''Fatty acid composition of fat'''<ref name="sea"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}<ref name="herbal"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"
|- style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"
|Fatty acid ||percentage
|Fatty acid ||Percentage
|-
|-
|[[Palmitic acid]](C16:0)||2.0-8.0
|[[Palmitic acid]] (C16:0)||2.0-8.0
|-
|-
|[[stearic acid]](C18:0)||55-65
|[[Stearic acid]] (C18:0)||55-65
|-
|-
|[[oleic acid]](C18:1)||30-44
|[[Oleic acid]] (C18:1)||30-44
|-
|-
|[[linoleic acid]](C18:2)||0-8
|[[Linoleic acid]] (C18:2)||0-8
|}
|}


===Uses of oil===
==Uses ==
Kokum butter is non-greasy and gets absorbed into the skin once it is applied. It is often used as a substitute for [[Cocoa Butter]] due to its [[triglyceride]] composition. Kokum butter also contains [[antioxidant]] [[vitamin E]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kokum-butter.com/tag/kokum-butter-benefits |title=benefits |publisher=Kokum Butter |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> Kokum Butter exhibits excellent emollient properties and high oxidative stability, which can assist emulsion integrity. With its relatively higher melt point, it melts slightly at skin temperatures, making it ideal for lipsticks and balms. It is also added in the making of bar soaps and skin lotions.<ref name="soap" >{{cite web|url=http://www.soapgoods.com/Kokum-Butter-p-1258.html |title=Kokum Butter |publisher=Soapgoods.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> Kokum butter is also used to treat dry lips, chapped hands and soles of the feet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://healthnbeauty.myworldmysite.com/content/benefits-kokum-butter |title=Benefits of Kokum Butter &#124; Health and Beauty |publisher=Healthnbeauty.myworldmysite.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>
Kokum butter is non-greasy and gets absorbed into the skin once it is applied. It is often used as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]] due to its [[triglyceride]] composition. Kokum butter has emollient properties and good oxidative stability, which can assist emulsion integrity. With its relatively higher melt point, it melts slightly at skin temperatures, making it ideal for lipsticks and balms. It is also added in the making of bar soaps and skin lotions.<ref name="soap" >{{cite web|url=http://www.soapgoods.com/Kokum-Butter-p-1258.html |title=Kokum Butter |publisher=Soapgoods.com |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}


===See also===
==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}
*[[Garcinia indica]]
*[[trees of India]]


===External links===
*http://www.svlele.com/kokam.htm

===Photo gallery===

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fruitipedia.com/kokum.htm |title=KOKUM |publisher=Fruitipedia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Garcinia indica tree.jpg|tree
File:Garcinia indica.jpeg|flower buds
File:Garcinia indica - fruits and leaves.jpg|leaves-fruit
File:Garcinia indica leaves, raw and ripe fruits.jpg|leaf-fruit raw and ripe
File:Garcinia indica rinds being dried.jpg|fruit peel
⚫
File:Kokumfruitsdried.jpg|dried fruit

</gallery>

File:///C:/Users/awas/Desktop/photo_kokum.jpg

===References===
⚫
{{reflist}}
{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}
{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}


[[Category:Oils]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Horticulture in India]]

Latest revision as of 01:58, 22 September 2024

Dried fruit
Kokum butter as sold traditionally in the form of oblong ball

Kokum butter or kokum oil is a fat derived from the seeds of the kokum tree (Garcinia indica; also known as wild mangosteen or red mangosteen). Kokum butter is edible and can also be used for things other than cooking.

Kokum fruits contain five to eight large seeds which account for 20-23% of the fruit's weight. The kernels account for 61 percent of the weight of the seed, while the oil content of the kernel accounts for about 44%. The seeds are compressed and embedded in an acidic pulp. The oil content of the seeds is 23-26%. The average yield of seeds for a tree is 10-15 kilograms. The fruits are collected for seeds from April to May.[1] The kernels account for 60% of the fruit by weight. The oil content of a kernel is 41-42%. A kernel contains protein up to 17%.

Collection of seeds

[edit]

Fruits are collected manually by handpicking. The tree branches are shaken with long sticks and fallen fruits are collected. The fruits are broken by sticks to separate the seeds, which are picked up by hand. Then the separated seeds are dried to reduce their moisture content.

Properties of oil

[edit]

Kokum oil or kokum butter is light gray or yellowish in color. After refining, the kokum fat is equivalent to vanaspati ghee.

Property Value[2][unreliable source?]
Appearance Light pinkish white color
Odor Characteristic kokum odor
Taste Typical taste of kokum fat
Specific gravity .898-0.914 g/cm3
Slip melting point 34-40 °C
Iodine value 34-40
Saponification value 187-193
Unsaponifiable matter 1.2%
Moisture 0.25
Peroxide value 4.0 max

Kokum oil contains up to 60-65% saturated fatty acid, making it solid at room temperature, so this oil is known as kokum butter or kokum fat. Its triglyceride composition is uniform and consists of up to 80% of stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) triglycerides. Because its slip melting point is close to human body temperature (37°C), it tends to melt on skin contact.

Fatty acid composition of fat[1][unreliable source?][2][unreliable source?]

Fatty acid Percentage
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 2.0-8.0
Stearic acid (C18:0) 55-65
Oleic acid (C18:1) 30-44
Linoleic acid (C18:2) 0-8

Uses

[edit]

Kokum butter is non-greasy and gets absorbed into the skin once it is applied. It is often used as a substitute for cocoa butter due to its triglyceride composition. Kokum butter has emollient properties and good oxidative stability, which can assist emulsion integrity. With its relatively higher melt point, it melts slightly at skin temperatures, making it ideal for lipsticks and balms. It is also added in the making of bar soaps and skin lotions.[3][unreliable source?]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b SEA HandBook. The Solvent Extractors' Association Of India. 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Kokum Fat - Garcinia indica Fat, kokum fruit, cambogia garcinia, garcinia extract". Pioneerherbal.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
  3. ^ "Kokum Butter". Soapgoods.com. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
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