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|image = Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine - 2021.jpg
|image = Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine - 2021.jpg
|caption= CCNM Leslie campus
|caption= CCNM Leslie campus
|logo = ccnm.gif
|logo = CCNM.jpg
|established = 1978
|established = 1978
|type = Professional school
|type = Professional school
|administrative_staff = 100
|administrative_staff = 100
|faculty = 90
|faculty = 90
|president = Bob Bernhardt
|president = Dr. Rahim Karim
|head_label = Dean
|head_label = Dean
|dean = Nick DeGroot
|dean = Nick DeGroot
|students = 550
|students = 550
|city = [[Toronto]]
|city = [[Toronto]] and [[New Westminster]]
|state = [[Ontario]]
|state = [[Ontario]] and [[British Columbia]]
|country = [[Canada]]
|country = [[Canada]]
|campus = urban
|campus = Urban
|website = {{URL|https://ccnm.edu}}
|website = {{URL|https://ccnm.edu}}
|affiliations = AANMC, CNME, [[NABNE]]
|affiliations = AANMC, CNME, [[NABNE]]
}}
}}


The '''Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine''' ('''CCNM''') is a [[Private Education in Canada|private]] not-for-profit<ref name= Charity_Register>{{cite web |title= Canadian Registered Charities - Detail Page |url= http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/ebci/haip/srch/charity-eng.action?r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cra-arc.gc.ca%3A80%2Febci%2Fhaip%2Fsrch%2Fbasicsearchresult-eng.action%3Fk%3Dinstitute%2520of%2520naturopathic%2520education%2520and%2520research%26amp%3Bamp%3Bs%3Dregistered%26amp%3Bamp%3B%3DSearch%26amp%3Bamp%3Bp%3D1%26amp%3Bamp%3Bb%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bamp&bn=107797243RR0001 |publisher= Canada Revenue Agency |access-date= 2013-10-03}}</ref> institution located in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. The college's legal operating name is the '''Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research'''. CCNM offers a degree program in [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] [[naturopathic medicine]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Preparing for Naturopathic Medicine|url= http://joomla.utsc.utoronto.ca/aaccweb/images/stories/ProfessionalTipsheet/Naturopathy.pdf|publisher= Academic Advising & Career Centre, Division of Student Affairs, University of Toronto|access-date= 2013-10-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235909/http://joomla.utsc.utoronto.ca/aaccweb/images/stories/ProfessionalTipsheet/Naturopathy.pdf|archive-date= 2013-10-04|url-status= dead}}</ref> the recipients of which are eligible to take licensing examinations to become naturopathic doctors.<ref name= HPRAC2001>{{cite web |title= Advice to the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care: Naturopathy |url= http://www.hprac.org/en/reports/resources/naturopathy_report_2001.pdf |author= Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council |publisher= Minister of Health and Long-Term Care of Ontario |date=January 2001 |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Approved Schools |url= http://www.bddtn.on.ca/registration-and-examinations/approved-schools/ |work= Board of Directors of Drugless Therapy - Naturopathy (BDDT-N) website |location= Ontario |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011719/http://www.bddtn.on.ca/registration-and-examinations/approved-schools/ |archive-date= 2013-10-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
The '''Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine''' ('''CCNM''') is a [[Private Education in Canada|private]], not-for-profit<ref name= Charity_Register>{{cite web |title= Canadian Registered Charities - Detail Page |url= http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/ebci/haip/srch/charity-eng.action?r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cra-arc.gc.ca%3A80%2Febci%2Fhaip%2Fsrch%2Fbasicsearchresult-eng.action%3Fk%3Dinstitute%2520of%2520naturopathic%2520education%2520and%2520research%26amp%3Bamp%3Bs%3Dregistered%26amp%3Bamp%3B%3DSearch%26amp%3Bamp%3Bp%3D1%26amp%3Bamp%3Bb%3Dtrue%26amp%3Bamp&bn=107797243RR0001 |publisher= Canada Revenue Agency |access-date= 2013-10-03}}</ref> institution with two campus locations: the CCNM -Toronto Campus in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], and the CCNM -Boucher Campus in [[New Westminster]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]].
The college's legal operating name is the '''Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research'''. CCNM offers a degree program in [[naturopathic medicine]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Preparing for Naturopathic Medicine|url= http://joomla.utsc.utoronto.ca/aaccweb/images/stories/ProfessionalTipsheet/Naturopathy.pdf|publisher= Academic Advising & Career Centre, Division of Student Affairs, University of Toronto|access-date= 2013-10-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235909/http://joomla.utsc.utoronto.ca/aaccweb/images/stories/ProfessionalTipsheet/Naturopathy.pdf|archive-date= 2013-10-04|url-status= dead}}</ref> a form of [[alternative medicine]] that has been criticized by scientists as [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]]. Graduates are eligible to take licensing examinations to become naturopaths in several jurisdictions.<ref name= HPRAC2001>{{cite web |title= Advice to the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care: Naturopathy |url= http://www.hprac.org/en/reports/resources/naturopathy_report_2001.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212726/http://www.hprac.org/en/reports/resources/naturopathy_report_2001.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= May 27, 2014 |author= Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council |publisher= Minister of Health and Long-Term Care of Ontario |date=January 2001 |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Approved Schools |url= http://www.bddtn.on.ca/registration-and-examinations/approved-schools/ |work= Board of Directors of Drugless Therapy - Naturopathy (BDDT-N) website |location= Ontario |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011719/http://www.bddtn.on.ca/registration-and-examinations/approved-schools/ |archive-date= 2013-10-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
CCNM was established in Toronto as the Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM) in 1978 by Robert B. Farquharson, Gregory "Asa" Hershoff, John G. LaPlante, William Morris, Eric Shrubb, and Gordon Smith, all naturopathic doctors. OCNM originally offered a post-graduate program to doctors from other health professions, such as medical doctors and chiropractors. The school moved to its first permanent building at 32 Benton Street in Kitchener, Ontario in 1981.<ref name= Lloyd2009/> OCNM incorporated as the non-profit, charitable Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research in 1983,<ref name= Charity_Register/> the year before it moved from its Kitchener location back to downtown Toronto. The school then moved again in 1986 from its location on Bay Street to Berl Avenue to accommodate larger class sizes.{{sfn|Lloyd|2009|pp=204-8}} The name of the school changed to the Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine in 1992 and moved to Yonge and Eglinton in 1996. The school moved once again in 1999 to its present location in North York.{{sfn|Lloyd|2009|p=210}}
CCNM was established in [[Toronto]] as the Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM) in 1978 by naturopaths Robert B. Farquharson, Gregory "Asa" Hershoff, John G. LaPlante, William Morris, Eric Shrubb, and Gordon Smith. OCNM originally offered a post-graduate program to doctors from other health professions, such as medical doctors and chiropractors. The school moved to its first permanent building in Kitchener, [[Ontario]] in 1981.<ref name= Lloyd2009/> OCNM incorporated as the non-profit, charitable Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research in 1983,<ref name= Charity_Register/> the year before it moved from its Kitchener location back to downtown Toronto. The school relocated again in 1986 to accommodate larger class sizes.{{sfn|Lloyd|2009|pp=204-8}} The school adopted its present name in 1992 and relocated again in 1996, before finally moving to its current location in [[North York]] in 1999.{{sfn|Lloyd|2009|p=210}} In 2013, CCNM opened the Brampton Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (BNTC), the first naturopathic clinic within a Canadian hospital, in collaboration with the [[William Osler Health System]] and [[Central West LHIN|Central West Local Health Integration Network]].<ref name="clinic_opens_BG">{{cite news |date=2013-01-14 |title=Naturopathic clinic opens at Brampton Civic |newspaper=Brampton Guardian |url=http://www.bramptonguardian.com/community-story/3081369-naturopathic-clinic-opens-at-brampton-civic/ |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref>


CCNM received accreditation in 2014, for the period from May, 2014 to May, 2019.<ref name=accreditation>{{cite web|title=Accreditation|url=http://www.ccnm.edu/about_ccnm/accreditation|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> In 2013, CCNM also opened the Brampton Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (BNTC) in collaboration with the [[William Osler Health System]] and Central West Local Health Integration Network. It is the first naturopathic clinic within a Canadian hospital.<ref name= clinic_opens_BG>{{cite news |title= Naturopathic clinic opens at Brampton Civic |url= http://www.bramptonguardian.com/community-story/3081369-naturopathic-clinic-opens-at-brampton-civic/ |newspaper= Brampton Guardian |date= 2013-01-14 |access-date= 2013-10-03}}</ref> In May 2014, the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities awarded the college degree-granting status. This was done after extensive review by the [[Post–Secondary Education Quality-Assessment Board]] (PEQAB).<ref name= PEQAB>{{cite web |url= http://www.peqab.ca/underreview.html |title= Applications Under Review |work= [[Post–Secondary Education Quality-Assessment Board]] website |location= Ontario |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120101141015/http://www.peqab.ca/underreview.html |archive-date= 2012-01-01 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
CCNM is currently accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME) until 2029.<ref name=accreditation>{{cite web|title=Accreditation|url=http://www.ccnm.edu/about_ccnm/accreditation|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> In May 2014, the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities awarded the college degree-granting status, after review by the Post–Secondary Education Quality-Assessment Board (PEQAB).<ref name= PEQAB>{{cite web |url= http://www.peqab.ca/underreview.html |title= Applications Under Review |work= [[Post–Secondary Education Quality-Assessment Board]] website |location= Ontario |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120101141015/http://www.peqab.ca/underreview.html |archive-date= 2012-01-01 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


==Academics and objectives==
==Academics and objectives==
{{POV section|date=August 2015}}
{{POV section|date=August 2015}}
The college currently offers a four-year, professional Doctor of Naturopathy degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accredited Programs {{!}} The Council on Naturopathic Medical Education |url=https://cnme.org/accredited-programs/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The college currently offers a four-year, professional Doctor of Naturopathy degree. Within academia, a first-level health-related professional degree (e.g. [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], [[MBChB]]) is often considered to be the same level as a bachelor's degree regardless of whether or not the term doctor is included in the title. However, the degree name will be amended to Doctor of Naturopathy following proclamation of the Naturopathy Act, 2007 (expected to take place at the end of 2014).{{clarify}} This is in accordance with the Regulated Health Professions Act of 1991 which grants rights to the title of "Doctor" and protects it from misuse.<ref name="Ontario.ca 2014">{{cite web | title=Law Document English View | website=Ontario.ca | date=24 July 2014 | url=https://www.ontario.ca/laws/view | access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref>


The curriculum integrates clinical medicine and research with natural therapeutics. Successful graduates will be able to educate patients and the public in health promotion and disease prevention; manage the underlying physical, psychological and social causes of disease; practice in a manner that exemplifies professionalism, strong ethics and a commitment to the principles of naturopathic medicine; communicate effectively with patients; appraise and apply research in treating patients; integrate both natural and biomedicine with clinical knowledge in the assessment, diagnosis and management of patients; identify the need for urgent and emergent health care and direct appropriate resolution; establish and manage a naturopathic practice; manage chronic disease; demonstrate leadership in health advocacy and environmental stewardship; collaborate effectively and work in partnership with other health care practitioners; demonstrate commitment to the advancement of the naturopathic profession.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students/program_objectives&back=1 |title= Program Objectives |work= CCNM website |access-date= 2010-07-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100527085056/http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students%2Fprogram_objectives&back=1 |archive-date= 2010-05-27 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
The curriculum integrates clinical practice (ex. patient communication, healthcare collaboration) and naturopathic disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students/program_objectives&back=1 |title= Program Objectives |work= CCNM website |access-date= 2010-07-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100527085056/http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students%2Fprogram_objectives&back=1 |archive-date= 2010-05-27 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


===Standard program and curriculum===
===Standard program and curriculum===
The three major areas of study are biomedical sciences, clinical sciences, and naturopathic therapeutics.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students/nd_program |title= ND Program |work= CCNM website |access-date= 2010-07-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100305125457/http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students%2Fnd_program |archive-date= 2010-03-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
The three major areas of study are biomedical sciences, clinical sciences, and naturopathic therapeutics.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students/nd_program |title= ND Program |work= CCNM website |access-date= 2010-07-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100305125457/http://www.ccnm.edu/?q=prospective_students%2Fnd_program |archive-date= 2010-03-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


The biomedical sciences segment of the curriculum (years 1 and 2) involves the study of anatomy (gross anatomy and prosection), embryology, clinical physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, public health, pharmacology, clinical pathology and laboratory diagnostics.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aanmc.org/education/academic-curriculum.php |title= Academic Curriculum |work= AANMC website |access-date= 2012-02-26 |archive-date= 2012-02-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222210216/http://www.aanmc.org/education/academic-curriculum.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> Introductory courses in the naturopathic modalities include: botanical medicine, homeopathy, nutrition, Asian medicine and acupuncture, physical medicine, psychology. It is recommended that students also take step-one of the [[Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations]] ([[NPLEX]]) prior to commencing third year.
The biomedical sciences segment of the curriculum (years 1 and 2) involves the study of anatomy (gross anatomy and prosection), embryology, clinical physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, public health, pharmacology, clinical pathology and laboratory diagnostics. Introductory courses in the naturopathic modalities include [[Herbal medicine|botanical medicine]], [[homeopathy]], nutrition, [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Asian medicine]] and [[acupuncture]], physical medicine, and psychology.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aanmc.org/education/academic-curriculum.php |title= Academic Curriculum |work= AANMC website |access-date= 2012-02-26 |archive-date= 2012-02-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222210216/http://www.aanmc.org/education/academic-curriculum.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is recommended that students also take step-one of the [[Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations]] ([[NPLEX]]) prior to commencing third year.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}


Prior to commencing fourth year (clinical internship), students are required to pass a clinic-entry exam (i.e. OSCE-III). Clinical rotations take place at the Robert Schad Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (RSNC), BNTC, and several community health clinics (e.g. Sherbourne Health Centre).<ref>{{cite web |title= Sherbourne Health Centre |url= http://sherbourne.on.ca/naturopathic-care/ |work= Sherbourne Health Centre website}}</ref>
Prior to commencing fourth year (clinical internship), students are required to pass a clinic-entry exam (i.e. OSCE-III).{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Clinical rotations take place at the Robert Schad Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (RSNC), BNTC, and several community health clinics (e.g. Sherbourne Health Centre).<ref>{{cite web |title= Sherbourne Health Centre |url= http://sherbourne.on.ca/naturopathic-care/ |work= Sherbourne Health Centre website}}</ref>


===Bridge delivery program for IMGs===
===Bridge delivery program for IMGs===
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IMGs are required to have achieved a passing grade on either the [[Medical Council of Canada|Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination (MCCEE)]] or the [[USMLE Step 1|United States Medical licensing Examination Step I (USMLE I)]] in addition to have graduated from a medical school recognized by the Medical Council of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title= Admission Requirements - Bridge Delivery |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/prospective_students/bridge/qualify |work= CCNM Website}}</ref> Bridge delivery is not considered a discrete program; its graduates are expected to have the same competencies as their full-time-student peers and will be awarded the same degree and designation upon successful completion of the program.<ref>{{cite web |title= What is Bridge Delivery? |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/prospective_students/bridge/bridge |work= CCNM website |access-date= 2013-10-04}}</ref>
IMGs are required to have achieved a passing grade on either the [[Medical Council of Canada|Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination (MCCEE)]] or the [[USMLE Step 1|United States Medical licensing Examination Step I (USMLE I)]] in addition to have graduated from a medical school recognized by the Medical Council of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title= Admission Requirements - Bridge Delivery |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/prospective_students/bridge/qualify |work= CCNM Website}}</ref> Bridge delivery is not considered a discrete program; its graduates are expected to have the same competencies as their full-time-student peers and will be awarded the same degree and designation upon successful completion of the program.<ref>{{cite web |title= What is Bridge Delivery? |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/prospective_students/bridge/bridge |work= CCNM website |access-date= 2013-10-04}}</ref>


==Attached Clinics==
⚫
==Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic==

⚫
Located at the Leslie campus, the RSNC logs upwards of 26,000 patient visits each year. It is one of several teaching clinics where licensed NDs work train fourth-year interns. The clinic features a botanical compounding room, a hydrotherapy suite, private consultation rooms, conference rooms and a laboratory for in-house testing. The clinic also offers free and low-cost naturopathic care at five teaching satellite clinics around the greater Toronto area. This gives interns and faculty the opportunity to bring naturopathic care to under-served populations and at the same time exposes them to a range of medical conditions that they may not encounter at the RSNC.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/indexa.php?q=naturopathic_medicine_rsnc&back=1#satellite |title= Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic |work= CCNM website}}</ref>
⚫
=== Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic ===
⚫
Located at the Leslie campus, the RSNC logs upwards of 26,000 patient visits each year. It is one of several teaching clinics where licensed NDs work train fourth-year interns. The clinic features a botanical compounding room, a hydrotherapy suite, private consultation rooms, conference rooms and a laboratory for in-house testing. The clinic also offers free and low-cost naturopathic care at five teaching satellite clinics around the Greater Toronto Area.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccnm.edu/indexa.php?q=naturopathic_medicine_rsnc&back=1#satellite |title= Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic |work= CCNM website}}</ref>


==Brampton Civic Hospital Naturopathic Teaching Clinic==
=== Brampton Civic Hospital Naturopathic Teaching Clinic ===
CCNM, in partnership with the William Osler Health System and Local Health Integration Network, opened the Brampton Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (BNTC) in 2013 at the Brampton Civic Hospital as a pilot project.<ref>{{cite web |title= Greater access to more options |url= http://www.williamoslerhc.on.ca/patients-and-families/programs-services/naturopathic-care |work= William Osler Health System website |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010334/http://www.williamoslerhc.on.ca/patients-and-families/programs-services/naturopathic-care |archive-date= 2013-10-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Brampton Civic Hospital |url= http://www.oslerfoundation.org/Why_Give/Serving_Your_Community/Brampton_Civic_Hospital.aspx |work= William Osler Health System Foundation website |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002032/http://www.oslerfoundation.org/Why_Give/Serving_Your_Community/Brampton_Civic_Hospital.aspx |archive-date= 2013-10-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The BNTC is the first naturopathic clinic in a hospital in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title= Osler First to Open Naturopathic Clinic |url= http://www.weeklyvoice.com/community-news/osler-first-to-open-naturopathic-clinic/ |newspaper= The Weekly Voice |location= Toronto |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222629/http://www.weeklyvoice.com/community-news/osler-first-to-open-naturopathic-clinic/ |archive-date= 2013-10-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The clinic was opened in support and as a component of Osler's "philosophy to help ensure greater access to community care options.", and its steering committee includes representatives from both CCNM and the Brampton Civic Hospital.<ref name= clinic_opens_BG/> Similarly to the RSNC, licensed NDs train fourth year interns at this location. Services are entirely free to the public.
The CCNM, in partnership with the William Osler Health System and Local Health Integration Network, opened the Brampton Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (BNTC) in 2013 at the Brampton Civic Hospital as a pilot project.<ref>{{cite web |title= Greater access to more options |url= http://www.williamoslerhc.on.ca/patients-and-families/programs-services/naturopathic-care |work= William Osler Health System website |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010334/http://www.williamoslerhc.on.ca/patients-and-families/programs-services/naturopathic-care |archive-date= 2013-10-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Brampton Civic Hospital |url= http://www.oslerfoundation.org/Why_Give/Serving_Your_Community/Brampton_Civic_Hospital.aspx |work= William Osler Health System Foundation website |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002032/http://www.oslerfoundation.org/Why_Give/Serving_Your_Community/Brampton_Civic_Hospital.aspx |archive-date= 2013-10-05 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The BNTC is the first naturopathic clinic in a hospital in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title= Osler First to Open Naturopathic Clinic |url= http://www.weeklyvoice.com/community-news/osler-first-to-open-naturopathic-clinic/ |newspaper= The Weekly Voice |location= Toronto |access-date= 2013-10-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222629/http://www.weeklyvoice.com/community-news/osler-first-to-open-naturopathic-clinic/ |archive-date= 2013-10-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The clinic was opened in support and as a component of Osler's "philosophy to help ensure greater access to community care options.", and its steering committee includes representatives from both CCNM and the Brampton Civic Hospital.<ref name="clinic_opens_BG" /> Similarly to the RSNC, licensed NDs train fourth year interns at this location. Services are entirely free to the public.


==Criticism==
==Criticism==


CCNM teaches [[naturopathic medicine]], a form of alternative medicine rather than [[evidence-based medicine]]. Naturopathic medicine is considered [[pseudoscience]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Caulfield|first=Timothy|date=2013-12-15|title=Naturopaths and the creep of pseudoscience|url=https://healthydebate.ca/2013/12/about-healthy-debate/opinions-about-healthy-debate/naturopaths-and-the-creep-of-pseudoscience/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Healthy Debate|language=en-US}}</ref>
CCNM teaches [[naturopathic medicine]], a form of alternative medicine, rather than [[evidence-based medicine]]. Naturopathic medicine is considered [[pseudoscience]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Caulfield|first=Timothy|date=2013-12-15|title=Naturopaths and the creep of pseudoscience|url=https://healthydebate.ca/2013/12/about-healthy-debate/opinions-about-healthy-debate/naturopaths-and-the-creep-of-pseudoscience/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Healthy Debate|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502040817/https://healthydebate.ca/2013/12/about-healthy-debate/opinions-about-healthy-debate/naturopaths-and-the-creep-of-pseudoscience/ |archive-date=2021-05-02 }}</ref>


==Notable alumni==
==Notable alumni==


* [[Lara Briden]]
* [[Lara Briden]]{{cn|date=December 2022}}


==References==
==References==
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{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}
{{Post-secondary institutions in Ontario}}


[[Category:Medical and health organizations based in Ontario]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1978]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine organizations]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Toronto]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Greater Vancouver]]
[[Category:Education in New Westminster]]
[[Category:Naturopathic medical schools accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education]]
[[Category:Private universities and colleges in Ontario]]

Latest revision as of 18:19, 22 September 2024

Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine
CCNM Leslie campus
Other name
Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research (INER)
TypeProfessional school
Established1978
PresidentDr. Rahim Karim
DeanNick DeGroot
Academic staff
90
Administrative staff
100
Students550
Location
Toronto and New Westminster
,
Ontario and British Columbia
,
Canada
CampusUrban
AffiliationsAANMC, CNME, NABNE
Websiteccnm.edu

The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM) is a private, not-for-profit[1] institution with two campus locations: the CCNM -Toronto Campus in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the CCNM -Boucher Campus in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada.

The college's legal operating name is the Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research. CCNM offers a degree program in naturopathic medicine,[2] a form of alternative medicine that has been criticized by scientists as pseudoscientific. Graduates are eligible to take licensing examinations to become naturopaths in several jurisdictions.[3][4]

History

[edit]

CCNM was established in Toronto as the Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM) in 1978 by naturopaths Robert B. Farquharson, Gregory "Asa" Hershoff, John G. LaPlante, William Morris, Eric Shrubb, and Gordon Smith. OCNM originally offered a post-graduate program to doctors from other health professions, such as medical doctors and chiropractors. The school moved to its first permanent building in Kitchener, Ontario in 1981.[5] OCNM incorporated as the non-profit, charitable Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research in 1983,[1] the year before it moved from its Kitchener location back to downtown Toronto. The school relocated again in 1986 to accommodate larger class sizes.[6] The school adopted its present name in 1992 and relocated again in 1996, before finally moving to its current location in North York in 1999.[7] In 2013, CCNM opened the Brampton Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (BNTC), the first naturopathic clinic within a Canadian hospital, in collaboration with the William Osler Health System and Central West Local Health Integration Network.[8]

CCNM is currently accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME) until 2029.[9] In May 2014, the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities awarded the college degree-granting status, after review by the Post–Secondary Education Quality-Assessment Board (PEQAB).[10]

Academics and objectives

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The college currently offers a four-year, professional Doctor of Naturopathy degree.[11]

The curriculum integrates clinical practice (ex. patient communication, healthcare collaboration) and naturopathic disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.[12]

Standard program and curriculum

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The three major areas of study are biomedical sciences, clinical sciences, and naturopathic therapeutics.[13]

The biomedical sciences segment of the curriculum (years 1 and 2) involves the study of anatomy (gross anatomy and prosection), embryology, clinical physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, public health, pharmacology, clinical pathology and laboratory diagnostics. Introductory courses in the naturopathic modalities include botanical medicine, homeopathy, nutrition, Asian medicine and acupuncture, physical medicine, and psychology.[14] It is recommended that students also take step-one of the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations (NPLEX) prior to commencing third year.[citation needed]

Prior to commencing fourth year (clinical internship), students are required to pass a clinic-entry exam (i.e. OSCE-III).[citation needed] Clinical rotations take place at the Robert Schad Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (RSNC), BNTC, and several community health clinics (e.g. Sherbourne Health Centre).[15]

Bridge delivery program for IMGs

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Bridge delivery for International Medical Graduates (IMGs) of the naturopathic medicine program was established in 2012 and its first class began in 2013.[16] The delivery is a two-year fast track for IMGs who wish to become naturopathic doctors without having to re-take courses or write challenge exams for advanced standing for courses in which they are expected to have expertise, such as physiology and anatomy.[17]

IMGs are required to have achieved a passing grade on either the Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination (MCCEE) or the United States Medical licensing Examination Step I (USMLE I) in addition to have graduated from a medical school recognized by the Medical Council of Canada.[18] Bridge delivery is not considered a discrete program; its graduates are expected to have the same competencies as their full-time-student peers and will be awarded the same degree and designation upon successful completion of the program.[19]

Attached Clinics

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Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic

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Located at the Leslie campus, the RSNC logs upwards of 26,000 patient visits each year. It is one of several teaching clinics where licensed NDs work train fourth-year interns. The clinic features a botanical compounding room, a hydrotherapy suite, private consultation rooms, conference rooms and a laboratory for in-house testing. The clinic also offers free and low-cost naturopathic care at five teaching satellite clinics around the Greater Toronto Area.[20]

Brampton Civic Hospital Naturopathic Teaching Clinic

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The CCNM, in partnership with the William Osler Health System and Local Health Integration Network, opened the Brampton Naturopathic Teaching Clinic (BNTC) in 2013 at the Brampton Civic Hospital as a pilot project.[21][22] The BNTC is the first naturopathic clinic in a hospital in Canada.[23] The clinic was opened in support and as a component of Osler's "philosophy to help ensure greater access to community care options.", and its steering committee includes representatives from both CCNM and the Brampton Civic Hospital.[8] Similarly to the RSNC, licensed NDs train fourth year interns at this location. Services are entirely free to the public.

Criticism

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CCNM teaches naturopathic medicine, a form of alternative medicine, rather than evidence-based medicine. Naturopathic medicine is considered pseudoscience.[24]

Notable alumni

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Canadian Registered Charities - Detail Page". Canada Revenue Agency. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  2. ^ "Preparing for Naturopathic Medicine" (PDF). Academic Advising & Career Centre, Division of Student Affairs, University of Toronto. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  3. ^ Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council (January 2001). "Advice to the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care: Naturopathy" (PDF). Minister of Health and Long-Term Care of Ontario. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved 2013-10-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ "Approved Schools". Board of Directors of Drugless Therapy - Naturopathy (BDDT-N) website. Ontario. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  5. ^ Lloyd, Iva (2009). The History of Naturopathic Medicine: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: McArthur & Company. pp. 202–4. ISBN 9781552787786.
  6. ^ Lloyd 2009, pp. 204–8.
  7. ^ Lloyd 2009, p. 210.
  8. ^ a b "Naturopathic clinic opens at Brampton Civic". Brampton Guardian. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  9. ^ "Accreditation". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  10. ^ "Applications Under Review". Post–Secondary Education Quality-Assessment Board website. Ontario. Archived from the original on 2012-01-01.
  11. ^ "Accredited Programs | The Council on Naturopathic Medical Education". Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  12. ^ "Program Objectives". CCNM website. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
  13. ^ "ND Program". CCNM website. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
  14. ^ "Academic Curriculum". AANMC website. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  15. ^ "Sherbourne Health Centre". Sherbourne Health Centre website.
  16. ^ "First-ever naturopathic medicine program for foreign professionals commences". South Asian Focus. Brampton. 2013-05-10. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
  17. ^ "Bridge Delivery - Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine". CCNM website. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
  18. ^ "Admission Requirements - Bridge Delivery". CCNM Website.
  19. ^ "What is Bridge Delivery?". CCNM website. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
  20. ^ "Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic". CCNM website.
  21. ^ "Greater access to more options". William Osler Health System website. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  22. ^ "Brampton Civic Hospital". William Osler Health System Foundation website. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  23. ^ "Osler First to Open Naturopathic Clinic". The Weekly Voice. Toronto. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  24. ^ Caulfield, Timothy (2013-12-15). "Naturopaths and the creep of pseudoscience". Healthy Debate. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
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