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{{Short description|Full-ocean depth, fully autonomous deep submergence vehicle}}
[[Rescue tug]][[Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering]]{{User sandbox}}
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{{For|other systems and ships titled Vityaz|Vityaz (disambiguation){{!}}Vityaz}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
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{{For|other systems and ships titled Vityaz see:|Vityaz (disambiguation){{!}}Vityaz}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=''Vityaz-D'' Autonomous Underwater Vehicle}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=''Vityaz-D'' Autonomous Underwater Vehicle}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image="Vityaz-D" autonomous underwater vehicle during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition.jpg
|Ship image=[[FILE:https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/vityaz-d/attachment/image-3-vityaz-d-deep-sea-drone/|300px|Full Ocean Depth AUV]]
|Ship caption=Underwater vehicle during the "[[Army (International Military-Technical Forum)|Armiya 2021]]" exhibition
|Ship caption= Vityaz-D
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship career
{{Infobox ship career
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|Ship flag={{navy|Russia}}
|Ship flag={{navy|Russia}}
|Ship name='''''Vityaz-D''''' ''[[ANPA/AUV]]''
|Ship name='''''Vityaz-D''''' ''[[ANPA/AUV]]''
|Ship ordered=2
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=Rubin Central Design Bureau
|Ship builder=Rubin Central Design Bureau
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|Ship struck=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=Vladivostok
|Ship homeport=[[Vladivostok]]
|Ship identification='''''Vityaz-D'''''
|Ship identification='''''Vityaz-D'''''
|Ship nickname=
|Ship nickname=
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|Ship tonnage=5.7 tons
|Ship tonnage=5.7 tons
|Ship displacement=
|Ship displacement=
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length= {{convert|5.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship length= {{convert|5.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{convert|1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{convert|1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft=
|Ship draft=
|Ship power=Batteries
|Ship power=Batteries
|Ship propulsion=Four electric propulsors and ten small electric maneuvering thrusters
|Ship propulsion=Four electric propulsors and ten small electric [[Thruster (marine )|maneuvering thrusters]]
|Ship speed=1 meter/second
|Ship speed=1 meter/second
|Ship range=
|Ship range=
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|Ship test depth= {{convert|12000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship test depth= {{convert|12000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=0
|Ship complement=0
|Ship sensors=Side-scan sonar; echo sounders; search sonar; video cameras
|Ship sensors=[[Side-scan sonar]]; [[Fathometer|echo sounders]]; [[Sonar|search sonar]]; video cameras
|Ship armor=
|Ship armor=
|Ship notes= System consists of an unmanned autonomous deep submersible (ANPA SGP '''''Vityaz-D'''''); a deep sea bottom station (GDS SN) and a shipboard communications and control suite on the mother ship.
|Ship notes= System consists of an unmanned autonomous deep submersible (ANPA SGP '''''Vityaz-D'''''); a deep sea bottom station (GDS SN) and a shipboard communications and control suite on the [[mother ship]].
}}
}}
|}
|}
='''''VITYAZ-D'' -- Autonomous Underwater Vehicle'''=


The '''''Vityaz-D''''' is the world's first full-ocean depth, fully autonomous deep submergence vehicle to become operational.
The '''''Vityaz-D''''' is the first full-ocean depth, fully autonomous deep submergence vehicle.


This Russian Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) was designed and developed by the venerable [[Rubin Design Bureau|Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering]] in St. Petersburg, Russia under contract to the Advanced Research Foundation (Russian acronym: FPI, Fond Perspektivnyh Issledovaniy). The development of '''''Vityaz-D''''' began in September 2017. The keel-laying ceremony of the AUV was held at Rubin's assembly plant for experimental production in November 2018.
This Russian [[Autonomous Underwater Vehicle]] (AUV) was designed and developed by the [[Rubin Design Bureau|Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering]] in [[St. Petersburg, Russia|St. Petersburg]], Russia under contract to the [[Russian Foundation for Advanced Research Projects in the Defense Industry|Advanced Research Foundation]] (Russian acronym: FPI, Fond Perspektivnyh Issledovaniy). The development of ''Vityaz-D'' began in September 2017. The keel-laying ceremony of the AUV was held at Rubin's assembly plant for experimental production in November 2018.


It was tested in May 2020 with autonomous dives to 2400 meters in the Sea of Japan, to 5200 meters in the Philippine Sea, and culminating with a 10,028 meter dive into the Mariana Trench (note that the greatest depth of the Mariana Trench is 10,925 meters -- about 900 meters deeper than this '''''Vityaz-D''' dive on 8 May 2020).
It was tested in May 2020 with autonomous dives to 2400 meters in the [[Sea of Japan]], to 5200 meters in the [[Philippine Sea]], and culminating with a 10,028 meter dive into the [[Mariana Trench]] (note that the greatest depth of the Mariana Trench is 10,925 meters{{snd}} about 900 meters deeper than this ''Vityaz-D'' dive on 8&nbsp;May 2020).


Russia revealed the '''''Vityaz-D''''' program at the Army-2020 International Military and Technical Forum held in Kubinka, outside Moscow in July 2020.<ref>https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/vityaz-d/</ref> The '''''Vityaz-D''''' autonomous underwater vehicle was named in honor of the R/V '''Vityaz''', which for nearly 20 years was the flagship of the Soviet scientific research fleet.
Russia revealed the ''Vityaz-D'' program at the Army-2020 International Military and Technical Forum held in [[Kubinka]], outside Moscow in July 2020.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/vityaz-d/|title=Vityaz-D Deep-Sea Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, Russia|website=Naval Technology}}</ref> The ''Vityaz-D'' autonomous underwater vehicle was named in honor of the R/V ''[[RV Vityaz (1939)|Vityaz]]'', which for nearly 20 years was the [[flagship]] of the Soviet scientific research fleet.

==History==
The Russians have been aggressively pursuing autonomous submergence vehicle development for at least the last 20 years.

In addition to the "12,000 meter" '''''Vityaz-D''''' (meaning HERO in Russian), the Rubin Design Bureau, research and development (R&D) fabrication line, between 2009-2015 developed and produced a prototype '''''Klavesin-2R-PM''''', (Harpsicord-2R-PM in Russian), a 3.7 ton AUV/UUV intended for search operations to 6,000 meters and with a range of 50 kilometers. In late 2016, the '''''Klavesin-2R-PM''''' was tested at the Krylov State Research Center`s experimental tank "to confirm its meeting the operational requirements and to define the vehicle`s navigability" <ref>https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/newsb/defence-news/2016/june-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4133-russias-rubin-design-bureau-produces-klavesin-2r-pm-uuv-demonstrator.html</ref>

The Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering (TsKB MT) (as part of the United Shipbuilding Corporation) <ref>https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship-anpa.htm</ref> is also involve with the '''''Yunona''''' (Juno in Russian) UUV program, designed for autonomous search operations to 1,000 meters depth. The '''''Yunona''''' is now "being prepared to undertake deep-water and state trials". <ref>https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/newsb/defence-news/2016/june-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4133-russias-rubin-design-bureau-produces-klavesin-2r-pm-uuv-demonstrator.</ref>


==Mariana Trench==
==Mariana Trench==
The '''''Vityaz-D''''' reached a depth of 10,028 meters on 8 May 2020, spending over three hours studying the Mariana Trench. Its mother ship was the rescue tug '''Fotiy Krylov.'''<ref>http://qudron.com.ar/seadrones-russian-uuv-vityaz-d-descend-to-the-mariana-trenchs/</ref>
The ''Vityaz-D'' reached a depth of 10,028 meters on 8 May 2020, spending over three hours studying the Mariana Trench. Its mother ship was the rescue tug '''Fotiy Krylov'''.<ref>Bazzolo Gabriel (12 May 2020) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200525042917/http://qudron.com.ar/seadrones-russian-uuv-vityaz-d-descend-to-the-mariana-trenchs/ SeaDrones. Russian UUV Vityaz-D Descend to the Mariana Trench's]. qudron.com.ar</ref>


During Pacific tests, the '''''Vityaz-D''''''s unique system of long-range audio-visual communication was tested.<ref>https://communalnews.com/army-2020-russia-announces-vityaz-d-upgrades/</ref> At the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the '''''Vityaz-D''''' laid a flag at the bottom to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the “Victory in the Great Patriotic War”.
During Pacific dives, the ''Vityaz-D'' tested a unique system of long-range audio-visual communication.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://communalnews.com/army-2020-russia-announces-vityaz-d-upgrades/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611125303/https://communalnews.com/army-2020-russia-announces-vityaz-d-upgrades/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 June 2022 |title=Army 2020 — Russia Announces Vityaz-D Upgrades – Communal News: Online Business, Wholesale & B2B Marketplace News |date=28 August 2020 |author=Christina Kitova}}</ref> At the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the ''Vityaz-D'' laid a flag at the bottom to commemorate the 75th anniversary of [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]].


Communications with the Vityaz-D was by means of a unique "''sound-guided communication, which has no foreign analogues''" -- apparently automatically directing communication bursts along a selected acoustic-ray path -- a technology not found in unclassified Western sources. Communications with the AUV were continuous and successful during the 10,028 meter depth mission. The underwater acoustic communication link between the mother ship and the '''''Vityaz-D''''' involved both sonic and ultrasonic channels. This new system (name undisclosed) allows transmission of both text and low quality images, as well as updating command and control instructions. [11]
Communications with the Vityaz-D was by means of a unique "sound-guided communication, which has no foreign analogues" – apparently automatically directing communication bursts along a selected acoustic-ray path – a technology not found in public Western sources. Communications with the AUV were continuous and successful during the 10,028 meter depth mission. The underwater acoustic communication link between the mother ship and the ''Vityaz-D'' involved both sonic and [[ultrasonic]] channels. This new system (name undisclosed) allows transmission of both text and low-quality images, as well as updating command and control instructions.<ref name="auto2"/>

"''The May 8 dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench was the first step in a series of Vityaz experiments,''” said Andrei Grigoryev, Director General of the Advanced Research Foundation -- i.e. the Fond Perspektivnyh Issledovaniy (FPI). “''This is the first of the experiments planned under the Vityaz project,''" Grigoryev continued, "''it was carried out jointly by Russian shipbuilders and scientific teams of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the support of the Pacific Fleet. The success of the experiment confirmed the design solutions chosen by the developers, and also demonstrated effective and fruitful cooperation of project participants.''"


==Impact==
==Impact==
[[File:Vityaz-D 2021 stamp of Russia.jpg|thumb|left|Vityaz-D on a 2021 stamp of Russia]]
'''''Vityaz-D''''' is equipped with echo sounders, sonar navigation and communications equipment, side-scan sonars, has external video cameras, lighting equipment and oceanographic research equipment. This allows '''''Vityaz-D''''' to conduct search and bathymetric surveys of an area, sampling the bottom topography, and recording hydrophysical parameters of the marine environment.
⚫
Georgy Vinogradov, a senior researcher at the [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]] of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and a participant in diving the ''[[Mir (submersible)|MIR]]'' deep-submergence vehicles, stated: "I believe that the use of this technology will open up many new opportunities for scientific research. Underwater vehicles are now an obvious trend in ocean exploration. Each of the ways of penetrating into the depth – with the help of manned, remotely operated and unmanned vehicles – has its own strengths and weaknesses. On one of these paths, a big step has just been taken forward."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/russian-submarine-vityaz-reached-bottom-mariana-trench |title=Russian Submarine "Vityaz" Reached The Bottom Of The Mariana Trench |publisher=Russian Geographical Society |date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

The system relies on very fast and sophisticated artificial intelligence programs, flexible enough to respond to unanticipated events and difficulties during a deep dive mission. Communications between the AUV, the Deep-sea Bottom Station, and the support ship are by acoustic signals -- involving no cabling.

The Director General of Rubin's Central Design Bureau, Igor Vilnit, described the system's operations in an interview on 10 June 2020. "''First, the operator keys in a task to perform a specific mission. After submersion the vehicle begins independent operation. The data it gathers is transmitted to the operator’s control board via a hydroacoustic channel.''" <ref>https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship-anpa.htm</ref>

⚫
Georgy Vinogradov, a senior researcher at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a participant in diving the '''''MIR''''' deep-submergence vehicles , stated: "''I believe that the use of this technology will open up many new opportunities for scientific research. Underwater vehicles are now an obvious trend in ocean exploration. Of course, manned underwater vehicles provide very valuable information. But unmanned devices are certainly safer, especially at such incredible depths. They are usually controlled via a fiber-optic cable, that is, the device is “tied” to the carrier ship or underwater base. '''''Vityaz-D''''' works without the optic-fiber cable. It is controlled via a hydroacoustic channel, that is, an underwater "speakerphone". The device is completely autonomous. Each of the ways of penetrating into the depth - with the help of manned, remotely operated and unmanned vehicles - has its own strengths and weaknesses. On one of these paths, a big step has just been taken forward.''"<ref>https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/russian-submarine-vityaz-reached-bottom-mariana-trench</ref>

The editors of GlobalSecurity.org perhaps noted the significance of this development most succinctly: "''Once UAVs came to be regarded as reusable aircraft rather than expendable [aerial] munitions, there was a quantum leap in the size of the vehicles and the purposes to which they were put. Now such a revolutionary phase transition is underway underwater. In both cases, the foundation was the inexorable unfolding of the gift that keeps on giving, the miracle of Moore's Law. Computers onboard the vehicles could take on greater responsibility for more complex tasks..."''

"''Autonomous Underwater Vehicles [AUV] can communicate for some considerable distances while submerged, via underwater acoustic communications. The challenge is the limited message size possible with this channel - text, of course, video, of course '''not'''."


"''For Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, the secret ingredient was the advent of onboard computers that could act in response to human guidance provided by the rather meager channel of underwater acoustic communications. At first, underwater vehicles required onboard human presence, but over time this guidance could be provided remotely via a cable tether. Now the tether has been severed, as the computers onboard the vehicle can execute complex tasks in response to simple directions. [I]t is no longer necessary to have a cable connection, [now] processors onboard the vehicle can provide sonar target classification and location in brief messages relayed through underwater acoustic communications channels.''"<ref> https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship-anpa.htm</ref>
The editors of [[GlobalSecurity.org]] perhaps noted the significance of this development most succinctly: "Once UAVs came to be regarded as reusable aircraft rather than expendable [aerial] munitions, there was a quantum leap in the size of the vehicles and the purposes to which they were put. Now such a revolutionary [[phase transition]] is underway underwater. In both cases, the foundation was the inexorable unfolding of the gift that keeps on giving, the miracle of [[Moore's law]]. Computers onboard the vehicles could take on greater responsibility for more complex tasks&nbsp;... At first, underwater vehicles required onboard human presence, but over time this guidance could be provided remotely via a cable tether. Now the tether has been severed, as the computers onboard the vehicle can execute complex tasks in response to simple directions."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship-anpa.htm |title=Autonomous Uninhabited Underwater Vehicle (ANPA) Avtonomnykh Neobitaemykh Podvodnye Apparat |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>


==Future==
==Future==
⚫
"The [[Russian Navy]] plans to replace its fleet of unmanned deep-sea submersibles with the ''Vityaz-D'' [[Autonomous underwater vehicle|drone]] for its military operations."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/vityaz-d/ |title=Vityaz-D Deep-Sea Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, Russia |website=www.naval-technology.com}}</ref>
Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov described the '''''Vityaz-D''''' as an outstanding achievement by Russia's science and the defense industry, and stated that “such projects will give rise to a new elite R&D complex.” Borisov continued with the expectation that '''''Vityaz-D''''' would be used to study the underwater shelf and develop subsea oil-and-gas fields. <ref>https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/332432-russias-new-sea-robots</ref>


== References ==
And, the FPI intends to build on this novel system, a new advanced version (as yet unnamed), which will be larger and equipped with manipulators. The successor system will have enhanced external lighting and the number of video cameras onboard will be increased.
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Autonomous underwater vehicles]]
⚫
Finally, "''The Russian Navy plans to replace its fleet of unmanned deep-sea submersibles with the '''''Vityaz-D''''' drone for its military operations.''"<ref>https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/vityaz-d/</ref>

Latest revision as of 19:57, 22 September 2024

For other systems and ships titled Vityaz, see Vityaz.

Vityaz-D Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Underwater vehicle during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition
History
 Russian NavyRussia
NameVityaz-D ANPA/AUV
BuilderRubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering
Sponsored byFond Perspektivnyh Issledovaniy (FPI)
Completed2019
In service2020
HomeportVladivostok
IdentificationVityaz-D
StatusActive
NotesMother Ship: Rescue Tug Fotiy Krylov
General characteristics
TypeAUV or UUV
Tonnage5.7 tons
Length5.7 m (19 ft)
Beam1.4 m (4.6 ft)
Installed powerBatteries
PropulsionFour electric propulsors and ten small electric maneuvering thrusters
Speed1 meter/second
Endurance24 hours
Test depth12,000 m (39,000 ft)
Complement0
Sensors and
processing systems		Side-scan sonar; echo sounders; search sonar; video cameras
NotesSystem consists of an unmanned autonomous deep submersible (ANPA SGP Vityaz-D); a deep sea bottom station (GDS SN) and a shipboard communications and control suite on the mother ship.

The Vityaz-D is the first full-ocean depth, fully autonomous deep submergence vehicle.

This Russian Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) was designed and developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering in St. Petersburg, Russia under contract to the Advanced Research Foundation (Russian acronym: FPI, Fond Perspektivnyh Issledovaniy). The development of Vityaz-D began in September 2017. The keel-laying ceremony of the AUV was held at Rubin's assembly plant for experimental production in November 2018.

It was tested in May 2020 with autonomous dives to 2400 meters in the Sea of Japan, to 5200 meters in the Philippine Sea, and culminating with a 10,028 meter dive into the Mariana Trench (note that the greatest depth of the Mariana Trench is 10,925 meters – about 900 meters deeper than this Vityaz-D dive on 8 May 2020).

Russia revealed the Vityaz-D program at the Army-2020 International Military and Technical Forum held in Kubinka, outside Moscow in July 2020.[1] The Vityaz-D autonomous underwater vehicle was named in honor of the R/V Vityaz, which for nearly 20 years was the flagship of the Soviet scientific research fleet.

Mariana Trench

[edit]

The Vityaz-D reached a depth of 10,028 meters on 8 May 2020, spending over three hours studying the Mariana Trench. Its mother ship was the rescue tug Fotiy Krylov.[2]

During Pacific dives, the Vityaz-D tested a unique system of long-range audio-visual communication.[3] At the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the Vityaz-D laid a flag at the bottom to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Victory Day.

Communications with the Vityaz-D was by means of a unique "sound-guided communication, which has no foreign analogues" – apparently automatically directing communication bursts along a selected acoustic-ray path – a technology not found in public Western sources. Communications with the AUV were continuous and successful during the 10,028 meter depth mission. The underwater acoustic communication link between the mother ship and the Vityaz-D involved both sonic and ultrasonic channels. This new system (name undisclosed) allows transmission of both text and low-quality images, as well as updating command and control instructions.[3]

Impact

[edit]
Vityaz-D on a 2021 stamp of Russia

Georgy Vinogradov, a senior researcher at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a participant in diving the MIR deep-submergence vehicles, stated: "I believe that the use of this technology will open up many new opportunities for scientific research. Underwater vehicles are now an obvious trend in ocean exploration. Each of the ways of penetrating into the depth – with the help of manned, remotely operated and unmanned vehicles – has its own strengths and weaknesses. On one of these paths, a big step has just been taken forward."[4]

The editors of GlobalSecurity.org perhaps noted the significance of this development most succinctly: "Once UAVs came to be regarded as reusable aircraft rather than expendable [aerial] munitions, there was a quantum leap in the size of the vehicles and the purposes to which they were put. Now such a revolutionary phase transition is underway underwater. In both cases, the foundation was the inexorable unfolding of the gift that keeps on giving, the miracle of Moore's law. Computers onboard the vehicles could take on greater responsibility for more complex tasks ... At first, underwater vehicles required onboard human presence, but over time this guidance could be provided remotely via a cable tether. Now the tether has been severed, as the computers onboard the vehicle can execute complex tasks in response to simple directions."[5]

Future

[edit]

"The Russian Navy plans to replace its fleet of unmanned deep-sea submersibles with the Vityaz-D drone for its military operations."[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Vityaz-D Deep-Sea Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, Russia". Naval Technology.
  2. ^ Bazzolo Gabriel (12 May 2020) SeaDrones. Russian UUV Vityaz-D Descend to the Mariana Trench's. qudron.com.ar
  3. ^ a b Christina Kitova (28 August 2020). "Army 2020 — Russia Announces Vityaz-D Upgrades – Communal News: Online Business, Wholesale & B2B Marketplace News". Archived from the original on 11 June 2022.
  4. ^ "Russian Submarine "Vityaz" Reached The Bottom Of The Mariana Trench". Russian Geographical Society. 13 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Autonomous Uninhabited Underwater Vehicle (ANPA) Avtonomnykh Neobitaemykh Podvodnye Apparat". www.globalsecurity.org.
  6. ^ "Vityaz-D Deep-Sea Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, Russia". www.naval-technology.com.
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