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{{short description|Overview of the legality and prevalence of abortions in the U.S. state of Arkansas}}
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'''Abortion in Arkansas''' is illegal<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=SB149 Bill Information |url=https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=SB149&ddBienniumSession=2019/2019R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324024942/https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=SB149&ddBienniumSession=2019/2019R |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.arkleg.state.ar.us |language=en}}</ref> except when it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant individual.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Blumenthal |first=Paul |date=2022-06-14 |title=These States Will Ban Abortion Now That Roe Is Overturned |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/states-ban-abortion-roe-v-wade-overturned_n_62a755b9e4b0cdccbe537af0 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.<ref name=":04" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Acts/Document?type=pdf&act=180&ddBienniumSession=2019%2F2019R | title=Document }}</ref>
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
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'''Abortion in Arkansas''' is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the mother.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Blumenthal |first=Paul |date=2022-06-14 |title=These States Will Ban Abortion Now That Roe Is Overturned |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/states-ban-abortion-roe-v-wade-overturned_n_62a755b9e4b0cdccbe537af0 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.<ref name=":04" /><ref>https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Acts/Document?type=pdf&act=180&ddBienniumSession=2019%2F2019R</ref>

== Terminology ==
{{Main|Abortion}}
The abortion debate most commonly relates to the "[[induced abortion]]" of a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.<ref group="note">According to the Supreme Court's decision in ''Roe v. Wade'':<blockquote>(a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.</blockquote>Likewise, ''Black's Law Dictionary'' defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".</ref> Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=Katie|date=20 Dec 2019|title=Why We Should Stop Using the Term "Elective Abortion"|url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/why-we-should-stop-using-term-elective-abortion/2018-12|journal=AMA Journal of Ethics|doi=10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175|access-date=17 May 2019|pmid=30585581|volume=20|issue=12|pages=E1175-1180|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chamberlain|first1=Pam|last2=Hardisty|first2=Jean|year=2007|title=The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v14n1/ReproPatriarch-07.html|journal=The Public Eye Magazine|volume=14|issue=1}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/weekinreview/05greenhouse.html?scp=1&sq=infanticide "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion".] ''New York Times.'' November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.</ref> and see the medical terms "[[embryo]]", "[[zygote]]", and "[[fetus]]" as [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]].<ref>Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Getek, Kathryn|author2=Cunningham, Mark|date=February 1996|title=A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate|url=http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/nvp/consistent/naomi_wolf.html|journal=Princeton Progressive Review}}</ref> Both "pro-choice" and "[[pro-life]]" are examples of terms labeled as [[Framing (social sciences)|political framing]]: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnclife.org/reports/2009/spring/RNC-Spring09.pdf|title=Example of "anti-life" terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727221643/http://www.rnclife.org/reports/2009/spring/RNC-Spring09.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-16}}</ref> The [[Associated Press]] encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".<ref>Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.</ref>

== Context ==
{{See also|Abortion in the United States}}Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 [[The New England Journal of Medicine|''New England Journal of Medicine'']] study found such a link. At the same time, a 2011 study by [[Center for Reproductive Rights]] and [[Ibis Reproductive Health]] also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicaldaily.com/states-more-abortion-restrictions-hurt-womens-health-increase-risk-maternal-death-306181 |title=States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death|last=Castillo|first=Stephanie|date=2014-10-03|website=Medical Daily |access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> The study singled out Oklahoma, Mississippi and Kansas as being the most restrictive states that year, followed by Arkansas and Indiana for second in terms of abortion restrictions, and Florida, Arizona and Alabama in third for most restrictive state abortion requirements.<ref name=":03" />

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and children's health. These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/womens-health/states-pushing-abortion-bans-have-higher-infant-mortality-rates-n1008481 |title=States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates|website=NBC News |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the [[Guttmacher Institute]], states have legislation seeking to protect a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.<ref name=":42"/>

Poor women in the United States had problems paying for [[menstrual pad]]s and tampons in 2018 and 2019. Almost two-thirds of American women could not pay for them. These were not available through the federal [[WIC|Women, Infants, and Children Program]] (WIC).<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2019-01-16/two-thirds-of-poor-us-women-cant-afford-menstrual-pads-tampons-study |title=Two-Thirds of Poor U.S. Women Can't Afford Menstrual Pads, Tampons: Study|last=Mundell|first=E.J.|date=January 16, 2019|website=US News & World Report|access-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref> Lack of menstrual supplies has an economic impact on poor women. A study in St. Louis found that 36% had to miss days of work because they lacked adequate menstrual hygiene supplies during their period. This was on top of the fact that many had other menstrual issues including bleeding, cramps and other menstrual induced health issues.<ref name=":02" /> This state was one of a majority that taxed [[Tampon tax|essential hygiene products]] like tampons and menstrual pads as of November 2018.<ref name="WaPo: Garcia">{{cite news |last=Larimer |first=Sarah |date=January 8, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/the-tampon-tax-explained/ |title=The 'tampon tax,' explained |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145955/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/the-tampon-tax-explained/ |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="USAT: NY">{{cite news |last=Bowerman |first=Mary |date=July 25, 2016 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/07/25/tampon-tax-new-york-eleventh-state-end-tax-feminine-products/87521922/ |title=The 'tampon tax' and what it means for you |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207182650/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/07/25/tampon-tax-new-york-eleventh-state-end-tax-feminine-products/87521922/ |archive-date=December 7, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://splinternews.com/these-are-the-u-s-states-that-tax-women-for-having-per-1793848102 |title=These are the U.S. states that tax women for having periods|last=Hillin|first=Taryn|work=Splinter |access-date=2017-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ktnv.com/news/national/democracy-2018/election-results-2018-nevada-ballot-questions-1-6 |title=Election Results 2018: Nevada Ballot Questions 1-6|work=KNTV |access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

One of the biggest groups of women who oppose legalized abortion in the United States are southern white evangelical Christians. These women voted overwhelming for Trump, with 80% of these voters supporting him at the ballot box in 2016. In November 2018, during [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|US House exit polling]], 75% of southern white evangelical Christian women indicated they supported Trump and only 20% said they voted for Democratic candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/white-women-and-support-restrictive-abortion-laws/590101/|title=White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|date=2019-05-23|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>


=== Legislative history ===
=== Legislative history ===
{{Heartbeat bills}}
{{Heartbeat bills}}
By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Buell|first=Samuel|date=1991-01-01|title=Criminal Abortion Revisited|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174|journal=New York University Law Review|volume=66|issue=6|pages=1774–1831|pmid=11652642}}</ref> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina and Oregon made reforms to their abortion laws, with most of these states providing more detailed medical guidance on when therapeutic abortions could be performed.<ref name=":0"/> An amendment to the state constitution in 1988 said, "The policy of Arkansas is to protect the life of every unborn child from conception until birth, to the extent permitted by the Federal Constitution.<ref name=":32"/>
By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.<ref name="Abor Arkan">{{Cite journal|last=Buell|first=Samuel|date=1991-01-01|title=Criminal Abortion Revisited|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174|journal=New York University Law Review|volume=66|issue=6|pages=1774–1831|pmid=11652642}}</ref> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina and Oregon made reforms to their abortion laws, with most of these states providing more detailed medical guidance on when therapeutic abortions could be performed.<ref name="Abor Arkan" /> An amendment to the state constitution in 1988 said, "The policy of Arkansas is to protect the life of every unborn child from conception until birth, to the extent permitted by the Federal Constitution.<ref name=":32"/>


The state was one of twenty-three states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/graphics/gpr1004/gpr100406t1.pdf |title=State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion|date=Fall 2007|website=Guttmacher Policy Review|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> Georgia, Michigan, Arkansas and Idaho all required in 2007 that women must be provided by an abortion clinic with the option to view an image of their fetus if an ultrasound is used prior to the abortion taking place.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2007/11/state-abortion-counseling-policies-and-fundamental-principles-informed-consent |title=State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent|date=2007-11-12|website=Guttmacher Institute |access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> Arkansas, Minnesota and Oklahoma all require that women seeking abortions after 20-weeks be verbally informed that the fetus may feel pain during the abortion procedure despite a Journal of the American Medical Association conclusion that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.<ref name=":2" /> Informed consent materials about fetal pain at 20-weeks in Arkansas, Georgia and Oklahoma says, "the unborn child has the physical structures necessary to experience pain." The Journal of the American Medical Association has concluded that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.<ref name=":2" /> In 2013, state [[Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers]] (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions and private doctor offices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2013/06/trap-laws-gain-political-traction-while-abortion-clinics-and-women-they-serve-pay-price |title=TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price|date=2013-06-27|website=Guttmacher Institute |access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref>
The state was one of twenty-three states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/graphics/gpr1004/gpr100406t1.pdf |title=State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion|date=Fall 2007|website=Guttmacher Policy Review|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> Georgia, Michigan, Arkansas and Idaho all required in 2007 that women must be provided by an abortion clinic with the option to view an image of their fetus if an ultrasound is used prior to the abortion taking place.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2007/11/state-abortion-counseling-policies-and-fundamental-principles-informed-consent |title=State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent|date=2007-11-12|website=Guttmacher Institute |access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> Arkansas, Minnesota and Oklahoma all require that women seeking abortions after 20-weeks be verbally informed that the fetus may feel pain during the abortion procedure despite a Journal of the American Medical Association conclusion that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.<ref name=":2" /> Informed consent materials about fetal pain at 20-weeks in Arkansas, Georgia and Oklahoma says, "the unborn child has the physical structures necessary to experience pain." The Journal of the American Medical Association has concluded that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.<ref name=":2" /> In 2013, state [[Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers]] (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions and private doctor offices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2013/06/trap-laws-gain-political-traction-while-abortion-clinics-and-women-they-serve-pay-price |title=TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price|date=2013-06-27|website=Guttmacher Institute |access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref>


A bill banning abortion after twelve weeks was passed on January 31, 2013, by the [[Arkansas Senate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-arkansas-idUSBRE91003K20130201 |title=Arkansas Senate passes fetal heartbeat law to ban most abortions|author=Parker, Suzi|date=January 31, 2013|publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=September 5, 2013}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/18/us/politics/abortion-restrictions.html |title=Abortion Restrictions in States|work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> but vetoed in [[Arkansas]] by Governor [[Mike Beebe]], but, on March 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the [[Arkansas House of Representatives]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name="HuffPo">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/06/arkansas-12-week-abortion-ban_n_2821739.html |title=Arkansas 12-Week Abortion Ban Becomes Law|author=Bassett, Laura|date=March 6, 2013|work=[[Huffington Post]] |access-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref> A federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the Arkansas law in May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/17/ark-heartbeat-abortion-law-blocked/ |title=Ark. 'heartbeat' abortion law blocked - Washington Times|work=The Washington Times}}</ref> and in March 2014, it was struck down by federal judge [[Susan Webber Wright]], who described the law as unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/15/arkansas-abortion-ban/6453807/ |title=U.S. judge strikes Arkansas' 12-week abortion ban|author=AP|date=March 15, 2014|work=USA Today |access-date=September 20, 2014}}</ref>
A bill banning abortion after twelve weeks was passed on January 31, 2013, by the [[Arkansas Senate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-arkansas-idUSBRE91003K20130201 |title=Arkansas Senate passes fetal heartbeat law to ban most abortions|author=Parker, Suzi|date=January 31, 2013|publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=September 5, 2013}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/18/us/politics/abortion-restrictions.html |title=Abortion Restrictions in States|work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> but vetoed in [[Arkansas]] by Governor [[Mike Beebe]], but, on March 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the [[Arkansas House of Representatives]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name="HuffPo">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/06/arkansas-12-week-abortion-ban_n_2821739.html |title=Arkansas 12-Week Abortion Ban Becomes Law|author=Bassett, Laura|date=March 6, 2013|work=[[Huffington Post]] |access-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref> A federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the Arkansas law in May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/17/ark-heartbeat-abortion-law-blocked/ |title=Ark. 'heartbeat' abortion law blocked - Washington Times|work=The Washington Times}}</ref> and in March 2014, it was struck down by federal judge [[Susan Webber Wright]], who described the law as unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/15/arkansas-abortion-ban/6453807/ |title=U.S. judge strikes Arkansas' 12-week abortion ban|author=AP|date=March 15, 2014|work=USA Today |access-date=September 20, 2014}}</ref>

The Trigger Law SB149<ref name=":4" /> was filed in the Arkansas Senate on January 22, 2019, by [[Jason Rapert]] and [[Mary Bentley (politician)|Mary Bentley]]. It became law on February 20, 2019. It bans all abortions, with the only exception being for the life of the pregnant individual. Performing an abortion is an unclassified felony with a fine of up to $100,000 or 10 years imprisonment.


=== Judicial history ===
=== Judicial history ===
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]]'s decision in 1973's ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.<ref name=":0"/>
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]]'s decision in 1973's ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.<ref name="Abor Arkan" />

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In May 2013, a federal judge blocked the implementation of the legislation passed in March 2013.<ref name=":3" /> On May 27, 2015, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] affirmed a lower court ruling and permanently blocked the law from being enforced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rewire.news/legislative-tracker/law/arkansas-human-heartbeat-protection-act/|title=Arkansas Human Heartbeat Protection Act (SB 134)|website=rewire.news|access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref> In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rewire.news/legislative-tracker/law-topic/heartbeat-bans/|title=Heartbeat Bans|website=rewire.news|access-date=February 10, 2019|quote=In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.}}</ref>


On June 24, 2022, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] overruled ''Roe v. Wade'' in the case of ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref> This triggered SB149's abortion ban.
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In May 2013, a federal judge blocked the implementation of the legislation passed in March 2013.<ref name=":3" /> On May 27, 2015, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] affirmed a lower court ruling and permanently blocked the law from being enforced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rewire.news/legislative-tracker/law/arkansas-human-heartbeat-protection-act/|title=Arkansas Human Heartbeat Protection Act (SB 134)|website=rewire.news|access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref> In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rewire.news/legislative-tracker/law-topic/heartbeat-bans/|title=Heartbeat Bans|website=rewire.news|access-date=February 10, 2019|quote=In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit’s ruling in place.}}</ref>


=== Clinic history ===
=== Clinic history ===
[[File:Number of abortion clinics in Arkansas by year.png|thumb|Number of abortion clinics in Arkansas by year]]
[[File:Number of abortion clinics in Arkansas by year.png|thumb|Number of abortion clinics in Arkansas by year]]
Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by five, going from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDqXplZptaIC |title=A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights|last1=Arndorfer|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Michael|first2=Jodi|last3=Moskowitz|first3=Laura|last4=Grant|first4=Juli A.|last5=Siebel|first5=Liza|date=December 1998|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9780788174810}}</ref> In 2014, there were three abortion clinics in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-abortion-clinics-are-in-america-each-state-2017-2 |title=The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state|last=Gould|first=Rebecca Harrington, Skye|website=Business Insider |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref> In 2014, 97% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 77% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8|title=This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell|last=businessinsider|date=2018-08-04|website=Business Insider|language=es|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524083342/https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, the state had one [[Planned Parenthood]] clinic, which offered abortion services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-center/AR|title = Health Centers - Arkansas - Planned Parenthood}}</ref>
Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by five, going from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDqXplZptaIC |title=A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights|last1=Arndorfer|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Michael|first2=Jodi|last3=Moskowitz|first3=Laura|last4=Grant|first4=Juli A.|last5=Siebel|first5=Liza|date=December 1998|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9780788174810}}</ref> In 2014, there were three abortion clinics in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-abortion-clinics-are-in-america-each-state-2017-2 |title=The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state|last=Gould|first=Rebecca Harrington, Skye|website=Business Insider |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref> In 2014, 97% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 77% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8|title=This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell|author1=Panetta, Grace |author2=lee, Samantha|date=2018-08-04|website=Business Insider|language=es|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524083342/https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, the state had one [[Planned Parenthood]] clinic, which offered abortion services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-center/AR|title = Health Centers - Arkansas - Planned Parenthood}}</ref>


== Statistics ==
== Statistics ==


In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cates|first1=Willard|last2=Rochat|first2=Roger|date=March 1976 |title=Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974|journal=Family Planning Perspectives|volume=8|issue=2|pages=86–92|doi=10.2307/2133995|jstor=2133995|pmid=1269687}}</ref> In 1990, 241,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.<ref name=":32"/> In 2010, the state had no publicly funded abortions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&topics=62&dataset=data |title=Guttmacher Data Center|website=data.guttmacher.org |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 270 abortions, 240 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 40 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 10 abortions for women of all other races.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&dataset=data&topics=87 |title=No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group|website=Guttmacher Data Center|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> In 2014, 38% of adults said in a poll by the [[Pew Research Center]] that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ |title=Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics |work=Pew Research Center|language=en-US |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref> In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 8.2 deaths per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":42" />
In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cates|first1=Willard|last2=Rochat|first2=Roger|date=March 1976 |title=Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974|journal=Family Planning Perspectives|volume=8|issue=2|pages=86–92|doi=10.2307/2133995|jstor=2133995|pmid=1269687}}</ref> In 1990, 241,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.<ref name=":32"/> In 2010, the state had no publicly funded abortions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&topics=62&dataset=data |title=Guttmacher Data Center|website=data.guttmacher.org |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 270 abortions, 240 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 40 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 10 abortions for women of all other races.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&dataset=data&topics=87 |title=No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group|website=Guttmacher Data Center|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> In 2014, 38% of adults said in a poll by the [[Pew Research Center]] that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ |title=Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics |work=Pew Research Center|language=en-US |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref> In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 8.2 deaths per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/womens-health/states-pushing-abortion-bans-have-higher-infant-mortality-rates-n1008481 |title=States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates|website=NBC News |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1998/11/abortion-incidence-and-services-united-states-1995-1996 |title=Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996|date=2005-06-15|website=Guttmacher Institute |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>
Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1998/11/abortion-incidence-and-services-united-states-1995-1996 |title=Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996|date=2005-06-15|journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=30 |pages=263–270 |access-date=2019-06-02|last1=Henshaw |first1=Stanley K. }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Census division and state || colspan="3" | Number || colspan="3" | Rate || rowspan="2" | % change 1992–1996
! rowspan="2" | Census division and state || colspan="3" | Number || colspan="3" | Rate || rowspan="2" | % change 1992–1996
|-
|-
Line 113: Line 101:
|16.5
|16.5
|2016
|2016
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2019|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|language=en-us|volume=68|issue=11|pages=1–41|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1|pmid=31774741|issn=1546-0738|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2019|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|language=en-us|volume=68|issue=11|pages=1–41|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1|pmid=31774741|issn=1546-0738|doi-access=free|pmc=6289084}}</ref>
|-
|-
| colspan="10" |^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births
| colspan="10" |^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births
Line 123: Line 111:
Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/21/abortion-laws-stopthebans-rallies-set-across-nation-today/3750913002/ |title=Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation|last=Bacon|first=John|website=USA TODAY |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/21/abortion-laws-stopthebans-rallies-set-across-nation-today/3750913002/ |title=Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation|last=Bacon|first=John|website=USA TODAY |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>


Following the Roe v. Wade overturn draft leak on May 2, 2022, an abortion rights protest was held in [[Fayetteville, Arkansas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.4029tv.com/article/fayetteville-arkansas-abortion-protest-supreme-court/39897689 |title=Arkansans protest for abortion rights in Fayetteville|last=Fielder|first=Lydia|website=4029 News |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref>
== Footnotes ==

<references group="note" responsive="1"></references><br />
Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, around 200 abortion rights protesters gathered outside the [[Arkansas State Capitol]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2022/jun/25/around-200-arkansans-attend-abortion-ruling/ |title=Around 200 Arkansans attend abortion-ruling protest at state Capitol|last=Earley|first=Neal|website=Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette|access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref>

In [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] on March 10, 2024, several hundred abortion rights protesters rallied at the state capitol building in support of the petition for an Arkansas abortion amendment to end the abortion ban in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Rally at the state Capitol shows support for abortion amendment|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2024/mar/11/rally-shows-support-for-abortion-amendment/|access-date=July 13, 2024|language=en}}</ref>

On July 5, 2024, Arkansans For Limited Government announced that they submitted over 100,000 signatures from all 75 counties to the Secretary of State's office for a proposed abortion rights amendment to be placed on the ballot in the November 2024 election. The amendment would legalize abortion up to 18 weeks and protect abortion access after that point for cases of rape, incest, fatal fetal abnormalities and to protect the pregnant individual's life or health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/arkansas-abortion-rights-groups-signatures-ballot-measure-constitution-rcna160266|title=Arkansas abortion rights groups collect enough signatures to advance ballot measure|last=Edelman|first=Adam|website=NBC News|access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref> However, the ballot proposal lacked support from national abortion rights groups such as [[Planned Parenthood]] due to the fact that it still would have allowed abortions in the Arkansas to be banned after 20 weeks, which is earlier than other states where it remains legal.<ref name=ballotrejected /> On August 22, 2024, the [[Arkansas Supreme Court]] removed the measure from the November 2024 ballot in a 4-3 ruling, determining that the Arkansas Secretary of State's decision not to count signatures was legal due to Arkansans for Limited Government failing to comply with state law by failing to file the paid canvasser training certification.<ref name=ballotrejected /> The problem resulted from documentation regarding paid signature gatherers being submitted separately rather than in a single bundle.<ref name=ballotrejected>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-ballot-arkansas-supreme-court-48c208d49d82b467fbcc4b9c2724617a|title=Arkansas Supreme Court upholds rejection of petitions to let voters decide on abortion access|first=Andrew|last=DeMillo|publisher=Associated Press|date=August 22, 2024|accessdate=August 23, 2024}}</ref>

== Anti-abortion views and activities ==

In June 2024, several canvassers for the Arkansas abortion rights amendment reported that they had been stalked, followed, threatened, harassed, [[doxxed]] and filmed by anti-abortion protesters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://19thnews.org/2024/06/arkansas-abortion-ballot-measure-harassment/|title=‘They want us to be scared’: Anti-abortion activists target ballot measure organizers in Arkansas|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Barbara|last2=Panetta|first2=Grace|website=The 19th|access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 19:41, 23 September 2024

Abortion in Arkansas is illegal[1] except when it is necessary to save the life of the pregnant individual.[2] Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.[2][3]

History

[edit]

Legislative history

[edit]
Status of the "heartbeat bills", i.e. abortion bans at around 6 weeks, by state (exceptions not marked):
  Heartbeat bills supplemented or rendered moot by abortion bans at all stages
  Abortion bans at all stages, but heartbeat bills blocked
  Other states with abortion bans at all stages, or states without abortion providers
  Heartbeat bill in force, without total abortion bans
  Heartbeat law partially passed by state legislature
  Law passed but blocked or struck down by court order

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.[4] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina and Oregon made reforms to their abortion laws, with most of these states providing more detailed medical guidance on when therapeutic abortions could be performed.[4] An amendment to the state constitution in 1988 said, "The policy of Arkansas is to protect the life of every unborn child from conception until birth, to the extent permitted by the Federal Constitution.[5]

The state was one of twenty-three states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[6] Georgia, Michigan, Arkansas and Idaho all required in 2007 that women must be provided by an abortion clinic with the option to view an image of their fetus if an ultrasound is used prior to the abortion taking place.[7] Arkansas, Minnesota and Oklahoma all require that women seeking abortions after 20-weeks be verbally informed that the fetus may feel pain during the abortion procedure despite a Journal of the American Medical Association conclusion that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.[7] Informed consent materials about fetal pain at 20-weeks in Arkansas, Georgia and Oklahoma says, "the unborn child has the physical structures necessary to experience pain." The Journal of the American Medical Association has concluded that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.[7] In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions and private doctor offices.[8]

A bill banning abortion after twelve weeks was passed on January 31, 2013, by the Arkansas Senate,[9][10] but vetoed in Arkansas by Governor Mike Beebe, but, on March 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the Arkansas House of Representatives.[10][11] A federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the Arkansas law in May 2013,[12] and in March 2014, it was struck down by federal judge Susan Webber Wright, who described the law as unconstitutional.[13]

The Trigger Law SB149[1] was filed in the Arkansas Senate on January 22, 2019, by Jason Rapert and Mary Bentley. It became law on February 20, 2019. It bans all abortions, with the only exception being for the life of the pregnant individual. Performing an abortion is an unclassified felony with a fine of up to $100,000 or 10 years imprisonment.

Judicial history

[edit]

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[4]

In May 2013, a federal judge blocked the implementation of the legislation passed in March 2013.[10] On May 27, 2015, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court ruling and permanently blocked the law from being enforced.[14] In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.[15]

On June 24, 2022, the United States Supreme Court overruled Roe v. Wade in the case of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.[16] This triggered SB149's abortion ban.

Clinic history

[edit]
Number of abortion clinics in Arkansas by year

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by five, going from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992.[5] In 2014, there were three abortion clinics in the state.[17] In 2014, 97% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 77% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[18] As of 2019, the state had one Planned Parenthood clinic, which offered abortion services.[19]

Statistics

[edit]

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.[20] In 1990, 241,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[5] In 2010, the state had no publicly funded abortions.[21] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 270 abortions, 240 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 40 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 10 abortions for women of all other races.[22] In 2014, 38% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[23] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 8.2 deaths per 1,000 live births.[24]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[25]
Census division and state Number Rate % change 1992–1996
1992 1995 1996 1992 1995 1996
US Total 1,528,930 1,363,690 1,365,730 25.9 22.9 22.9 –12
West South Central 127,070 119,200 120,610 19.6 18 18.1 –8
Arkansas 7,130 6,010 6,200 13.5 11.1 11.4 –15
Louisiana 13,600 14,820 14,740 13.4 14.7 14.7 10
Oklahoma 8,940 9,130 8,400 12.5 12.9 11.8 –5
Texas 97,400 89,240 91,270 23.1 20.5 20.7 –10
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by
out-of-state residents 		Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Arkansas 7,130 13.5 1992 [25]
Arkansas 6,010 11.1 1995 [25]
Arkansas 6,200 11.4 1996 [25]
Arkansas 4,024 7.0 104 4,253 7.4 110 22.2 2014 [26]
Arkansas 3,805 6.6 98 3,771 6.5 97 18.6 2015 [27]
Arkansas 3,432 6.0 90 3,207 5.6 84 16.5 2016 [28]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Abortion rights views and activities

[edit]

Protests

[edit]

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[29]

Following the Roe v. Wade overturn draft leak on May 2, 2022, an abortion rights protest was held in Fayetteville, Arkansas.[30]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, around 200 abortion rights protesters gathered outside the Arkansas State Capitol in Little Rock.[31]

In Little Rock, Arkansas on March 10, 2024, several hundred abortion rights protesters rallied at the state capitol building in support of the petition for an Arkansas abortion amendment to end the abortion ban in the state.[32]

On July 5, 2024, Arkansans For Limited Government announced that they submitted over 100,000 signatures from all 75 counties to the Secretary of State's office for a proposed abortion rights amendment to be placed on the ballot in the November 2024 election. The amendment would legalize abortion up to 18 weeks and protect abortion access after that point for cases of rape, incest, fatal fetal abnormalities and to protect the pregnant individual's life or health.[33] However, the ballot proposal lacked support from national abortion rights groups such as Planned Parenthood due to the fact that it still would have allowed abortions in the Arkansas to be banned after 20 weeks, which is earlier than other states where it remains legal.[34] On August 22, 2024, the Arkansas Supreme Court removed the measure from the November 2024 ballot in a 4-3 ruling, determining that the Arkansas Secretary of State's decision not to count signatures was legal due to Arkansans for Limited Government failing to comply with state law by failing to file the paid canvasser training certification.[34] The problem resulted from documentation regarding paid signature gatherers being submitted separately rather than in a single bundle.[34]

Anti-abortion views and activities

[edit]

In June 2024, several canvassers for the Arkansas abortion rights amendment reported that they had been stalked, followed, threatened, harassed, doxxed and filmed by anti-abortion protesters.[35]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "SB149 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  2. ^ a b Blumenthal, Paul (2022-06-14). "These States Will Ban Abortion Now That Roe Is Overturned". HuffPost. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  3. ^ "Document".
  4. ^ a b c Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.
  5. ^ a b c Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  6. ^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  8. ^ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  9. ^ Parker, Suzi (January 31, 2013). "Arkansas Senate passes fetal heartbeat law to ban most abortions". Reuters. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c "Abortion Restrictions in States". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  11. ^ Bassett, Laura (March 6, 2013). "Arkansas 12-Week Abortion Ban Becomes Law". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  12. ^ "Ark. 'heartbeat' abortion law blocked - Washington Times". The Washington Times.
  13. ^ AP (March 15, 2014). "U.S. judge strikes Arkansas' 12-week abortion ban". USA Today. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  14. ^ "Arkansas Human Heartbeat Protection Act (SB 134)". rewire.news. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  15. ^ "Heartbeat Bans". rewire.news. Retrieved February 10, 2019. In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.
  16. ^ "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
  17. ^ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  19. ^ "Health Centers - Arkansas - Planned Parenthood".
  20. ^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  21. ^ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  22. ^ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  23. ^ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  24. ^ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  25. ^ a b c d Henshaw, Stanley K. (2005-06-15). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30: 263–270. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  26. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 29166366.
  27. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  28. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 31774741.
  29. ^ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  30. ^ Fielder, Lydia. "Arkansans protest for abortion rights in Fayetteville". 4029 News. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  31. ^ Earley, Neal. "Around 200 Arkansans attend abortion-ruling protest at state Capitol". Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  32. ^ "Rally at the state Capitol shows support for abortion amendment". March 11, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  33. ^ Edelman, Adam. "Arkansas abortion rights groups collect enough signatures to advance ballot measure". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
  34. ^ a b c DeMillo, Andrew (August 22, 2024). "Arkansas Supreme Court upholds rejection of petitions to let voters decide on abortion access". Associated Press. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
  35. ^ Rodriguez, Barbara; Panetta, Grace. "'They want us to be scared': Anti-abortion activists target ballot measure organizers in Arkansas". The 19th. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
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