Jump to content

Lodewijk van den Berg: Difference between revisions

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Fixed a duplicated parameter in the infobox. Please see Category:Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls.
subject to n-dropping
 
(42 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Chemical engineer and astronaut (1932–2022)}}
{{Short description|Dutch-born American chemical engineer and astronaut (1932–2022)}}
⚫
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox astronaut
{{Infobox astronaut
| name =Lodewijk van den Berg
| name = Lodewijk van den Berg
| image =Lodewijk van den Berg.jpg
| image = Lodewijk van den Berg.jpg
| type =[[EG&G]] Payload Specialist
| caption = NASA portrait of Van den Berg in 1985.
| type = [[EG&G]] Payload Specialist
⚫
| birth_date ={{Birth date|1932|03|24}}
| citizenship = {{ubl|Netherlands (1932–1975)|United States (1975–2022)}}
⚫
| birth_place =[[Terneuzen|Sluiskil]], Netherlands
| death_date ={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1932|03|24}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|03|24}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Terneuzen|Sluiskil]], Netherlands
⚫
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1932|03|24}}
| death_place =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Technical University Delft|TU Delft]] <small>([[Master of Science|MSc.Eng.]])</small>|[[University of Delaware|U Delaware]] <small>([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small>}}
| occupation =[[Chemical engineer]]
| time =7d 00h 08m
| occupation = [[Chemical engineer]]
| mission =[[STS-51-B]]
| time = 7d 00h 08m
| insignia =[[Image:Sts-51-b-patch.png|50px]]
| mission = [[STS-51-B]]
| insignia = [[Image:Sts-51-b-patch.png|50px]]
}}
}}


'''Lodewijk van den Berg''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈloːdəʋɛik fɑn dəm ˈbɛr(ə)x}};{{efn|In isolation, ''van'' and ''den'' are pronounced, respectively, {{IPA-nl|vɑn|}} and {{IPA-nl|dɛn|}}.}} March 24, 1932 – October 16, 2022) was a Dutch-born American [[chemical engineer]], specializing in [[crystal growth]], who flew on a 1985 [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']] mission as a [[Payload Specialist]].
'''Lodewijk van den Berg''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈloːdəʋɛik fɑn də(m) ˈbɛr(ə)x}};{{efn|In isolation, ''van'' and ''den'' are pronounced, respectively, {{IPA|nl|vɑn|}} and {{IPA|nl|dɛn|}}.}} March 24, 1932 – October 16, 2022) was a Dutch-born American [[chemical engineer]]. He studied [[crystal growth]] and flew on a 1985 [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']] mission as a [[Payload Specialist|payload specialist]].


Van den Berg was the first Dutch-born astronaut; he was a [[naturalization|naturalized]] American and no longer a Dutch citizen at the time of flight.{{efn|Van den Berg became a naturalized citizen of the US in 1975. According to [http://www.minbuza.nl/en/Services/Consular_Services/Dutch_Nationality Dutch regulations] a person automatically loses the Dutch nationality if he voluntarily accepted another nationality before April 1, 2003. Van den Berg has stated that as of 2004 he never verified his Dutch citizenship status.}} He was married and had two children.<ref name="nasa-bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/vandenberg-l.pdf |title=Payload Specialist Astronaut Bio: Lodewijk van den Berg |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=May 1985|access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> He resided in [[Florida]] and worked as a chief scientist at the Constellation Technology Corporation.<ref name="delft-integraal">{{Cite news |title=Niet Wubbo maar Lodewijk van den Berg was de eerste |last=van Engelen |first=Gert |periodical=Delft Integraal |year=2005 |issue=3 |pages=23–26 |language=nl |url=http://actueel.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/UD/MenC/Support/Internet/TU_Website/TU_Delft_portal/Actueel/Magazines/Delft_Integraal/archief/2005_DI/2005-3/doc/DI05-3-5LodewijkvdBerg.pdf |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824215339/http://actueel.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/UD/MenC/Support/Internet/TU_Website/TU_Delft_portal/Actueel/Magazines/Delft_Integraal/archief/2005_DI/2005-3/doc/DI05-3-5LodewijkvdBerg.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-17 |title=Zeeuwse astronaut Lodewijk van den Berg overleden |url=https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/15048881/zeeuwse-astronaut-lodewijk-van-den-berg-overleden |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Omroep Zeeland |language=nl}}</ref>
Van den Berg was born in the [[Netherlands]] and was an [[astronaut]]; he was a [[naturalization|naturalized]] American and not a Dutch citizen when he flew on the Challenger.{{efn|Van den Berg became a naturalized citizen of the US in 1975. According to [http://www.minbuza.nl/en/Services/Consular_Services/Dutch_Nationality Dutch regulations] a person automatically loses the Dutch nationality if he voluntarily accepted another nationality before April 1, 2003. Van den Berg has stated that as of 2004 he never verified his Dutch citizenship status.}} He was married and had two children.<ref name="nasa-bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/vandenberg-l.pdf |title=Payload Specialist Astronaut Bio: Lodewijk van den Berg |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=May 1985|access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> He lived in Florida and worked as a chief scientist at the Constellation Technology Corporation.<ref name="delft-integraal">{{Cite news |title=Niet Wubbo maar Lodewijk van den Berg was de eerste |last=van Engelen |first=Gert |periodical=Delft Integraal |year=2005 |issue=3 |pages=23–26 |language=nl |url=http://actueel.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/UD/MenC/Support/Internet/TU_Website/TU_Delft_portal/Actueel/Magazines/Delft_Integraal/archief/2005_DI/2005-3/doc/DI05-3-5LodewijkvdBerg.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824215339/http://actueel.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/UD/MenC/Support/Internet/TU_Website/TU_Delft_portal/Actueel/Magazines/Delft_Integraal/archief/2005_DI/2005-3/doc/DI05-3-5LodewijkvdBerg.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Zeeuwse astronaut Lodewijk van den Berg overleden |url=https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/15048881/zeeuwse-astronaut-lodewijk-van-den-berg-overleden |access-date=October 17, 2022 |website=[[Omroep Zeeland]] |language=nl}}</ref>


==Education and early career==
==Education and early career==
Van den Berg was born on March 24, 1932, in [[Sluiskil]], Netherlands. Van den Berg was educated in the Netherlands where he attended the [[Delft University of Technology]] from 1949 to 1961 and earned his [[Engineer's degree]] in [[chemical engineering]].<ref name="delft-integraal" /> He then moved to the United States to continue studying at the [[University of Delaware]], where he obtained an [[Master of Science|MSc]] degree in [[applied science]], followed by a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree in 1974, also in applied science.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
Van den Berg was born in [[Sluiskil]], Netherlands. He was educated in the Netherlands and attended the [[Technical University Delft]] from 1949 to 1961, where he graduated with an [[Master of Science|MSc]] degree in [[chemical engineering]].<ref name="delft-integraal" /> He then moved to the United States and went to the [[University of Delaware]] where he obtained an [[Master of Science|MSc]] degree in [[applied science]] in 1972 followed by a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in applied science in 1975.<ref name="nasa-bio" />


[[Image:Crystal in VCGS furnace.jpg|thumb|A crystal in the VCGS furnace]]
[[Image:Crystal in VCGS furnace.jpg|thumb|A crystal in the VCGS furnace]]
After he had completed his doctoral study, he was offered a job at [[EG&G Corporation]] Energy Measurements in [[Goleta, California]], to work on crystal growth. EG&G was a [[defense contractor]] of the United States government and dealt with sensitive information and science. In 1975, this required Van den Berg to become a naturalized U.S. citizen. Van den Berg gathered years of research and management experience in the preparation of [[crystalline]] materials—in particular, the growth of single crystals of chemical compounds, and the investigation of associated defect chemistry and electronic properties. He became an international authority on vapor growth techniques with an emphasis on [[Mercury(II) iodide|mercuric iodide]] crystals and its application in the nuclear industry as [[gamma ray]] detectors. During his work at [[EG&G]], Van den Berg asked NASA for permission to conduct crystal growth experiments in space, which NASA approved.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
He then was offered a job at [[EG&G Corporation]] Energy Measurements in [[Goleta, California]], working in crystal growth. EG&G was a [[defense contractor]] of the United States government and their business handled sensitive information in the field of science. Van den Berg was required to become a naturalized US citizen and became a US citizen in 1975. Van den Berg worked many years in research and acquired management experience in the preparation of [[crystalline]] materials—in particular, the growth of single crystals of chemical compounds, and the investigation of associated defect chemistry and electronic properties. He became an international authority on vapor growth techniques with an emphasis on [[Mercury(II) iodide|mercuric iodide]] crystals and its application in the nuclear industry as [[gamma ray]] detectors. While working at [[EG&G]], Van den Berg asked NASA for permission to conduct crystal growth experiments in space and NASA agreed.<ref name="nasa-bio" />


==Spaceflight==
==Spaceflight==
===Selection===
===Selection===
[[Image:Vapor Crystal Growth System Furnace.jpg|thumb|The Vapor Crystal Growth System Furnace experiment of STS-51-B.]]
[[Image:Vapor Crystal Growth System Furnace.jpg|thumb|The Vapor Crystal Growth System Furnace experiment of STS-51-B]]
[[Image:STS51B-06-010.jpg|thumb|Lodewijk van den Berg observes the crystal growth aboard Spacelab.]]
[[Image:STS51B-06-010.jpg|thumb|Lodewijk van den Berg observes the crystal growth aboard Spacelab.]]
Van den Berg and his colleagues designed the EG&G Vapor Crystal Growth System experiment apparatus for a Space Shuttle flight. The experiment required an in-flight operator and NASA decided that it would be easier to train a crystal growth scientist to become an astronaut, than it would be the other way around. NASA asked EG&G and Van den Berg to compile a list of eight people who would qualify to perform the science experiments in space and to become a [[Payload Specialist]]. Van den Berg and his chief, Dr. Harold A. Lamonds could only come up with seven names. Lamonds subsequently proposed adding Van den Berg to the list, joking with Van den Berg that due to his age, huge glasses and little strength, he would probably be dropped during the first selection round; but at least they would have eight names. Van den Berg agreed to be added to the list, but didn't really consider himself being selected to be a realistic scenario.<ref name="delft-integraal" /><ref name="netwerk">{{cite video |title=De `vergeten astronaut` |url=http://www.netwerk.tv/node/3884 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014203252/http://www.netwerk.tv/node/3884 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-10-14 |medium=documentary |publisher=[[Netwerk]], [[NCRV]] and [[Evangelische Omroep|EO]] |access-date=2008-04-09 }}</ref>
Van den Berg and his colleagues designed the EG&G Vapor Crystal Growth System experiment apparatus for a Space Shuttle flight. The experiment required an in-flight operator and NASA decided that it would be easier to train a crystal growth scientist to become an astronaut, than it would be the other way around. NASA asked EG&G and Van den Berg to compile a list of eight people who would qualify to perform the science experiments in space and to become a [[Payload Specialist]]. Van den Berg and his chief, Dr. Harold A. Lamonds could only come up with seven names. Lamonds proposed adding Van den Berg to the list, joking with Van den Berg that due to his age, large glasses, and little strength he would probably be dropped during the first selection round; but at least they would have eight names. Van den Berg agreed to be added to the list, but didn't really consider himself being selected to be a realistic scenario.<ref name="delft-integraal" /><ref name="netwerk">{{cite video |title=De 'vergeten astronaut' |url=http://www.netwerk.tv/node/3884 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014203252/http://www.netwerk.tv/node/3884 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |medium=documentary |publisher=[[Netwerk]], [[NCRV]] and [[Evangelische Omroep|EO]] |access-date=April 9, 2008}}</ref>


The first selection round consisted of a selection based on science qualifications in the field in question, which Van den Berg easily passed. The final four candidates were tested on physical and mental qualifications which he also passed, while two of the others failed due to possible heart issues. He was now part of the final two, and NASA always trains two astronauts, a prime and a back-up. In 1983 he started to train as an astronaut and six months before the launch he was told that he would be the prime astronaut, much to his own surprise. When he went into space he was 53 years old, making him one of the oldest [[rookie]] astronauts.<ref name="delft-integraal" /><ref name="netwerk" />
Van den Berg easily passed the first round of tests. The final four candidates had to pass physical and mental exams while two of the other candidates failed the exams due to possible heart issues. He was now part of the final two; NASA always trains two astronauts, a prime and a back-up. In 1983 he started to train as an astronaut and six months before the launch he was told that he would be the prime astronaut, much to his own surprise. He was 53 years old when he went to space becoming one of the oldest [[rookie]] astronauts.<ref name="delft-integraal" /><ref name="netwerk" />


===STS-51B===
===STS-51B===
Van den Berg was assigned as [[Payload Specialist]] on [[STS-51B]] ''Challenger'' (April 29–May 6, 1985). STS-51B, the Spacelab-3 mission, was launched from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]], and returned to land at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]]. It was the first operational [[Spacelab]] mission. The seven-man crew aboard ''Challenger'' conducted investigations into crystal growth, drop dynamics leading to containerless material processing, atmospheric trace gas spectroscopy, solar and planetary atmospheric simulation, cosmic rays, and laboratory-animal and human medical monitoring.
Van den Berg was a payload specialist on [[STS-51B]] ''Challenger'' (April 29 – May 6, 1985). STS-51B, the Spacelab-3 mission, was launched from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]], and returned to land at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]]. It was the first operational [[Spacelab]] mission. The seven-man crew aboard ''Challenger'' conducted experiments in crystal growth, drop dynamics leading to container-less material processing, and atmospheric trace gas spectroscopy. Solar and planetary atmospheric simulation, cosmic rays, and laboratory-animal, and human medical monitoring experiments were performed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Men and Monkeys Team Up on Shuttle – Spacelab Research Highlights Mission that Begins Monday |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/276634927 |page=A1 |first=James |last=Fisher |date=April 28, 1985 |access-date=October 17, 2022 |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |id={{ProQuest|276634927}} |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref>


As a co-investigator of the Vapor Crystal Growth System (VCGS) experiment, Van den Berg was responsible for the crystal growth aspects of the VCGS experiment. He had intimate knowledge of VCGS and Fluid Experiment System (FES) hardware, and had participated in all major design and science reviews of those systems.
While a co-investigator of the Vapor Crystal Growth System (VCGS) experiment, Van den Berg supervised crystal growth aspects of the VCGS experiment.<ref>{{cite book |title=Come Fly with Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TKCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |date=February 1, 2019 |last1=Croft |first1=Melvin |last2=Youskauskas |first2=John |page=108 |isbn=9788070041413}}</ref>


By the end of the mission, Van den Berg had traveled over 2.9 million miles in 110 Earth orbits, and logged over 168 hours in space.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
During the mission Van den Berg traveled over 2.9 million miles orbiting Earth 110 times and logged more than 168 hours in space.<ref name="nasa-bio" />


==Career after NASA==
==Career after NASA==
After returning to Earth, Van den Berg continued to work on crystal growth experiments at EG&G in California and he became the head for the section of [[materials science]]. At a later time, he moved to [[Florida]] to become a chief scientist at the [[Constellation Technology Corporation]]. At age 72, he continued to work up to 40 hours a week and grow crystals, a process he compared to gardening.<ref name="netwerk" /> The crystals he grew (Mercuric Iodide crystals)<ref>[http://www.contech.com/Mercuric_Iodide_Detectors.htm Mercuric Iodide Detectors<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513041506/http://www.contech.com/Mercuric_Iodide_Detectors.htm |date=2008-05-13 }}</ref> are used to make precision detectors for [[nuclear radiation]]. These detectors are used in medical applications, by the defense industry and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]].<ref name="netwerk" />
After returning to Earth, Van den Berg continued to work on crystal growth experiments at EG&G in California and he became the head of the [[materials science]] section. He moved to [[Florida]] becoming a chief scientist at the [[Constellation Technology Corporation]]. At age 72 he continued to work up to 40 hours a week and grow crystals, a process he compared to gardening.<ref name="netwerk" /> The mercuric iodide crystals he grew<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contech.com/Mercuric_Iodide_Detectors.htm |title=Mercuric Iodide Detectors |work=Constellation Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019045524/http://www.contech.com/Mercuric_Iodide_Detectors.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2004}}</ref> are used to make precision detectors for [[nuclear radiation]]. The detectors are used in medical applications, by the defense industry, and by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]].<ref name="netwerk" />


==Personal life and death==
==Personal life==
Van den Berg visited the Netherlands every two years,<ref name="delft-integraal" /> and was the subject of a short 2004 documentary by [[Netwerk]] called: ''The `forgotten astronaut`''.<ref name="netwerk" /> In [[Terneuzen]], a city near his birthtown of [[Sluiskil]], a middle school was named after him; [[Lodewijk College]].
Van den Berg visited the Netherlands every two years,<ref name="delft-integraal" /> and was the subject of a short 2004 documentary, named ''The "Forgotten Astronaut"'', by the tv-show [[Netwerk]] on the Dutch public broadcasting channel [[Nederland 2]].<ref name="netwerk" /> In [[Terneuzen]], which is a city five miles from [[Sluiskil]], a secondary school has been named after him, i.e. the [[:nl:Lodewijk College|Lodewijk College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lodewijk van den Berg |url=https://www.lodewijkcollege.nl/over-ons/lodewijk-van-den-berg/ |access-date=October 17, 2022 |publisher=Lodewijk College |lang=nl}}</ref>


Van den Berg died on October 16, 2022, at the age of 90.<ref name=":0" />
Van den Berg died on October 16, 2022, at the age of 90.<ref name=":0" />


==Asteroid==
==Asteroid==
On September 28, 2007 the [[main belt]] [[asteroid]] 11430 (9560 P-L) was named after him and is now known as [[11430 Lodewijkberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=11430|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 11430 Lodewijkberg (9560 P-L)|access-date=2008-06-26|publisher=NASA, [[Jet Propulsion Lab]]}}
On September 28, 2007, a [[main belt]] [[asteroid]] 11430 (9560 P-L) was named after him; it is now known as [[11430 Lodewijkberg]]. The asteroid was discovered on October 17, 1960, by [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten]] and [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]] at [[Leiden Observatory]]. They were studying [[photographic plate]]s taken by [[Tom Gehrels]] using the [[Palomar Observatory]]'s [[Samuel Oschin telescope]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=11430|title=JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 11430 Lodewijkberg (9560 P-L) |work=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=October 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.astronomie.nl/nieuws/elf-nederlanders-geven-naam-aan-planetoide-495 |title=Elf Nederlanders geven naam aan planetoïde |work=Astronomie.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210718/https://www.astronomie.nl/nieuws/elf-nederlanders-geven-naam-aan-planetoide-495 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |date=September 28, 2007 |access-date=October 17, 2022}}</ref>
</ref> The asteroid was discovered October 17, 1960 by [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten]] and [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]] at [[Leiden Observatory]], where they were studying [[photographic plate]]s taken by [[Tom Gehrels]] using the [[Palomar Observatory]]'s [[Samuel Oschin telescope]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronomie.nl/nieuws/669/elf__nederlanders_geven_naam_aan_planetoïde.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803005244/http://www.astronomie.nl/nieuws/669/elf__nederlanders_geven_naam_aan_planeto%C3%AFde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-03|title=Elf Nederlanders geven naam aan planetoïde|date=2007-10-28|access-date=2008-06-26}}</ref>


==Selected academic publications==
==Academic publications (incomplete)==
*"Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors", Lodewijk van den Berg and Ron D. Vigil, ''Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment'', Volume 458, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 148-151
*"Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors", Lodewijk van den Berg and Ron D. Vigil, ''Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment'', Volume 458, Issues 1–2, February 1, 2001, Pages 148–151<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van den Berg |first1=Lodewijk |last2=Vigil |first2=Ron D. |date=2001-02-01 |title=Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900200008585 |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |series=Proc. 11th Inbt. Workshop on Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors and Associated Electronics |language=en |volume=458 |issue=1 |pages=148–151 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(00)00858-5 |bibcode=2001NIMPA.458..148V |issn=0168-9002}}</ref>
*"Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers", Vernon Gerrish and Lodewijk van den Berg, ''Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment'', Volume 299, Issues 1–3, 20 December 1990, Pages 41–44
*"Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers", Vernon Gerrish and Lodewijk van den Berg, ''Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment'', Volume 299, Issues 1–3, December 20, 1990, Pages 41–44<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gerrish |first1=Vernon |last2=van den Berg |first2=Lodewijk |date=1990-12-20 |title=Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002%2890%2990744-Q |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |language=en |volume=299 |issue=1 |pages=41–44 |doi=10.1016/0168-9002(90)90744-Q |bibcode=1990NIMPA.299...41G |osti=6812393 |issn=0168-9002}}</ref>
*"Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation", by M. Schieber∗, W.F. Schnepple, L. Van den Berg. Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 1976, Pages 125–135
*"Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation", by M. Schieber, W.F. Schnepple, L. Van den Berg. ''Journal of Crystal Growth'', Volume 33, Issue 1, April 1976, Pages 125–135<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schieber |first1=M. |last2=Schnepple |first2=W. F. |last3=Van den Berg |first3=L. |date=1976-04-01 |title=Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248%2876%2990087-7 |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1016/0022-0248(76)90087-7 |bibcode=1976JCrGr..33..125S |issn=0022-0248}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 64: Line 68:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Lodewijk van den Berg}}
{{Commons category|Lodewijk van den Berg}}
*[http://www.contech.com/ Constellation Technology Corporation]
* [http://www.contech.com/ Constellation Technology Corporation]
*[http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/vandenberg_lodewijk.htm Spacefacts biography of Lodewijk van den Berg]
* [http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/vandenberg_lodewijk.htm Spacefacts biography of Lodewijk van den Berg]


⚫
{{good article}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Berg, Lodewijk Van Den}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Berg, Lodewijk van den}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:American astronauts]]
[[Category:American astronauts]]
[[Category:Delft University of Technology alumni|Berg, Lodewijk Van Den]]
[[Category:Delft University of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Dutch astronauts|Berg, Lodewijk Van Den]]
[[Category:Dutch emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Dutch emigrants to the United States|Berg, Lodewijk Van Den]]
[[Category:Dutch-speaking astronauts]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Terneuzen|Berg, Lodewijk Van Den]]
[[Category:University of Delaware alumni]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Terneuzen]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts]]
[[Category:Dutch-speaking astronauts]]
[[Category:University of Delaware alumni]]

Latest revision as of 22:47, 23 September 2024

Lodewijk van den Berg
NASA portrait of Van den Berg in 1985.
Born(1932-03-24)March 24, 1932
Sluiskil, Netherlands
DiedOctober 16, 2022(2022-10-16) (aged 90)
Citizenship
  • Netherlands (1932–1975)
  • United States (1975–2022)
Alma mater
OccupationChemical engineer
Space career
EG&G Payload Specialist
Time in space
7d 00h 08m
MissionsSTS-51-B
Mission insignia

Lodewijk van den Berg (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈloːdəʋɛik fɑn də(m) ˈbɛr(ə)x];[a] March 24, 1932 – October 16, 2022) was a Dutch-born American chemical engineer. He studied crystal growth and flew on a 1985 Space Shuttle Challenger mission as a payload specialist.

Van den Berg was born in the Netherlands and was an astronaut; he was a naturalized American and not a Dutch citizen when he flew on the Challenger.[b] He was married and had two children.[1] He lived in Florida and worked as a chief scientist at the Constellation Technology Corporation.[2][3]

Education and early career

[edit]

Van den Berg was born in Sluiskil, Netherlands. He was educated in the Netherlands and attended the Technical University Delft from 1949 to 1961, where he graduated with an MSc degree in chemical engineering.[2] He then moved to the United States and went to the University of Delaware where he obtained an MSc degree in applied science in 1972 followed by a PhD in applied science in 1975.[1]

A crystal in the VCGS furnace

He then was offered a job at EG&G Corporation Energy Measurements in Goleta, California, working in crystal growth. EG&G was a defense contractor of the United States government and their business handled sensitive information in the field of science. Van den Berg was required to become a naturalized US citizen and became a US citizen in 1975. Van den Berg worked many years in research and acquired management experience in the preparation of crystalline materials—in particular, the growth of single crystals of chemical compounds, and the investigation of associated defect chemistry and electronic properties. He became an international authority on vapor growth techniques with an emphasis on mercuric iodide crystals and its application in the nuclear industry as gamma ray detectors. While working at EG&G, Van den Berg asked NASA for permission to conduct crystal growth experiments in space and NASA agreed.[1]

Spaceflight

[edit]

Selection

[edit]
The Vapor Crystal Growth System Furnace experiment of STS-51-B
Lodewijk van den Berg observes the crystal growth aboard Spacelab.

Van den Berg and his colleagues designed the EG&G Vapor Crystal Growth System experiment apparatus for a Space Shuttle flight. The experiment required an in-flight operator and NASA decided that it would be easier to train a crystal growth scientist to become an astronaut, than it would be the other way around. NASA asked EG&G and Van den Berg to compile a list of eight people who would qualify to perform the science experiments in space and to become a Payload Specialist. Van den Berg and his chief, Dr. Harold A. Lamonds could only come up with seven names. Lamonds proposed adding Van den Berg to the list, joking with Van den Berg that due to his age, large glasses, and little strength he would probably be dropped during the first selection round; but at least they would have eight names. Van den Berg agreed to be added to the list, but didn't really consider himself being selected to be a realistic scenario.[2][4]

Van den Berg easily passed the first round of tests. The final four candidates had to pass physical and mental exams while two of the other candidates failed the exams due to possible heart issues. He was now part of the final two; NASA always trains two astronauts, a prime and a back-up. In 1983 he started to train as an astronaut and six months before the launch he was told that he would be the prime astronaut, much to his own surprise. He was 53 years old when he went to space becoming one of the oldest rookie astronauts.[2][4]

STS-51B

[edit]

Van den Berg was a payload specialist on STS-51B Challenger (April 29 – May 6, 1985). STS-51B, the Spacelab-3 mission, was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It was the first operational Spacelab mission. The seven-man crew aboard Challenger conducted experiments in crystal growth, drop dynamics leading to container-less material processing, and atmospheric trace gas spectroscopy. Solar and planetary atmospheric simulation, cosmic rays, and laboratory-animal, and human medical monitoring experiments were performed.[5]

While a co-investigator of the Vapor Crystal Growth System (VCGS) experiment, Van den Berg supervised crystal growth aspects of the VCGS experiment.[6]

During the mission Van den Berg traveled over 2.9 million miles orbiting Earth 110 times and logged more than 168 hours in space.[1]

Career after NASA

[edit]

After returning to Earth, Van den Berg continued to work on crystal growth experiments at EG&G in California and he became the head of the materials science section. He moved to Florida becoming a chief scientist at the Constellation Technology Corporation. At age 72 he continued to work up to 40 hours a week and grow crystals, a process he compared to gardening.[4] The mercuric iodide crystals he grew[7] are used to make precision detectors for nuclear radiation. The detectors are used in medical applications, by the defense industry, and by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[4]

Personal life

[edit]

Van den Berg visited the Netherlands every two years,[2] and was the subject of a short 2004 documentary, named The "Forgotten Astronaut", by the tv-show Netwerk on the Dutch public broadcasting channel Nederland 2.[4] In Terneuzen, which is a city five miles from Sluiskil, a secondary school has been named after him, i.e. the Lodewijk College.[8]

Van den Berg died on October 16, 2022, at the age of 90.[3]

Asteroid

[edit]

On September 28, 2007, a main belt asteroid 11430 (9560 P-L) was named after him; it is now known as 11430 Lodewijkberg. The asteroid was discovered on October 17, 1960, by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. They were studying photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels using the Palomar Observatory's Samuel Oschin telescope.[9][10]

Selected academic publications

[edit]
  • "Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors", Lodewijk van den Berg and Ron D. Vigil, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 458, Issues 1–2, February 1, 2001, Pages 148–151[11]
  • "Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers", Vernon Gerrish and Lodewijk van den Berg, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 299, Issues 1–3, December 20, 1990, Pages 41–44[12]
  • "Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation", by M. Schieber, W.F. Schnepple, L. Van den Berg. Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 1976, Pages 125–135[13]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In isolation, van and den are pronounced, respectively, [vɑn] and [dɛn].
  2. ^ Van den Berg became a naturalized citizen of the US in 1975. According to Dutch regulations a person automatically loses the Dutch nationality if he voluntarily accepted another nationality before April 1, 2003. Van den Berg has stated that as of 2004 he never verified his Dutch citizenship status.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Payload Specialist Astronaut Bio: Lodewijk van den Berg" (PDF). NASA. May 1985. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e van Engelen, Gert (2005). "Niet Wubbo maar Lodewijk van den Berg was de eerste" (PDF). Delft Integraal (in Dutch). No. 3. pp. 23–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Zeeuwse astronaut Lodewijk van den Berg overleden". Omroep Zeeland (in Dutch). October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e De 'vergeten astronaut' (documentary). Netwerk, NCRV and EO. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  5. ^ Fisher, James (April 28, 1985). "Men and Monkeys Team Up on Shuttle – Spacelab Research Highlights Mission that Begins Monday". Orlando Sentinel. p. A1. ProQuest 276634927. Retrieved October 17, 2022 – via ProQuest.
  6. ^ Croft, Melvin; Youskauskas, John (February 1, 2019). Come Fly with Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program. University of Nebraska Press. p. 108. ISBN 9788070041413.
  7. ^ "Mercuric Iodide Detectors". Constellation Technology. Archived from the original on October 19, 2004.
  8. ^ "Lodewijk van den Berg" (in Dutch). Lodewijk College. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  9. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 11430 Lodewijkberg (9560 P-L)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  10. ^ "Elf Nederlanders geven naam aan planetoïde". Astronomie.nl. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  11. ^ van den Berg, Lodewijk; Vigil, Ron D. (February 1, 2001). "Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Proc. 11th Inbt. Workshop on Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors and Associated Electronics. 458 (1): 148–151. Bibcode:2001NIMPA.458..148V. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(00)00858-5. ISSN 0168-9002.
  12. ^ Gerrish, Vernon; van den Berg, Lodewijk (December 20, 1990). "Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 299 (1): 41–44. Bibcode:1990NIMPA.299...41G. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(90)90744-Q. ISSN 0168-9002. OSTI 6812393.
  13. ^ Schieber, M.; Schnepple, W. F.; Van den Berg, L. (April 1, 1976). "Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation". Journal of Crystal Growth. 33 (1): 125–135. Bibcode:1976JCrGr..33..125S. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(76)90087-7. ISSN 0022-0248.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lodewijk van den Berg.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lodewijk_van_den_Berg&oldid=1247348035"