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{{short description|Canadian flight attendant, long misidentified as the index case of the North American AIDS Crisis}}
{{short description|Canadian flight attendant, long misidentified as the index case of the North American AIDS crisis}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
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| death_place = Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| death_place = Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| death_cause = [[Kidney failure]] due to AIDS-related infections
| death_cause = [[Kidney failure]] due to AIDS-related infections
| nationality = [[Canadians|Canadian]]
| other_names =
| other_names =
| known_for = Long misdescribed as "[[index case|Patient Zero]]" of the [[HIV/AIDS in the United States|North American AIDS epidemic]]<ref name="Macleans">{{cite magazine |last1=Johnson |first1=Brian D. |title=How a typo created a scapegoat for the AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.macleans.ca/culture/movies/how-a-typo-created-a-scapegoat-for-the-aids-epidemic/ |access-date=20 April 2019 |magazine=Maclean's |date=17 April 2019}}</ref>
| known_for = "[[Index case|Patient Zero]]" of the [[HIV/AIDS in the United States|North American AIDS epidemic]]<ref name="Macleans">{{cite magazine |last1=Johnson |first1=Brian D. |title=How a typo created a scapegoat for the AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.macleans.ca/culture/movies/how-a-typo-created-a-scapegoat-for-the-aids-epidemic/ |access-date=20 April 2019 |magazine=Maclean's |date=17 April 2019}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Flight attendant]]
| occupation = [[Flight attendant]]
}}
}}
'''Gaëtan Dugas''' ({{IPA-fr|ɡaetɑ̃ dyɡa|lang}}; February 20, 1953&nbsp;– March 30, 1984) was a [[Québécois people|Québécois]] [[Canadians|Canadian]] flight attendant whose role in the early years of the AIDS epidemic attracted considerable attention. Initially identified as a central figure labeled "[[index case|Patient Zero]]" Dugas faced allegations of being a primary source of [[HIV]] transmission to the United States. This narrative, popularized notably by Randy Shilts' 1987 book [[And the Band Played On#Gaëtan_Dugas_as_&quot;Patient_Zero&quot;|''And the Band Played On'']], has been refuted through subsequent scientific scrutiny and historical re-evaluation. Dugas' story highlights the perils of [[misinformation]] and the [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS|stigma]] surrounding [[HIV/AIDS]] in the 1980s. Despite facing criticism in popular discourse, subsequent studies have provided a more nuanced understanding of Dugas' impact on the [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|epidemic]], emphasizing the importance of accuracy and [[empathy]] in public health narratives.<ref name="Macleans"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=Richard A. |title='Patient Zero': the absence of a patient's view of the early North American AIDS epidemic |journal=Bull Hist Med |volume=88 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=161-194 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2014.0005 |pmid=24769806 |pmc=4046389 }}</ref><ref name="NYT 2016-10-27">{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-patient-zero-genetic-analysis.html |title=H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 October 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |last=McNeil |first=Donald G |author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.}}</ref><ref name="BBC-October-26-2016">{{cite web|last=Gallagher|first=James|date=26 October 2016|title=HIV Patient Zero cleared by science|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37767179|access-date=26 October 2016|work=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref>
'''Gaëtan Dugas''' ({{IPA|fr|ɡaetɑ̃ dyɡa|lang}}; February 20, 1953&nbsp;– March 30, 1984) was a [[Québécois people|Québécois]] Canadian flight attendant whose role in the early years of the AIDS epidemic attracted considerable attention. Initially identified as a central figure labeled "[[Index case|Patient Zero]]", Dugas faced allegations of being a primary source of [[HIV]] transmission to the United States. This narrative, popularized notably by [[Randy Shilts]]' 1987 book ''[[And the Band Played On]]'', has been refuted through subsequent scientific scrutiny and historical re-evaluation. Dugas' story highlights the perils of [[misinformation]] and the [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS|stigma]] surrounding [[HIV/AIDS]] in the 1980s. Despite facing criticism in popular discourse, subsequent studies have provided a more nuanced understanding of Dugas' impact on the [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|epidemic]], emphasizing the importance of accuracy and [[empathy]] in public health narratives.<ref name="Macleans"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=Richard A. |title='Patient Zero': the absence of a patient's view of the early North American AIDS epidemic |journal=Bull Hist Med |volume=88 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=161–194 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2014.0005 |pmid=24769806 |pmc=4046389 }}</ref><ref name="NYT 2016-10-27">{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-patient-zero-genetic-analysis.html |title=H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 October 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |last=McNeil |first=Donald G |author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.}}</ref><ref name="BBC-October-26-2016">{{cite web|last=Gallagher|first=James|date=26 October 2016|title=HIV Patient Zero cleared by science|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37767179|access-date=26 October 2016|work=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref>


Dugas worked as a flight attendant for [[Air Canada]] and died in [[Quebec City]] in March 1984 as a result of [[kidney failure]] caused by AIDS-related [[Opportunistic infection|infections]]. In March 1984, a study tracked Dugas, along with other [[Gay men|gay]] and [[bisexual]] men, to indicate his role in a particular cluster of 40 AIDS cases in the United States. He was named "Patient O" with "O" standing for "Out-of-California". A 1987 book about the epidemic, ''[[And the Band Played On]]'', used the term "[[index case|Patient Zero]]" and put significant focus on Dugas, with media reports expanding his role in the epidemic further. A 2016 study confirmed that Dugas did not bring HIV to the United States, and he was not Patient Zero, via [[genetic analysis]] of stored blood samples, supported by historical detective work.<ref>{{cite news |title=New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-november-1-2016-1.3829419/new-research-clears-ga%C3%A9tan-dugas-as-patient-zero-in-aids-epidemic-1.3829454 |author=Anna Maria Tremonti |publisher=CBC News |date=November 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/audio/1.3830714 |host=[[Anna Maria Tremonti]] |publisher=CBC Radio |contribution=Richard McKay |series=[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]] |format=audio |date=November 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full Episode Transcript: New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-november-1-2016-1.3829419/november-1-2016-full-episode-transcript-1.3831506 |series=The Current |website=CBC Radio |date=November 1, 2016 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Auerbach1984">{{cite journal |last1=Auerbach |first1=David M. |first2 =William W.|last2= Darrow |author2-link=William Darrow |first3=Harold W. |last3=Jaffe |first4=James W. |last4=Curran |author4-link=James W. Curran |title=Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=487–92 |year=1984 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5 |pmid=6608269 |url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(84)90668-5/abstract |access-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="npr.org">{{cite news |last=Doucleff|first=Michaeleen|date=October 26, 2016|title=Researchers Clear 'Patient Zero' From AIDS Origin Story|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/26/498876985/mystery-solved-how-hiv-came-to-the-u-s|website=NPR.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|date=2016-10-26|title=H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero'|language=en-US |work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-patient-zero-genetic-analysis.html|access-date=2021-08-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-0-13-400-2251/desastres_tragedies/sida/clip1 |title=La découverte de la maladie&nbsp;— Sida, les premières années |trans-title=Discovering the illness&nbsp;— AIDS, the first years | language=fr | work=[[Radio-Canada]] |date=17 January 1992 |archive-date=August 18, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818070955/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-0-13-400-2251/desastres_tragedies/sida/clip1 }}</ref>
Dugas worked as a flight attendant for [[Air Canada]] and died in [[Quebec City]] in March 1984 as a result of [[kidney failure]] caused by AIDS-related [[Opportunistic infection|infections]]. In March 1984, a study tracked Dugas, along with other [[Gay men|gay]] and [[bisexual]] men, to indicate his role in a particular cluster of 40 AIDS cases in the United States. He was named "Patient O" with "O" standing for "Out-of-California". ''And the Band Played On'' used the term "Patient Zero" and put significant focus on Dugas, with media reports expanding his role in the epidemic further. A 2016 study confirmed that Dugas did not bring HIV to the United States, and he was not Patient Zero, via [[genetic analysis]] of stored blood samples, supported by historical detective work.<ref>{{cite news |title=New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-november-1-2016-1.3829419/new-research-clears-ga%C3%A9tan-dugas-as-patient-zero-in-aids-epidemic-1.3829454 |author=Anna Maria Tremonti |publisher=CBC News |date=November 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/audio/1.3830714 |host=[[Anna Maria Tremonti]] |publisher=CBC Radio |contribution=Richard McKay |series=[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]] |format=audio |date=November 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full Episode Transcript: New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-november-1-2016-1.3829419/november-1-2016-full-episode-transcript-1.3831506 |series=The Current |website=CBC Radio |date=November 1, 2016 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Auerbach1984">{{cite journal |last1=Auerbach |first1=David M. |first2 =William W.|last2= Darrow |author2-link=William Darrow |first3=Harold W. |last3=Jaffe |first4=James W. |last4=Curran |author4-link=James W. Curran |title=Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=487–92 |year=1984 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5 |pmid=6608269 |url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(84)90668-5/abstract |access-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="npr.org">{{cite news |last=Doucleff|first=Michaeleen|date=October 26, 2016|title=Researchers Clear 'Patient Zero' From AIDS Origin Story|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/26/498876985/mystery-solved-how-hiv-came-to-the-u-s|website=NPR.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|date=2016-10-26|title=H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero'|language=en-US |work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-patient-zero-genetic-analysis.html|access-date=2021-08-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-0-13-400-2251/desastres_tragedies/sida/clip1 |title=La découverte de la maladie&nbsp;— Sida, les premières années |trans-title=Discovering the illness&nbsp;— AIDS, the first years | language=fr | work=[[Radio-Canada]] |date=17 January 1992 |archive-date=August 18, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818070955/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-0-13-400-2251/desastres_tragedies/sida/clip1 }}</ref>


==1984 cluster study==
==1984 cluster study==
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A number of authorities have since voiced reservations about the implications of the CDC's Patient Zero study and characterizations of Dugas as being responsible for bringing HIV to cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco.<ref name="Macleans"/> In the Patient Zero study, the average length of time between sexual contact and the onset of symptoms was {{Fraction|10|1|2}} months.<ref name="Auerbach1984" /> While Shilts' book does not make such an allegation, the rumour that Dugas was the principal disseminator of the virus became widespread.<ref name="lrb">{{cite magazine |last1=Crewe |first1=Tom |title=Here was a plague |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v40/n18/tom-crewe/here-was-a-plague |access-date=29 September 2018 |magazine=London Review of Books |date=27 September 2018}}</ref> In 1988, Andrew R. Moss published an opposing view in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Moss |first=Andrew R. |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4227 |title=AIDS Without End |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=December 8, 1988 |access-date=December 2, 2006 }}</ref>
A number of authorities have since voiced reservations about the implications of the CDC's Patient Zero study and characterizations of Dugas as being responsible for bringing HIV to cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco.<ref name="Macleans"/> In the Patient Zero study, the average length of time between sexual contact and the onset of symptoms was {{Fraction|10|1|2}} months.<ref name="Auerbach1984" /> While Shilts' book does not make such an allegation, the rumour that Dugas was the principal disseminator of the virus became widespread.<ref name="lrb">{{cite magazine |last1=Crewe |first1=Tom |title=Here was a plague |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v40/n18/tom-crewe/here-was-a-plague |access-date=29 September 2018 |magazine=London Review of Books |date=27 September 2018}}</ref> In 1988, Andrew R. Moss published an opposing view in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Moss |first=Andrew R. |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4227 |title=AIDS Without End |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=December 8, 1988 |access-date=December 2, 2006 }}</ref>


In 2016, a group of researchers led by [[evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]] Michael Worobey conducted a genetic study that looked at blood samples taken from gay and bisexual men in 1978 and 1979 as part of a [[hepatitis B]] study, and based on the results of the data, concluded that Dugas was not the source of the virus in the United States. "On the family tree of the virus, Dugas fell in the middle, not at the beginning."<ref name="Straube 2016-05-16">{{cite web |url=https://www.poz.com/article/mapping-early-aids-us |title=Mapping Out Early AIDS in the U.S. |first=Trenton |last=Straube |date=May 16, 2016 |work=[[POZ (magazine)|POZ]] }}</ref> "Beliefs about Patient Zero," Worobey concludes, "are unsupported by scientific data."<ref name="Straube 2016-05-16"/> Worobey's paper, published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in October 2016, finds "neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the United States or for [[subtypes of HIV|subtype]] B as a whole."<ref name="BBC-October-26-2016"/><ref name="NYT 2016-10-27"/><ref name="Nature Journal study 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Worobey|first1=Michael|author2=Thomas D. Watts|author3=Richard A. McKay|author4=Marc A. Suchard|author5=Timothy Granade|author6=Dirk E. Teuwen|author7=Beryl A. Koblin|author8=Walid Heneine|author9=Philippe Lemey|author10=Harold W. Jaffe|display-authors=2|date=October 26, 2016|title=1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=539|issue=7627|pages=98–101|bibcode=2016Natur.539...98W|doi=10.1038/nature19827|pmc=5257289|pmid=27783600}}</ref>
In 2016, a group of researchers led by [[evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]] Michael Worobey conducted a genetic study that looked at blood samples taken from gay and bisexual men in 1978 and 1979 as part of a [[hepatitis B]] study, and based on the results of the data, concluded that Dugas was not the source of the virus in the United States. "On the family tree of the virus, Dugas fell in the middle, not at the beginning."<ref name="Straube 2016-05-16">{{cite web |url=https://www.poz.com/article/mapping-early-aids-us |title=Mapping Out Early AIDS in the U.S. |first=Trenton |last=Straube |date=May 16, 2016 |work=[[POZ (magazine)|POZ]] }}</ref> "Beliefs about Patient Zero," Worobey concludes, "are unsupported by scientific data."<ref name="Straube 2016-05-16"/> Worobey's paper, published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in October 2016, finds "neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the United States or for [[subtypes of HIV|subtype]] B as a whole."<ref name="BBC-October-26-2016"/><ref name="NYT 2016-10-27"/><ref name="Nature Journal study 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Worobey|first1=Michael|author2=Thomas D. Watts|author3=Richard A. McKay|author4=Marc A. Suchard|author5=Timothy Granade|author6=Dirk E. Teuwen|author7=Beryl A. Koblin|author8=Walid Heneine|author9=Philippe Lemey|author10=Harold W. Jaffe|display-authors=2|date=October 26, 2016|title=1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=539|issue=7627|pages=98–101|bibcode=2016Natur.539...98W|doi=10.1038/nature19827|pmc=5257289|pmid=27783600}}</ref> While Dugas was not the source of HIV infection in the U.S., he was the source of infection for a large number of men, by his own admission.


A study by historian Richard McKay of Cambridge and others identified several causes for the Patient Zero myth. During early CDC analysis of cases in California, patient 057 (Dugas) was nicknamed patient "O" for "Out-of-California", but this was interpreted by others as Patient Zero.<ref name="Macleans"/> Dugas was particularly helpful in tracing his network of partners, providing names and addresses for many of them, which was further expanded because others remembered his distinctive name.<ref name="lrb"/> Although many of the patients analysed reported in excess of 1,000 sexual partners, most remembered "only a handful" of names, making their contacts to other cases more difficult to trace.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/uoc-nr102416.php |title=New research reveals accidental making of 'Patient Zero' myth during 1980s AIDS crisis |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |date=October 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Nature Journal study 2016"/> Richard McKay later extended this study into a book, ''Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKay |first1=Richard A. |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo16463356.html|title=Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press |language=en}}</ref> This book also contains the most definitive biography of Dugas' life, constructed through numerous interviews with friends, family, and lovers.
A study by historian Richard McKay of Cambridge and others identified several causes for the Patient Zero myth. During early CDC analysis of cases in California, patient 057 (Dugas) was nicknamed patient "O" for "Out-of-California", but this was interpreted by others as Patient Zero.<ref name="Macleans"/> Dugas was particularly helpful in tracing his network of partners, providing names and addresses for many of them, which was further expanded because others remembered his distinctive name.<ref name="lrb"/> Although many of the patients analysed reported in excess of 1,000 sexual partners, most remembered "only a handful" of names, making their contacts to other cases more difficult to trace.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/uoc-nr102416.php |title=New research reveals accidental making of 'Patient Zero' myth during 1980s AIDS crisis |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |date=October 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Nature Journal study 2016"/> Richard McKay later extended this study into a book, ''Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKay |first1=Richard A. |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo16463356.html|title=Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press |language=en}}</ref> This book also contains the most definitive biography of Dugas' life, constructed through numerous interviews with friends, family, and lovers. Robert M. Grant, an AIDS researcher at the [[University of California]], has stated: "No one wants to be the Patient Zero of their village. But this may be helpful because it says, 'Just because you are the first to be diagnosed doesn't mean you started the epidemic.'"<ref name="NYT 2016-10-27" />


⚫
Two films, [[John Greyson]]'s musical comedy film ''[[Zero Patience]]'' (1993)<ref>{{cite news | last =Baumgarten | first =Marjorie | title =Zero Patience | work =[[Austin Chronicle]] | date =April 1, 1994 | url =http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid%3a138869}}</ref> and [[Laurie Lynd]]'s documentary ''[[Killing Patient Zero]]'' (2019),<ref>{{cite web |first=Victoria |last= Ahearn |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2019/04/25/documentary-killing-patient-zero-seeks-to-restore-reputation-of-quebec-man-unfairly-targeted-in-aids-epidemic.html |title=Documentary Killing Patient Zero seeks to restore reputation of Quebec man unfairly targeted in AIDS epidemic |publisher= [[Toronto Star]] |date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> have discussed the Patient Zero myth around Dugas.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news |last1=Knegt |first1=Peter |title=Killing Patient Zero: How a Quebec flight attendant was falsely accused of bringing AIDS to America |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/killing-patient-zero-how-a-quebec-flight-attendant-was-falsely-accused-of-bringing-aids-to-america-1.5224906 |access-date=21 March 2022 |publisher=CBC Arts |date=25 July 2019}}</ref>
Robert M. Grant, an AIDS researcher at the [[University of California]], has stated: "No one wants to be the Patient Zero of their village. But this may be helpful because it says, 'Just because you are the first to be diagnosed doesn't mean you started the epidemic.'"<ref name="NYT 2016-10-27"/>

⚫
Two films, [[John Greyson]]'s musical comedy film ''[[Zero Patience]]'' (1993)<ref>{{cite news | last =Baumgarten | first =Marjorie | title =Zero Patience | work =[[Austin Chronicle]] | date =April 1, 1994 | url =http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid%3a138869}}</ref> and [[Laurie Lynd]]'s documentary ''[[Killing Patient Zero]]'' (2019),<ref>{{cite web |first=Victoria |last= Ahearn |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2019/04/25/documentary-killing-patient-zero-seeks-to-restore-reputation-of-quebec-man-unfairly-targeted-in-aids-epidemic.html |title=Documentary Killing Patient Zero seeks to restore reputation of Quebec man unfairly targeted in AIDS epidemic |publisher= [[Toronto Star]] |date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> have also discussed the Patient Zero myth around Dugas.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news |last1=Knegt |first1=Peter |title=Killing Patient Zero: How a Quebec flight attendant was falsely accused of bringing AIDS to America |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/killing-patient-zero-how-a-quebec-flight-attendant-was-falsely-accused-of-bringing-aids-to-america-1.5224906 |access-date=21 March 2022 |publisher=CBC Arts |date=25 July 2019}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases]]
* [[Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases]]
* [[Timeline of HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Timeline of HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Mary Mallon]] aka "Typhoid Mary", an Irish-American cook widely blamed for the spread of typhoid fever in 1900s New York


==References==
==References==
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* Aids Vancouver 30 30 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213302/http://3030.aidsvancouver.org/1983/ |date=February 2, 2014 }} - archive footage of Gaetan Dugas speaking at an [[AIDS Vancouver]] forum (beginning at ~5:45)
* Aids Vancouver 30 30 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213302/http://3030.aidsvancouver.org/1983/ |date=February 2, 2014 }} - archive footage of Gaetan Dugas speaking at an [[AIDS Vancouver]] forum (beginning at ~5:45)
* [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.351.6277.1013 'Patient Zero' no more] - study reported in Science Magazine (Vol. 351, Issue 6277, pp.&nbsp;1013), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (Article)
* [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.351.6277.1013 'Patient Zero' no more] - study reported in Science Magazine (Vol. 351, Issue 6277, pp.&nbsp;1013), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (Article)

⚫
{{Portal bar|Biography|Canada|LGBTQ}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in Canada]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in Canada]]
[[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian LGBT people]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian LGBTQ people]]

Latest revision as of 03:43, 24 September 2024

Gaëtan Dugas
Born(1953-02-20)February 20, 1953
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
DiedMarch 30, 1984(1984-03-30) (aged 31)
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Cause of deathKidney failure due to AIDS-related infections
OccupationFlight attendant
Known for"Patient Zero" of the North American AIDS epidemic[1]

Gaëtan Dugas (French: [ɡaetɑ̃ dyɡa]; February 20, 1953 – March 30, 1984) was a Québécois Canadian flight attendant whose role in the early years of the AIDS epidemic attracted considerable attention. Initially identified as a central figure labeled "Patient Zero", Dugas faced allegations of being a primary source of HIV transmission to the United States. This narrative, popularized notably by Randy Shilts' 1987 book And the Band Played On, has been refuted through subsequent scientific scrutiny and historical re-evaluation. Dugas' story highlights the perils of misinformation and the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS in the 1980s. Despite facing criticism in popular discourse, subsequent studies have provided a more nuanced understanding of Dugas' impact on the epidemic, emphasizing the importance of accuracy and empathy in public health narratives.[1][2][3][4]

Dugas worked as a flight attendant for Air Canada and died in Quebec City in March 1984 as a result of kidney failure caused by AIDS-related infections. In March 1984, a study tracked Dugas, along with other gay and bisexual men, to indicate his role in a particular cluster of 40 AIDS cases in the United States. He was named "Patient O" with "O" standing for "Out-of-California". And the Band Played On used the term "Patient Zero" and put significant focus on Dugas, with media reports expanding his role in the epidemic further. A 2016 study confirmed that Dugas did not bring HIV to the United States, and he was not Patient Zero, via genetic analysis of stored blood samples, supported by historical detective work.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

1984 cluster study

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A 1984 paper[8] linked 40 AIDS patients by sexual contact. Of those patients, Dugas was the first to experience an onset of symptoms of AIDS. In the above graph, Dugas is represented by the number 0. Because Dugas was very forthcoming in helping researchers, Michael Worobey concludes there may be ascertainment bias in the study.[9]

A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study published in The American Journal of Medicine in 1984 titled Cluster of Cases of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome examined the sexual contacts of gay men infected with AIDS to determine if their histories were consistent with the hypothesis that AIDS was caused by an infectious agent. A graph included with the paper traced the sequence of infection among 40 men and labelled one of the nodes as "Patient 0" (with other nodes including the place of residence and a number indicating the sequence in which they developed AIDS symptoms, such as "NY 14").[8] The paper later stated:

If the infectious-agent hypothesis is true, Patient 0 may be an example of a "carrier" of such an agent. He had had sexual contact with eight other AIDS patients and was the possible source of AIDS for at least three of them. Two of these three men had been his partners before he had overt signs of Kaposi's sarcoma.

The researchers later stated they had originally intended to designate Dugas as "Patient O", with "O" standing for "Out-of-California" but at some point it was changed to a "0".[1]

"Patient Zero" designation

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Dugas is featured prominently in Randy Shilts' 1987 book And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (1987), which documents the outbreak of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. Shilts refers to Dugas as "Patient Zero" and portrays him as having almost sociopathic behaviour by allegedly intentionally infecting, or at least recklessly endangering, others with the virus. Dugas is described as being a charming, handsome sexual athlete who, according to his own estimation, averaged hundreds of sex partners per year.[1] He claimed to have had over 2,500 sexual partners across North America since becoming sexually active in 1972.[12][13] In David France's 2016 book How to Survive a Plague, Shilts' editor expressed his regret for having "made a conscious decision to vilify Dugas in the book and publicity campaign in order to spur sales."[14]

Re-examination

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See also: History of HIV/AIDS

A number of authorities have since voiced reservations about the implications of the CDC's Patient Zero study and characterizations of Dugas as being responsible for bringing HIV to cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco.[1] In the Patient Zero study, the average length of time between sexual contact and the onset of symptoms was 10+1⁄2 months.[8] While Shilts' book does not make such an allegation, the rumour that Dugas was the principal disseminator of the virus became widespread.[15] In 1988, Andrew R. Moss published an opposing view in The New York Review of Books.[16]

In 2016, a group of researchers led by evolutionary biologist Michael Worobey conducted a genetic study that looked at blood samples taken from gay and bisexual men in 1978 and 1979 as part of a hepatitis B study, and based on the results of the data, concluded that Dugas was not the source of the virus in the United States. "On the family tree of the virus, Dugas fell in the middle, not at the beginning."[17] "Beliefs about Patient Zero," Worobey concludes, "are unsupported by scientific data."[17] Worobey's paper, published in Nature in October 2016, finds "neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the United States or for subtype B as a whole."[4][3][18] While Dugas was not the source of HIV infection in the U.S., he was the source of infection for a large number of men, by his own admission.

A study by historian Richard McKay of Cambridge and others identified several causes for the Patient Zero myth. During early CDC analysis of cases in California, patient 057 (Dugas) was nicknamed patient "O" for "Out-of-California", but this was interpreted by others as Patient Zero.[1] Dugas was particularly helpful in tracing his network of partners, providing names and addresses for many of them, which was further expanded because others remembered his distinctive name.[15] Although many of the patients analysed reported in excess of 1,000 sexual partners, most remembered "only a handful" of names, making their contacts to other cases more difficult to trace.[19][18] Richard McKay later extended this study into a book, Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic.[20] This book also contains the most definitive biography of Dugas' life, constructed through numerous interviews with friends, family, and lovers. Robert M. Grant, an AIDS researcher at the University of California, has stated: "No one wants to be the Patient Zero of their village. But this may be helpful because it says, 'Just because you are the first to be diagnosed doesn't mean you started the epidemic.'"[3]

Two films, John Greyson's musical comedy film Zero Patience (1993)[21] and Laurie Lynd's documentary Killing Patient Zero (2019),[22] have discussed the Patient Zero myth around Dugas.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Johnson, Brian D. (April 17, 2019). "How a typo created a scapegoat for the AIDS epidemic". Maclean's. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  2. ^ McKay, Richard A. (2014). "'Patient Zero': the absence of a patient's view of the early North American AIDS epidemic". Bull Hist Med. 88 (1): 161–194. doi:10.1353/bhm.2014.0005. PMC 4046389. PMID 24769806.
  3. ^ a b c McNeil, Donald G (October 26, 2016). "H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Gallagher, James (October 26, 2016). "HIV Patient Zero cleared by science". BBC News Online. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  5. ^ Anna Maria Tremonti (November 1, 2016). "New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic". CBC News.
  6. ^ Anna Maria Tremonti (November 1, 2016). "Richard McKay". New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic (audio). The Current. CBC Radio.
  7. ^ "Full Episode Transcript: New research clears Gaétan Dugas as 'patient zero' in AIDS epidemic". CBC Radio. The Current. November 1, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d Auerbach, David M.; Darrow, William W.; Jaffe, Harold W.; Curran, James W. (1984). "Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact". The American Journal of Medicine. 76 (3): 487–92. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5. PMID 6608269. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  9. ^ a b Doucleff, Michaeleen (October 26, 2016). "Researchers Clear 'Patient Zero' From AIDS Origin Story". NPR.com.
  10. ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 26, 2016). "H.I.V. Arrived in the U.S. Long Before 'Patient Zero'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  11. ^ "La découverte de la maladie — Sida, les premières années" [Discovering the illness — AIDS, the first years]. Radio-Canada (in French). January 17, 1992. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004.
  12. ^ Shilts, Randy (1988). And The Band Played On. Penguin. pp. 439. ISBN 978-0-14-011130-9.
  13. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (2000). The Tipping Point. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 21. ISBN 978-0-316-34662-7.
  14. ^ France, David (December 1, 2016). How to Survive a Plague: The Story of How Activists and Scientists Tamed AIDS. Pan Macmillan. p. PT79. ISBN 978-1-5098-3941-4. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  15. ^ a b Crewe, Tom (September 27, 2018). "Here was a plague". London Review of Books. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
  16. ^ Moss, Andrew R. (December 8, 1988). "AIDS Without End". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
  17. ^ a b Straube, Trenton (May 16, 2016). "Mapping Out Early AIDS in the U.S." POZ.
  18. ^ a b Worobey, Michael; Thomas D. Watts; et al. (October 26, 2016). "1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America". Nature. 539 (7627): 98–101. Bibcode:2016Natur.539...98W. doi:10.1038/nature19827. PMC 5257289. PMID 27783600.
  19. ^ "New research reveals accidental making of 'Patient Zero' myth during 1980s AIDS crisis". University of Cambridge. October 26, 2016.
  20. ^ McKay, Richard A. (2017). Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic. University of Chicago Press.
  21. ^ Baumgarten, Marjorie (April 1, 1994). "Zero Patience". Austin Chronicle.
  22. ^ Ahearn, Victoria (April 25, 2019). "Documentary Killing Patient Zero seeks to restore reputation of Quebec man unfairly targeted in AIDS epidemic". Toronto Star.
  23. ^ Knegt, Peter (July 25, 2019). "Killing Patient Zero: How a Quebec flight attendant was falsely accused of bringing AIDS to America". CBC Arts. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
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