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{{short description|French WW1 reconnaissance aircraft}}
__NOTOC__
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name=HF.20
|name=HF.20
|image=Henry Farman Biplane - Jul 1912.jpg
|image=
|caption=
|caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type=Reconnaissance aircraft
|type=Reconnaissance aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Farman Aviation Works|Farman]]
|manufacturer=[[Farman Aviation Works|Farman]]
|designer=[[Henri Farman]]
|designer=[[Henri Farman]]
|first flight={{avyear|1913}}
|first flight=1913
|introduced=
|introduced=
|retired=
|retired=
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|produced=
|produced=
|number built=
|number built=
| developed from = [[Farman HF.16]]
| developed into =
|variants with their own articles=
|variants with their own articles=
}}
}}
|}
|}
[[File:IAN F2332.jpg|thumb|A HF.20 biplane at Nicopolis airfield, near [[Preveza]], in December 1912]]


The '''Farman HF.20''' and its derivatives were a family of reconnaissance aircraft produced in France shortly before and during the [[First World War]]. It was a refined version of the [[Farman MF.11]] "Shorthorn" that did away with the type's distinctive landing skids and incorporated design features from [[Henri Farman]]'s designs. It entered service with the French Belgian and Serbian armies in 1913 (two aircraft conducting reconnaissance during the [[Siege of Shkoder]] in the [[First Balkan War]] with one crashing), and with the British [[Royal Flying Corps|RFC]] and [[RNAS]] shortly after the outbreak of war. The type was also licence-built in the UK by [[Airco]] and [[Grahame-White]].
The '''Farman HF.20''' and its derivatives were a family of reconnaissance aircraft produced in France shortly before and during the [[First World War]]. It was a refined version of the [[Farman MF.11]] "Shorthorn" that did away with the type's distinctive landing skids, and incorporated design features from [[Henri Farman]]'s designs. It entered service with the French, Belgian and Serbian armies in 1913 (two aircraft conducted reconnaissance during the [[Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)|Siege of Scutari]] in the [[First Balkan War]] and one crashed), and with the British [[Royal Flying Corps|RFC]] and [[RNAS]] shortly after the outbreak of war. The type was also licence-built in the UK by [[Airco]] and [[Grahame-White]].

The HF.20 was seriously underpowered, and a variety of engines were trialled in the hope of correcting this, none with much success. The problem was eventually solved only when an engine of twice the power of the original powerplant was fitted to the '''HF.27''' variant, by which time the aircraft was already obsolete. Nevertheless, the performance of this machine made it adequate for use on secondary fronts.


The HF.20 was seriously underpowered, and a variety of engines were trialled in the hope of correcting this, none with much success. The problem was eventually solved only when an engine of twice the power of the original powerplant was fitted to the '''HF.27''' variant, by which time the aircraft was already obsolete. Nevertheless, the performance of the HF.20 made it adequate for use on secondary fronts.
<!-- ==Development== -->
<!-- ==Development== -->
<!-- ==Operational history== -->
<!-- ==Operational history== -->


==Variants==
==Variants==

* '''HF.20''' - original version with [[Moteurs Gnome|Gnome]] engine <!-- what type?? -->
* '''HF.21''' - version with [[Gnome Lambda]] engine
;HF.20: original version with [[Gnome Lambda]] engine <!-- what type?? -->
;HF.21: {{cvt|15.5|m}} span and increased wing area version with [[Gnome Lambda]] engine. At least one of the few built, entered service with the [[Fliegertruppe]] of Switzerland.
* '''HF.22''' - version with Gnome Lambda engine
* '''HF.23''' - version with Gnome Lambda engine
;HF.22: {{cvt|15.58|m}} span and increased wing area version with Gnome Lambda engine.
;HF.22 floatplane: (aka '''HF.22bis''' or Savoia-built '''HF.22-H''')
* '''HF.24''' - version with Gnome Lambda engine
* '''HF.25''' - version with Gnome Lambda engine
;HF.23: {{cvt|18.08|m}} span version with Gnome Lambda engine
* '''HF.27''' - version with [[Canton-Unné R]]-9 engine
;HF.24: {{cvt|11.5|m}} span aerobatic version with Gnome Lambda engine
;HF.27: {{cvt|155|hp}} [[Canton-Unné R9]] engine or {{cvt|240|hp}} [[Renault]] engine with a revised undercarriage that included nose wheels similar to the [[Voisin III]].


==Operators==
==Operators==
[[File:Ein einsitziger Doppeldecker vor dem Start - CH-BAR - 3240087.tif|thumb|HF-20 of the Swiss Air Force during the First World War]]

;{{ARG}}
;{{ARG}}
*[[Argentine Air Force]]
;{{BEL}}
;{{BEL}}
*[[Belgian Air Force]]
;{{DEN}}
;{{DEN}}
*[[Royal Danish Air Force]]
;{{FRA}}
;{{FRA}}
*[[Aéronautique Militaire]]
:[[Escadrille HF 1]]
:[[Escadrille HF 7]]
:[[Escadrille HF 13]]
:[[Escadrille HF 19]]
:[[Escadrille HF 28]]
:[[Escadrille HF 32]]
;{{flag|Greece|old}}
;{{flag|Greece|old}}
*[[Royal Hellenic Navy]]
;{{flag|Italy|1861}}
;{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
*[[Corpo Aeronautico Militare]]
;{{JPN}}
;{{JPN}}
*[[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]
;{{flag|Netherlands}}
;{{flag|Netherlands}}
*[[Royal Netherlands Air Force]]
;{{ROM}}
;{{ROM}}
*[[Royal Romanian Air Force]
*[[Romanian Air Corps]]
;{{RUS}}
;{{RUS}}
*[[Imperial Russian Air Service]]
;{{flag|Serbia}}
;{{flag|Serbia}}
*[[Serbian Air Force]]
;{{USSR}}
*[[Soviet Air Force]] - Taken over from the Imperial Russian Air Force.
;{{SWE}}
;{{SWE}}
*[[Swedish Air Force]]
*[[Swedish Air Force]]
Line 62: Line 85:
**[[No. 10 Squadron RAF|No. 10 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 10 Squadron RAF|No. 10 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 24 Squadron RAF|No. 24 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 24 Squadron RAF|No. 24 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 26 Squadron RAF|No. 26 Squdron RFC ]]
**[[No. 26 Squadron RAF|No. 26 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 30 Squadron RAF|No. 30 Squadron RFC ]]
**[[No. 30 Squadron RAF|No. 30 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 31 Squadron RAF|No. 31 Squadron RFC ]]
**[[No. 31 Squadron RAF|No. 31 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 32 Squadron RAF|No. 32 Squadron RFC ]]
**[[No. 32 Squadron RAF|No. 32 Squadron RFC]]
**[[No. 64 Squadron RAF|No. 64 Squadron RFC ]]
**[[No. 64 Squadron RAF|No. 64 Squadron RFC]]
*[[Royal Naval Air Service]]
*[[Royal Naval Air Service]]
;{{flagicon| South Africa|1910}} [[South Africa|'''Union of South Africa''']]
;{{flagicon| South Africa|1910}} '''[[South Africa|Union of South Africa]]'''
*[[South African Air Force|South African Aviation Corps]]
*[[South African Air Force|South African Aviation Corps]]

<!-- ==Units using this aircraft/Operators (choose)== -->
<!-- ==Units using this aircraft/Operators (choose)== -->


==Specifications (HF.20)==
==Specifications (HF.20)==
{{aerospecs
|ref=
|met or eng?=<!-- eng for US/UK aircraft, met for all others. You MUST include one or the other here, or no specifications will show -->met


{{Aircraft specs
|crew=Two, pilot and observer
|ref=''French aircraft of the First World War''<ref name="Davilla">{{cite book |last1=Davilla |first1=Dr. James J. |last2=Soltan |first2=Arthur M. |title=French aircraft of the First World War |date=January 2002 |publisher=Flying Machines Press |isbn=1891268090 |pages=207–212}}</ref>
|capacity=
|prime units?=met
|length m=8.30
<!--
|length ft=27
General characteristics
|length in=3
-->
|span m=14.00
|crew=2 (pilot and observer)
|span ft=45
|length m=8.06
|span in=11
|span m=13.65
|swept m=<!-- swing-wings -->
|height m=3.15
|swept ft=<!-- swing-wings -->
|wing area sqm=35
|swept in=<!-- swing-wings -->
|rot number=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia m=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia ft=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia in=<!-- helicopters -->
|dia m=<!-- airships etc -->
|dia ft=<!-- airships etc -->
|dia in=<!-- airships etc -->
|width m=<!-- if applicable -->
|width ft=<!-- if applicable -->
|width in=<!-- if applicable -->
|height m=3.2
|height ft=10
|height in=6
|wing area sqm=35.0
|wing area sqft=377
|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings -->
|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings -->
|rot area sqm=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot area sqft=<!-- helicopters -->
|volume m3=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|volume ft3=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=360
|empty weight kg=360
|empty weight lb=800
|gross weight kg=660
|gross weight kg=660
|gross weight lb=1,460
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight lb=
|lift kg=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|max takeoff weight note=
|lift lb=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|fuel capacity=

|more general=
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Gnome Lambda]]
|eng1 type=[[Moteurs Gnome|Gnome]] rotary engine <!-- what type?? -->
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->60
|eng1 type=7-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine
|eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines -->80
|eng1 hp=80
|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng1 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng2 number=
|eng2 type=
|eng2 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng2 hp=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng2 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng2 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng2 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng2 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners -->


|prop blade number=2
|max speed kmh=110
|prop name=fixed-pitch wooden pusher propeller
|max speed mph=70
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
|range km=250
<!--
|range miles=160
Performance
|endurance h=<!-- if range unknown -->
-->
|endurance min=<!-- if range unknown -->
|max speed kmh=165
|ceiling m=315
|max speed mph=
|ceiling ft=1,050
|max speed kts=
|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=315
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=3 hours
|ceiling m=1050
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate ftmin=
|sink rate ms=<!-- sailplanes -->
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude={{cvt|2000|m}} in 22 minutes
|sink rate ftmin=<!-- sailplanes -->
|wing loading kg/m2=18
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|more performance=
<!--
Armament
-->


|armament1=1 × machine gun on flexible mount for observer
|guns= 1 × machine gun on flexible mount for observer
|armament2=small load of bombs
|bombs= small load of {{cvt|75|mm}} bombs
|armament3=
|armament4=
|armament5=
|armament6=
}}

<!-- ==See also== -->
{{aircontent
<!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return. -->
|see also=
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last1=Klaauw|first1=Bart van der|title=Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=March–April 1999 |issue=80 |pages=54–59 |issn=0143-5450}}
* {{cite book |last1=Liron |first1=Jean |title=Les avions Farman |year=1984 |publisher=Éditions Larivière |location=Paris |oclc=37146471|series=Collection Docavia|volume=21}}
* Thomas, Andrew. "In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation". ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 94, July–August 2001, pp.&nbsp;8–9. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Farman HF.20}}
* {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |pages=380–381 }}
* {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |pages=380–381 }}
* {{cite book |title=World Aircraft Information Files |publisher=Bright Star Publishing|location=London |pages=File 894 Sheet 14–15 }}
* {{cite book |title=World Aircraft Information Files |publisher=Bright Star Publishing|location=London |pages=File 894 Sheet 14–15 }}
<!-- ==External links== -->


{{Dux aircraft}}
{{Farman aircraft}}
{{Farman aircraft}}
{{aviation lists}}


[[Category:French military reconnaissance aircraft 1910–1919]]
[[Category:Farman aircraft|HF.20]]
[[Category:Farman aircraft|HF.20]]
[[category:pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:1910s French military trainer aircraft]]
[[Category:1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft]]
[[Category:Rotary-engined aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Sesquiplanes]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1913]]

Latest revision as of 07:57, 24 September 2024

HF.20
Role Reconnaissance aircraft
Manufacturer Farman
Designer Henri Farman
First flight 1913
Developed from Farman HF.16
A HF.20 biplane at Nicopolis airfield, near Preveza, in December 1912

The Farman HF.20 and its derivatives were a family of reconnaissance aircraft produced in France shortly before and during the First World War. It was a refined version of the Farman MF.11 "Shorthorn" that did away with the type's distinctive landing skids, and incorporated design features from Henri Farman's designs. It entered service with the French, Belgian and Serbian armies in 1913 (two aircraft conducted reconnaissance during the Siege of Scutari in the First Balkan War and one crashed), and with the British RFC and RNAS shortly after the outbreak of war. The type was also licence-built in the UK by Airco and Grahame-White.

The HF.20 was seriously underpowered, and a variety of engines were trialled in the hope of correcting this, none with much success. The problem was eventually solved only when an engine of twice the power of the original powerplant was fitted to the HF.27 variant, by which time the aircraft was already obsolete. Nevertheless, the performance of the HF.20 made it adequate for use on secondary fronts.

Variants

[edit]
HF.20
original version with Gnome Lambda engine
HF.21
15.5 m (51 ft) span and increased wing area version with Gnome Lambda engine. At least one of the few built, entered service with the Fliegertruppe of Switzerland.
HF.22
15.58 m (51.1 ft) span and increased wing area version with Gnome Lambda engine.
HF.22 floatplane
(aka HF.22bis or Savoia-built HF.22-H)
HF.23
18.08 m (59.3 ft) span version with Gnome Lambda engine
HF.24
11.5 m (38 ft) span aerobatic version with Gnome Lambda engine
HF.27
155 hp (116 kW) Canton-Unné R9 engine or 240 hp (180 kW) Renault engine with a revised undercarriage that included nose wheels similar to the Voisin III.

Operators

[edit]
HF-20 of the Swiss Air Force during the First World War
 Argentina
 Belgium
 Denmark
 France
Escadrille HF 1
Escadrille HF 7
Escadrille HF 13
Escadrille HF 19
Escadrille HF 28
Escadrille HF 32
 Greece
 Kingdom of Italy
 Japan
 Netherlands
 Romania
 Russia
 Serbia
 Soviet Union
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom
South Africa Union of South Africa

Specifications (HF.20)

[edit]

Data from French aircraft of the First World War[1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (pilot and observer)
  • Length: 8.06 m (26 ft 5 in)
  • Wingspan: 13.65 m (44 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)
  • Wing area: 35 m2 (380 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 360 kg (794 lb)
  • Gross weight: 660 kg (1,455 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Gnome Lambda 7-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 60 kW (80 hp)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch wooden pusher propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 165 km/h (103 mph, 89 kn)
  • Range: 315 km (196 mi, 170 nmi)
  • Endurance: 3 hours
  • Service ceiling: 1,050 m (3,440 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in 22 minutes
  • Wing loading: 18 kg/m2 (3.7 lb/sq ft)

Armament

  • Guns: 1 × machine gun on flexible mount for observer
  • Bombs: small load of 75 mm (3.0 in) bombs

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur M. (January 2002). French aircraft of the First World War. Flying Machines Press. pp. 207–212. ISBN 1891268090.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". Air Enthusiast (80): 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Liron, Jean (1984). Les avions Farman. Collection Docavia. Vol. 21. Paris: Éditions Larivière. OCLC 37146471.
  • Thomas, Andrew. "In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation". Air Enthusiast, No. 94, July–August 2001, pp. 8–9. ISSN 0143-5450

Further reading

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Farman HF.20.
  • Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. pp. 380–381.
  • World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 894 Sheet 14–15.
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